山西省国家A级旅游景区空间分布影响因素研究

基于GIS空间分析技术与地理探测器（Geodetector）方法,使用旅游政务网、地理空间数据云、政府报告和统计年鉴相关数据,对2001—2017年间影响山西省国家A级旅游景区空间分布的影响因素进行了分析,包含社会政治因素（相关政策、常驻人口、交通状况）、经济产业因素（三产占比、旅游收入、生产总值）和自然环境因素（海拔高度、河流水系、平均气温）。结果表明：① 社会政治因素和经济产业因素变化较大,属于动态影响因素,自然环境因素变化较小,属于静态影响因素;② 相关政策、常住人口、交通状况、旅游收入、生产总值5个三级动态影响因素的影响能力值从2001—2017年间不断加强,而三产占比三级动态影响因素呈现波动下降,海拔高度、河流水系、平均气温3个三级静态影响因素的影响能力值变化较平稳;③ 从演化过程来看,2001—2017年间社会政治因素影响能力值逐年增加,是影响程度最高的二级影响因素,经济产业因素发展为影响程度第二的二级影响因素,自然环境因素发展为影响程度最小的二级影响因素。结果可为合理评价和指导区域旅游业全面发展提供有力支撑,促进旅游业发展,为旅游景区空间结构优化和旅游产业升级提供科学依据。     

新疆非物质文化遗产的空间分布及其影响因素

基于国家级和自治区级非物质文化遗产（简称非遗）资源空间数据,集成相关自然地理环境和社会经济文化数据,采用最邻近分析、核密度估计和全局空间自相关分析,研究新疆非遗的空间分布规律和集聚特征,采用地理探测器模型深入探究影响新疆非遗空间分布的自然因素、经济因素和社会文化因素。结果表明：新疆非遗空间分布呈现北多南少的特征,主要集中在喀什、伊犁、塔城、巴州和乌鲁木齐等地（市、州）;新疆非遗在空间上具有明显的集聚特征,不同类型非遗的集聚程度也有差异,在空间上形成了乌鲁木齐-吐鲁番-库尔勒为核心的一级组团、伊宁和喀什为核心的二级组团以及以塔城、哈密和阿克苏为中心的若干三级组团。新疆非遗空间分布受自然因素、经济因素、社会文化因素的综合影响：社会文化因素（0.5494）>经济因素（0.4597）>自然因素（0.2285）。自然因素和经济因素、社会文化因素的协同效应对非遗空间分布的影响更明显。     

青海省国内游客旅游消费行为影响因素分析——基于游客属性视角

基于游客属性视角,运用交叉列联表分析和Pearson卡方检验方法,对青海省国内游客旅游消费行为影响因素进行分析。结果表明:旅游消费行为影响因素由强到弱依次是年龄、职业、收入、文化程度和性别。其中,影响旅游动机的主要因素依次是年龄、职业、文化程度和收入;影响旅游方式的主要因素依次是性别、年龄、收入和文化程度;影响旅游资源偏好的主要因素依次是年龄和职业;影响旅游信息来源的主要因素依次是收入、职业和年龄;影响旅游花费的主要因素依次是收入、职业、文化程度、年龄和性别;影响旅游购物的主要因素是年龄。     

欠发达地区旅游公共服务供给演化及驱动机制探讨

以欠发达地区旅游公共服务供给为研究对象,在前期研究基础上,对供给演化的阶段特征、影响要素及其驱动机制进行探讨,认为:(1)欠发达地区旅游公共服务供给演化分为3个阶段。(2)促使欠发达地区旅游公共服务供给演化的因素包括自然因素和人文因素,其中旅游资源是自然因素的核心,人文因素包括游客需求因素、交通因素、旅游产业因素和政策制度等。(3)旅游公共服务供给演化的驱动机制包括动力机制、传输机制、形成机制和反馈机制。     

杭州城区“最具出游力”人群休闲旅游障碍性因素的实证分析

休闲旅游作为一种旅游方式和休闲活动内容越来越受到重视，通过对杭州市“最具出游力”人群调查，运用旅游地理学分析方法发现，影响他们进行休闲旅游的因素最重要的是时间因素、交通因素和学习因素，传统观点中的经济因素地位明显下降；同时分析了不同职业、性别和年龄人员中各因素作用的差异。这种实证性的调查分析方法和结论对于休闲旅游理论和杭州市休闲产业的发展都有一定意义。     

因特网、网点空间布局和区域因素影响证券公司效率的机理

研究因特网普及环境中的证券营业部空间布局等因素,以及影响证券公司投入产出效率的机理。逻辑分析各类因素综合影响公司效率的机理并提出理论假说,基于模型分析,构造一类新指标将区域因素和竞争因素整合到企业层面,利用2006～2008年横截面数据,运用DEA方法和Tobit模型实证考察各类因素与证券公司效率之间的联系。研究发现：...     

