会昌早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩(shoshonite)成因的元素及Sr-O-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学证据

根据赣南会昌地区中基性火山岩高碱、富钾、低钛、贫铁,岩石中斜长石斑晶具钾长石环边,基质中存在大量钾长石微晶,以及富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素等矿物岩石地球化学特征,确切厘定会昌地区的中基性火山岩为橄榄玄粗岩安粗岩组合,属典型的大陆板内橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩。对会昌橄榄玄粗岩进行了RbSr同位素定年研究,确定其全岩RbSr等时线年龄为107.3±2.3Ma。 会昌橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩SrONdPb 同位素组成的特征为: 偏高的 ISr(0.7098~0.7115); 较低的δ18O值(5.3‰~7.0‰);中等的εNd(t)(-0.61~-3.60); 富放射性成因铅((206Pb/204Pb)i=17.32~18.29, (207Pb/204Pb)i=15.34~15.65, (208Pb/204Pb)i =37.51~38.60)。会昌橄榄玄粗岩的Δ7/4Pb值为-7.8~+16.8(平均值为+5.42), Δ8/4Pb值为27.3~97.3 (平均值为68.04), ΔSr值为96.2~114.1 (平均值为104.3),这表明存在典型的Dupal 同位素异常。根据SrO, SrNd, SrPb, NdPb, PbPb同位素相关特征, 判明会昌橄榄玄粗岩是由亏损地幔端元(DM)和岩石圈富集地幔端元(EM)在源区混合形成的。按SrNd双变量二元混合模型计算得出源区物质中亏损地幔端元和富集地幔端元所占份额各占50%左右。会昌早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩带的形成反映了华南板块内部在燕山晚期发生的一起重要的伸展构造事件     

青藏高原拉萨地块西部中新世赛利普超钾质岩石的地球化学与岩石成因

西藏拉萨地块西部赛利普中新世碰撞后超钾质火山岩由中国地质调查局地质填图首次发现,露头呈残丘状集中分布于中新世赛利普盆地,为一套含地幔包体的粗面岩,SiO_2含量中等(55.36%～6.70%),高K_2O含量(6.70%～7.50%)和K_2O/Na_2O比值(3.34～4.93)。岩石高MgO(6.4%～7.95%)、Cr(174×10~(-6)～421×10~(-6))、Ni(268×10~(-6)～337×10~(-6))和Mg~#(68～72),岩石为地幔部分熔融的原始岩浆。岩石高度富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE)、具有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti的负异常、富集放射性成因Sr、Pb及Nd同位素(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.727327～0.727803,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.705～18.779,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.731～15.761,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=39.775～39.919,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.511848～0.511861)、较低的ε_(Nd)值(≈15)和古老的Nd模式年龄(t_(DM)=2.2～2.4 Ga),这些地球化学特征揭示出赛利普的岩浆源区为富集地幔(EMⅡ)。将赛利普与拉萨地块西部其他地点和青藏高原北部的北羌塘和西昆仑地区出露的超钾质岩石进行综合对比表明,赛利普超钾质岩石可能为尖晶石相含金云母橄榄岩及少量石榴石相含金云母橄榄岩地幔的低度部分熔融的产物。拉萨地块超钾质岩石的形成可能与印度大陆岩石圈俯冲,或是俯冲的印度大陆地壳前缘撕裂和分段俯冲有关。     

西藏雄村特大型铜金矿床容矿火山岩的成因及其对成矿的贡献

岩石学、地球化学和Nd、Sr、Pb同位素研究表明,西藏冈底斯铜矿带雄村特大型铜金矿床的容矿火山岩为一套具超浅成侵入特点的英安斑岩,SiO2含量集中在61.97%~64.31%之间,富Na2O、低K2O,Na2O/K2O比值平均为5.25。地球化学上明显富集大离子不相容元素Rb、Ba、K、Sr、Pb,同时高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti处于亏损状态。Sr、Nd同位素组成变化范围小(87Sr/86Sr=0.705154~0.708267,ISr=0.704299~0.705357;143Nd/144Nd=0.512730~0.512931),具有富集地幔特征;Pb同位素组成显示出地幔铅与造山带铅的双重特性(206Pb/204Pb=18.170~18.432,207Pb/204Pb=15.485~15.546,208Pb/207Pb=37.993~38.392)。研究指出它们是早侏罗世(195Ma)由雅鲁藏布江洋壳向欧亚大陆之下俯冲形成的岛弧火山岩,岩浆源区具有EM1型原始地幔富集特征,同时有一定数量的俯冲沉积物加入了地幔源区的部分熔融。根据雄村矿床的成矿时代和矿化特征,笔者认为该矿床的成因类型与胶东焦家式金矿一致,为破碎带蚀变岩型。旦狮庭组容矿火山岩对成矿的贡献在于作为矿源层为矿床提供了成矿金属元素。     

藏北羌塘地块新生代火山岩中麻粒岩捕虏体的岩石学和地球化学研究:对青藏高原新生代火山岩成因及下地壳性质的约束

青藏高原北部羌塘地块的新生代高钾钙碱性火山岩中含有很多下地壳捕虏体,这些捕虏体的主要岩石类型为二辉石麻粒岩和单斜辉石麻粒岩。本文对鸟兰乌拉湖南侧枕头崖地区新生代高钾钙碱性火山岩中的9个麻粒岩样品(6个基性麻粒岩和3个酸性麻粒岩)进行了系统的岩石学,矿物化学,地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究。其中,紫苏辉石具有高MgO FeO,低Al_2O_3的特征,单斜辉石具有低Al_2O_3和TiO_2的特征,黑云母具有高TiO_2的特征,这些特征都表明这些矿物为变质成因。矿物温压计算表明二辉石麻粒岩形成的平衡温度为783℃～818℃。单斜辉石麻粒岩形成压力在0.845～0.858GPa之间,来源深度约28km。表明它们可能是来自青藏高原加厚陆壳中部的岩石样品。基性麻粒岩的SiO_2=48.76%～58.61%,Al_2O_3=18.34%～24.50%,Na_2O=3.16%～5.41%,K_2O=1.58%～3.01%,低Mg~#(30～67),富集轻稀土(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE),其具有较高的Rb/Sr(0.09～0.21)和(La/Yb)_N(17.32～49.35),具有较低的Nb/Ta (9.76～14.92),其Eu异常变化于0.19～0.89之间。基性麻粒岩的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学表现为~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.710812～0.713241,ε_(Sr)=169.13～203.88,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.512113～0.512397;ε_(Nd)=-4.70～-10.05,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.7000～-18.9565,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.7135～-15.7662,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=39.1090～39.4733。和基性麻粒岩类似,酸性麻粒岩也表现出富集轻稀土(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)的特征,它们的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.712041～0.729088,ε_(Sr)=180.71～430.59,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd=0.512230～-0.512388;ε_(Nd)=-4.74～-7.96,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.9250～-19.1717,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.7662～-15.7720,~(208)Ph/~(204)Pb=39.2109～39.6467。上述地球化学特征表明这些基性麻粒岩的源岩是下地壳岩石,而非地幔岩或玄武质堆晶岩,而酸性麻粒岩的源岩极有可能是准铝质的花岗质岩石。这就表明青藏高原新生代下地壳的地温梯度很高,并含有部分沉积岩,而非典型的辉长质下地壳。而且,详细的研究表明,这种特殊的下地壳可能对青藏高原新生代高钾钙碱性和橄榄粗安质岩浆的起源有重要作用。因此目前所认为的超钾质-橄榄粗安质岩浆源于富集岩石圈地幔在对流减薄作用下发生部分熔融的观点值得重新考虑。     

余江盆地铁镁质火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

余江盆地位于赣杭铀成矿带中段的西端,盆地内出露的铁镁质火山岩主要为玄武岩和玄武质安山岩,全岩SiO_2含量为47.6%~52.1%(平均49.1%),全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)含量较低,变化范围为3.16%~4.11%(平均3.64%),K_2O/Na_2O比值高,变化于0.70~0.94之间(平均0.78),在TAS图解上落入亚碱性系列范围;TFeO含量为9.26%~11.2%(平均10.5%),且Fe_2O_3/FeO比值为0.30~0.59(平均0.43),MgO含量为6.39%~8.03%(平均7.34%),在AFM图解主要落入钙碱性系列范围。CaO含量为7.45%~8.89%(平均8.28%),Al2O3含量为14.3%~15.3%(平均15.0%)。稀土总量较低,变化范围为149~160μg/g(平均154μg/g),轻稀土富集明显,(La/Yb)N值变化范围为6.77~9.12(平均7.65),Eu和Ce异常不明显(δEu=0.86~1.09;δCe=0.89~1.00),富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、Rb、Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti、Y等。(87Sr/86Sr)_i值介于0.704634~0.705000之间(平均0.704741),(143Nd/144Nd)_i值介于0.512650~0.512674之间(平均0.512659),εNd(t)值变化范围是2.60~3.07,显示出亏损地幔源的特征;全岩δ18O值较高(6.99‰~9.90‰,平均8.21‰),可能与部分地壳物质的混入有关;(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i值介于17.659~17.875之间(平均17.768),(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i值介于15.255~15.292之间(平均15.272),(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i值介于37.854~37.994之间(平均37.933)。在(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i和(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i图解中位于亏损地幔端元和EMⅡ富集地幔端元之间,且更偏向于亏损地幔端元,表明源区可能有亏损地幔和EMⅡ富集地幔的贡献,且亏损地幔端元所占比例更高,暗示铀成矿作用与亏损地幔的关系比较密切,并且多类型的铁镁质岩浆活动可能有利于铀成矿作用。结合构造环境判别图分析,余江盆地铁镁质火山岩形成于板内伸展环境,由于岩石圈伸展减薄导致软流圈上涌所产生的结果,同时铀成矿作用可能与伸展构造环境有关。     