“黄土高原”一节的教学与破窗效应

正教学是一个动态变化的复杂过程,包括诸多的因素和环节。"破窗效应"理论的出现带给了教育教学一个新的思维视角:对教学中一些因素和环节的忽视或者处理不当,可能影响最终的教学效果。教学系统由各个因素和环节构成,教师在教学系统中处于引导地位,学生则成为被引导的主体,在教学过程中会出现很多变化的因素和环节,如果教师忽略某一个因素或环节,则会造成其他因素或环节达不到预期的效果,最终导致教学效果不理想。     

珠三角乡城流动人口居留意愿的分异及影响因素——基于家庭生命周期视角

基于家庭生命周期理论,通过GIS空间分析工具和二元logistics回归分析为主的数理统计方法,探讨珠三角乡城流动人口长期居留意愿的空间分异、群体分异及影响因素。研究表明：(1)珠三角乡城流动人口长期居留意愿空间分布呈现中心-外围圈层模式并出现了较为明显的空间集聚现象,与城镇化率、流动人口规模占比空间分布相反。(2)单身期、形成期、扩张期、稳定期四类乡城流动人口家庭的平均年龄、迁入地居住年限、月均总支出和长期居留意愿呈递增规律性变化。(3)珠三角乡城流动人口长期居留意愿的影响因素主要有经济因素、迁入地因素、迁移因素、社会保障因素以及个体特征因素。(4)经济因素、迁移范围、每万人医疗机构数和迁入地区位对四类乡城流动人口家庭长期居留意愿均产生显著影响,其中经济因素影响最大;迁入地因素对单身期和稳定期乡城流动人口家庭的长期居留意愿较形成期和扩张期家庭影响更为显著。最后基于研究结论,提出相应的政策建议。     

山区农业土地利用模式的设计

本文分析了市场经济条件下我国山区农业可持续发展所面临的问题 ,提出了山区农业土地利用模式的构想。指出影响我国山区农业土地利用模式的因素主要包括自然地理因素、市场因素和土地制度因素 ,特别是市场因素和土地制度因素对于农业土地利用模式设计的影响在新的历史时期尤为突出 ;强调山区农业土地利用模式设计必须遵循自然地带规律性、与农业经济多样化和规模经营相结合、与开拓产品市场相结合的原则 ;以河南省洛宁县为例具体说明了山区农业土地利用模式设计的技术路线。     

“工业生产与地理环境”教学设计

【课标解读】课标表述是：分析工业区位因素这条标准可分解为三个方面：影响工业区位的因素有哪些;如何分析工业的区位因素;如何进行工业区位的选择。【教材分析】本部分教材是学生学习了影响人口、城市和农业的区位因素之后的内容,因此可以引导学生用前面的区位分析方法和思路对工业的区位因素进行学习。     

反向沙丘近地层气流变化及其对沙丘形态的影响

反向沙丘形态-动力学过程是风沙地貌的重要研究内容。选择腾格里沙漠东南缘推平沙地发育的反向沙丘为研究对象,采用二维超声风速仪对沙丘表面5个位置0.25 m和0.5 m高度的气流进行野外观测。结果表明：（1）气流方向影响近地层气流特征。以沙丘脊线垂线为轴,0.25 m高度处沙丘脊线的垂线两侧风向变化不完全对称。当丘顶气流方向与脊线垂线角度差值为负时,迎风坡底部风速恢复较慢。（2）背风坡气流特征受风向控制。背风坡0.25 m与0.5 m高度气流变化规律相似,在背风坡中部发生偏转,但沙丘顶部气流方向与脊线垂线相差<10°时发生反向偏转。丘顶风向为285°—315°（左偏）时,0.25 m高度的偏转角度大于0.5 m高度的偏转角度。背风坡0.25 m与0.5 m高度处风速表现为脊线垂线两侧风速变化不一致。（3）沙丘表面气流影响沙丘形态。观测期间沙丘脊线发生明显移动,移动值为0.33 m。背风坡发生堆积,最大堆积厚度为0.44 m,迎风坡发生风蚀,最大风蚀深度为0.43 m。该研究结果证实了风在风沙地貌演化中的重要作用,为反向沙丘形态演化数值模拟提供数据支持。     

The relationship between NDVI and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre-lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi-cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

Variations of horizontal and vertical velocities over two-dimensional transverse dunes: A wind tunnel simulation of the effect of windward slope

The changes in wind velocity induced by dune topography have an important significance in dune dynamics. In this paper, the horizontal and vertical velocities over six transverse dune models were measured non-intrusively by means of Particle Image Velocimetry in a wind tunnel. The windward slope angle and the free-stream wind velocity both affected the horizontal and vertical velocity components. On the windward side, the acceleration of horizontal velocity depended mainly on the windward slope angle and the height above the dune surface, but was also affected by the free-stream wind velocity. The speed-up ratio increased with increasing slope angle but decreased with increasing height. The ascending vertical velocities also increased with increasing slope angle and free-stream wind velocity. The maximum values moved upper along the dune when the windward angle became steeper. In the leeward sides, the horizontal velocity decreased and reversed because of airflow separation; the maximum reverse velocity in the separation cell was about 17% of the free-stream wind velocity. Behind the dune crest, the airflow moves downwards, and its maximum downward velocity is found near the flow reattachment point. Finally, we discussed the significance of these velocity variations for sediment transport and dune dynamics.     