庐枞早白垩世火山岩的地球化学特征及其源区意义

从中生代到新生代,华北东部岩石圈地幔发生了减薄以及地球化学性质置换, 而扬子地块东部中生代岩石圈地幔也表现出类似的过程,对中生代火山岩的地球化学研究有助于了解这一变化过程以及发生置换时的时空关系。庐枞火山岩出露于扬子地块东部,为一套包括粗玄岩–玄武粗安岩–粗面岩的富碱橄榄安粗岩系。研究了双庙组基性火山岩,这些岩石富集Rb,K,Sr,Th和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素。(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7060~0.7063,εNd(t )=-3.9~-6.2,(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.788~18.125,(207Pb/204Pb)i= 15.511~15.546,(208Pb/204Pb)i =37.735~38.184。在喷出地表过程中,火山岩没有受到明显的地壳物质混染,因此元素和同位素组成反映了地幔源区的地球化学特征。 其地幔源区具有同位素富集特征,表明火山岩源区曾受到地壳物质的影响,是富集地幔部分熔融的产物,并经历明显的结晶分异作用。庐枞火山岩的岩浆成分和源区特征反映该地区在晚中生代岩石圈地幔的伸展和软流圈地幔上涌的演化过程。     

新疆谢米斯台中段火山岩岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

谢米斯台中段地区发育的火山岩主要为安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩。岩石地球化学研究表明,岩石的K2O、Na2O含量高(K2O=3.42%～9.85%;Na2O=0.48%～5.30%),大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)相对亏损,其中Nb、P、Ti强烈亏损,轻稀土元素(LREE)和重稀土元素(HREE)分馏较强;Pb同位素比值为206Pb/204Pb=18.435～19.409、207Pb/204Pb=15.535～15.602、208Pb/204Pb=38.36～39.213;火山岩具有高的初始εNd(t)值(+4.43～+6.65)和低的初始87Sr/86Sr值(0.700953～0.704435)。该地区流纹岩SIMS锆石U-Pb测年结果为422.5±1.9Ma。综合研究认为,谢米斯台中段地区火山岩是晚志留世准噶尔洋壳俯冲,在地幔楔形区,经过洋壳与富集地幔的局部熔融,经历了一定程度的分离结晶作用形成的中酸性岩浆喷发而成,在岩浆上升过程中有少量地壳物质的混染。     

山东邹平青山下亚组玄武安山岩源区性质及成因

本文通过岩石的显微观察、全岩元素地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成等综合研究,参照前人的研究成果,探讨邹平火山岩盆地内青山下亚组玄武安山岩的岩石地球化学性质、物质来源及岩石成因。研究表明,岩石富钠、富镁,具有大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr、Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)相对亏损的地球化学特征。全岩Sr同位素初始比值(87 Sr/86 Sr)i为0.705674~0.705876;全岩Nd同位素初始比值εNd(t)为-10.0~-10.2,Nd同位素二阶段模式年龄T2DM为1.74~1.75Ga;全岩铅同位素初始比值(206Pb/204Pb)i介于16.917~17.095之间,(207Pb/204Pb)i介于15.306~15.396之间,(208Pb/204Pb)i介于36.750~37.208之间;较低的Sr-Nd初始比值及较均一的低放射性铅同位素组成,可能为EMI型富集地幔的部分熔融所致。晚中生代加厚的华北岩石圈发生大规模拆沉作用,拆沉的大陆中下地壳部分熔融形成富硅熔体与古生代岩石圈地幔相互作用形成富集地幔,随后在岩石圈伸展与区域热异常作用下减压部分熔融,形成的玄武安山质岩浆沿着深大构造侵入地壳上部或喷发至地表,形成青山下亚组玄武安山岩,但是岩浆上侵过程中地壳物质混染不强。该研究对深化鲁西地区晚中生代构造-岩浆作用的认识有一定的理论意义。     

冀北沽源铀矿田粗面岩的年代学、地球化学特征及岩石成因

沽源铀矿田位于开源-赤峰断裂带以南的华北古板块北缘,燕辽Mo-U-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带西段和沽源-红山子铀成矿带西南段,铀矿赋存在粗面岩-流纹岩组合中。2个粗面岩样品(样号分别为GY101和GY108)的锆石均具有明显的环带结构,Th/U比值高,属典型的岩浆成因锆石。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明:GY101粗面岩13个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄范围为142~136 Ma,加权平均值为(138.4±1.3)Ma,MSWD=0.47;GY108粗面岩12个分析点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为143~137 Ma,加权平均值为(139.5±1.3)Ma,MSWD=0.49,指示地质时代属早白垩世早期。粗面岩具有较高的SiO_2、K_2O+Na_2O含量和K_2O/Na_2O、Fe_2O_3/FeO比值,在SiO_2-(K_2O+Na_2O)图解中落在碱性系列粗面岩或粗面英安岩范围,在SiO_2-K_2O图解中落在橄榄玄粗岩系列范围,结合标准矿物Q含量小于20%,属典型的高钾碱性粗面岩。稀土元素含量高,富集轻稀土,Eu负异常不明显,稀土分布模式为右倾轻稀土富集型,具高压型粗面岩的稀土元素特征;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Pb和高场强元素Zr、Y,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti元素,具高Sr-Ba英安岩-流纹岩的微量元素特征。较低的Ti/Zr、Nb/Ta比值和较高的Rb/Sr比值,具有壳源火山岩的特征;具有较高的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i(0.707781~0.708156)、εNd(t)(–5.31~–5.83)和δ~(18)OVSMOW(7.08‰~8.05‰),较小的tDM2(1361~1376 Ma),较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(16.97~17.00)、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(15.06~15.62)和(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(36.73~36.80),在ε_(Nd)(t)-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i图解中落在EMⅠ富集地幔与亏损地幔的联线附近,在(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)t-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中落在靠近EMⅠ富集地幔的下地壳和地幔之间,在(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t和(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中均落在EMⅠ富集地幔端元附近,在Zr/Al_2O_3-TiO_2/Al_2O_3和Y-Zr判别图解中都落在板内构造环境内。可见,沽源铀矿田粗面岩的成因可用两阶段模式进行解释:中元古代源于EMⅠ富集地幔和亏损地幔的岩浆混合并在底侵于下地壳的过程中受到少量古老下地壳物质混染后形成年轻下地壳;中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世发生的挤压构造事件导致地壳加厚,早白垩世早期在拉张构造环境下加厚地壳的年轻下地壳发生部分熔融形成的粗面质岩浆喷出地表形成粗面岩。     

内蒙古四子王旗早白垩世钾玄岩的地球化学特征及其形成构造环境

内蒙古四子王旗地区发现有一套早白垩世钾玄岩。主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素以及 Sr-Nd 同位素测试结果表明,岩石以低硅(SiO_2含量为48.11%～52.77%)、高钛(TiO_2含量为1.94%～2.77%,平均2.48%)、高钾高碱(K_2O Na_2O 为5.32%～7.02%、K_2O/Na_2O 比值为0.48～1.10)为特征,属于钾玄岩系列。它们富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,具有微弱的 Eu 负异常(δEu=0.81～0.98),其地球化学特征总体与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似。Rb/Nb、Ba/Nb、La/Nb、K/Nb 和 Zr/Nb 比值主要落在 EM I OIB 范围内。~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr 和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd 比值分别变化在0.7063～0.7077和0.51196～0.51243之间,岩石的 Nd、Sr 同位素组成接近 EM I 地幔端元。随着ε_(Nd)的减小,P_2O_5、Rh、Sr、Ba 和 Zr 逐渐富集,表明四子王旗钾玄岩没有经历明显的地壳物质混染。利用微量元素地球化学原理,推断四子王旗钾玄岩母岩浆源于含金云母地幔橄榄岩减压低度部分熔融。根据其地球化学特征可以认为,四子王旗钾玄岩是华北板块早白垩世岩石圈减薄事件的产物。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.