云南山区日照时数的垂直分布

根据云南省内若干山区气象资料,研究云南山区日照时效的垂直分布规律,得出一些有意义的结论:日照时数垂直分布有抛物线型、线性型、缓变型等;日照时数年内变化有冬大夏小型、春大夏小型、夏大冬小型3种;山区日照时数坡向差异明显,各山区不尽相同。     

THE ROLE OF PERIMETER SHAPE IN ESTIMATING ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM SMALL SIERRA NEVADA BASINS

Perimeter shape of drainage basins is evaluated as a control of annual runoff depth from small Sierra Nevada basins underlain by granitic rocks. In contrast to three perimeter shape ratios, none of which contributes a statistical explanation of annual runoff depth, three terms of a Fourier expansion of the basin perimeter substantially improve the estimating model. When added to annual precipitation, the first, third, and seventh Fourier amplitudes increase statistical explanation by 15 percent and prediction accuracy by 10 percent. These improvements are much greater than corresponding gains atributable to other morphological variables. [Key words: basin runoff, basin shape, Sierra Nevada.]     

偏西风作用下敦煌月牙泉金字塔沙山顶部风沙流初步观测研究

金字塔沙山丘体高大,形态复杂,坡面风沙动力过程实地观测困难,至今尚无坡面风沙流野外观测数据。通过新研制自动集沙仪,对偏西风作用下敦煌月牙泉北侧金字塔沙山顶部风沙流进行了实时观测,共观测8组近地表51.4 cm高度内输沙数据,各观测时段中2 m高度平均风速7.46～14.15 m·s^-1,各组观测时长18~95 min。结果表明：偏西风纵向气流作用下金字塔沙山风沙流结构与平坦地表一致,即输沙量随高度增加呈单一的指数规律递减,且风沙流主要在近地表30 cm高度内输移。风沙流结构特征值λ以大于1为主,且随风速增大而增大,表明金字塔沙山坡面过程主要表现为风蚀过程。偏西风作用下金字塔沙山风沙流中沙粒以细沙为主,平均粒径随高度增加而减小;沙山迎风坡沙粒从坡脚到沙脊线逐渐粗化,风蚀作用增强,细沙从而随风沙流搬运至沙山顶,对金字塔沙山多以细沙为主的格局形成起重要作用。     

丰满流域汛期降水变化特征分析

利用丰满流域水文站1936~2008年降水资料、1948~2008年美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料,通过线性趋势分析、小波分析、M-K检验分析和最大熵谱分析对该流域汛期降水量变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:丰满流域汛期降水量与年降水量均呈减少趋势,特别是近20 a和30 a降水量减少较明显,汛期降水量下降趋势倾向值在1989~2008年达到-39.2mm/10a;年降水量下降倾向值在1979~2008年达到-26.5mm/10a,汛期降水量的减少较年降水量减少的明显。汛期6月、7月降水量下降的不明显,8月、9月降水量减少相对明显。最大熵谱分析和Morlet小波分析结果表明,丰满流域汛期降水量的周期变化存在着一个8~9 a左右的降水相对短周期和一个28 a的降水长周期;利用1948~2008年NCEP再分析资料对多雨、少雨的7月、8月200 hPa、700 hPa环流形势场、850 hPa风场进行了分析,以分析流域汛期降水减少的可能原因。丰满流域降水减少的可能原因是汛期影响该流域的台风次数减少、冷涡影响天数的减少,副高偏南、偏西不利于水汽向北输送和南支系统北上的影响。     

RADIOCARBON DATING OF GLACIAL MORAINES USING THE AEOLIAN BIOME: TEST RESULTS AT BISHOP CREEK,SIERRA NEVADA,CALIFORNIA

Radiocarbon measurements on fossilized remnants of the aeolian biome, incorporated in glacial moraines in the Sierra Nevada of California, are consistent with the relative order of moraines at Bishop Creek, on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Holocene ¹⁴C ages correspond with periods of more effective moisture according to paleoecological and treeline data in the range, whereas Pleistocene ages are penecontemporaneous with Heinrich Events in the North Atlantic. These findings must be interpreted with caution, however, owing to a number of uncertainties, including: evidence that younger contaminants are added to till matrix; the possibility of older contaminants; the effects of pretreatment on aeolian biome remains; and processes by which organics undergo diagenesis within till matrices in different biogeochemical settings. [Key words: aeolian biome, Heinrich Events, moraines, radiocarbon dating, Sierra Nevada.]