龙虎山世界地质公园象鼻山栈道洞穴地貌成因

龙虎山世界地质公园的丹霞地貌主要产于晚白垩世河口组红层中,分布在陡峻崖壁上的洞穴地貌,是丹霞地貌成景系统的重要组成部分。通过测量象鼻山栈道1个露头剖面和383个洞穴的大小、形态、岩性组成,认为大多数洞穴的形成主要受控于岩性不同而导致的差异风化作用。砾岩层中粗大砾石、筛状沉积的聚集状砾岩透水性强易于风化脱落形成洞穴雏形。夹于砾岩层之间的抗风化能力较弱的砂岩层易于风化凹进形成洞穴,横向上沿层理方向断续排列,持续风化可使其联结成为岩槽、扁平洞。暴雨天气顺陡崖壁倾泻而下的快速水流对洞穴形成具有重要影响,经冲刷等侵蚀作用,岩壁表面形成垂向分布的洞穴地貌。后期水流侵蚀、化学和物理风化、微观气候变化以及生物活动等使洞穴进一步扩大。在洞穴发展的晚期阶段,岩壁悬空而发生崩塌后退,形成新的赤壁丹崖。     

新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷丹霞地貌特征及成因分析

由于造景岩石普遍为钙质和铁质胶结的砂岩和砾岩,丹霞地貌具有独特的景观特征和成因机制,同时因具有较高的科学和观赏价值而成为备受关注的旅游资源。东南湿润区丹霞地貌的研究程度较高,但是对西北干旱气候区丹霞地貌的研究还比较少见。以新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷为研究对象,通过野外调查、样品显微镜观察、盐化学和元素地球化学实验以及ArcGIS面积高程积分（Hypsometric integral,HI）方法,探讨该地区丹霞地貌的特征和成因。结果显示：（1）研究区呈现峡谷、山峰及峰林景观,以发育陡崖泥流林和顶盖型石柱为特色,其造景岩石主要为新近纪河流相红色砾岩和砂岩,硬度较高的砾岩层为形成顶盖型石柱提供了有利保障。（2）红层位于温宿盐丘附近,岩石含盐量较高,主要的盐类型为氯化物、硫酸盐和硝酸盐。陡崖洞穴风化碎屑物样品中的大部分主量元素相对于表岩迁出,说明干旱气候下化学风化仍较活跃。（3）面积高程积分显示研究区南部HI值为0.61,处于幼年期,而北部HI值为0.38,处于老年期,整体地貌演化发育阶段差别较大。研究区虽然降水量较低,但河流侵蚀作用明显,同时构造也是影响丹霞地貌演化的主要因素。     

广东丹霞山砂岩蜂窝状洞穴及白斑成因

为研究广东韶关市丹霞山砂岩蜂窝状洞穴及白斑成因,对世界自然遗产地丹霞山景区内玉女拦江洞中采集的6个砂岩蜂窝状洞穴样品,以及在鸭麻岩地区采集的4个白斑样品,进行XRF和ICP-MS元素地球化学分析及岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定。结果表明,发育蜂窝状洞穴的砂岩体与其基岩砂岩体的成分含量相近,岩体内部成分差异不是蜂窝状洞穴的成因。综合分析认为,丹霞山砂岩蜂窝状洞穴的产生是岩石的矿物组成及结构、洞穴所在的地形条件、气候因素和蜂窝状洞穴所形成的微气候共同作用的结果。对白斑的元素分析结果显示,发育白斑的砂岩在成岩过程中,红色基岩形成于氧化环境,而白斑形成于还原环境中,赤铁矿被还原形成白斑。     

丹霞

正丹霞是地理学上很重要的名词,它是指红色砂岩经长期风化剥离和流水侵蚀,形成孤立的山峰和陡峭的奇岩怪石,是巨厚红色砂、砾岩层中沿垂直节理发育的各种丹霞奇峰的总称。主要发育于侏罗纪至第三纪的水平或缓倾的红色地层中,以中国广东省北部丹霞山最为典型,故名。中国的丹霞地貌广泛分布在热带、亚热带湿润区,温带湿润——半湿润区,半干旱——干旱区和青藏     

红层盆地岩性差异对丹霞地貌发育的控制

陆相红层盆地的岩性在横向上和纵向上都有比较明显的变化,导致发育的丹霞地貌形态迥异。本文以赣东北信江盆地、粤北丹霞盆地、陕北地区为例,采用对比分析、数值模拟等研究手段,总结了红层盆地中常见的岩石及地貌类型,提出岩性在丹霞地貌坡面演化过程中的关键作用。在信江盆地中,龙虎山、龟峰等挺拔高耸的山峰主要发育在盆地南缘的河口组厚层砾岩中,而盆地中部贵溪、弋阳地区的近圆形山丘则产在塘边组大型交错层理风成砂岩中;与其类似,丹霞山的赤壁陡崖主要发育在丹霞组厚层砾岩夹风成砂岩中;相反,陕北地区波浪状地貌主要发育在洛河组风成砂岩中。利用河道-山坡综合地形演化(CHILD)地貌模拟软件,假设在同样的构造抬升和河流侵蚀作用下,分别模拟了细砂岩、细砾岩、中砾岩构成的山体坡面的演化过程。模拟结果显示,细砂岩山体易形成较为平缓的坡面,中砾岩易形成陡峻崖壁和巷谷,而介于二者之间的细砾岩则形成较为明显的沟壑系统。CHILD模拟结果与实地观测一致。因此,红层岩性差异在丹霞地貌演化过程中扮演了重要的角色,也是未来地貌定量模拟研究中需要考虑的关键因素。     

封面照片:丹霞山

<正>丹霞山位于广东省韶关市仁化县境内,地处南岭山脉的南坡,属中亚热带向南亚热带过渡的亚热带季风性湿润气候区。丹霞山为红色岩石(主要是碎屑岩)分布区发育的一种水平或近水平构造地貌,构成这种地貌的岩石主要为晚白垩世的红色陆相砂砾岩,系砂砾岩经风化剥蚀和流水侵蚀等作用,形成的孤立状山峰和     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌区岩性特征

对浙江江郎山丹霞地貌区主要岩层方岩组(K1f)的22块岩石标本进行常量元素、氧化物含量的X荧光和薄片偏光显微镜鉴定,分析了江郎山丹霞地貌发育的岩性特征与地貌成因的关系:(1)方岩组(K1f)砾岩中的火山岩砾石和岩屑含量普遍较高,SiO2含量普遍也很高(在44.90%～75.80%之间),表明岩性总体上抗风化能力强,这使江郎山丹霞地貌最具特色的"三爿石"历经沧桑仍能巍然屹立,江郎山也因此成为丹霞地貌发育晚年时期的典型代表.(2)方岩组(K1f)的砂岩抗风化能力相对较弱,其胶结物的主要成分为方解石,粒间孔隙约占20%～25%,局部可见方解石胶结物的溶蚀现象.岩石薄片鉴定可看出,其粒间孔隙很可能是方解石胶结物被溶蚀后的结果,而且构成砂岩的岩体的流纹岩岩屑等其本身就具有气孔构造,这些岩屑在显微镜下可见已经强烈泥化,岩体抗风化程度较低,这是构成该区地貌岩性之一的砂岩被侵蚀和风化程度较高的主要原因.(3)在江郎山丹霞地貌发育过程中方岩组(K1f)岩性对地貌的形成起了基础和决定性的作用.这种岩性的特征及抗风化能力的不同导致的差异风化现象,对该区丹霞地貌后期的微地貌发育具有重要的影响,岩性差异风化是江郎山山体崩塌、扁平状洞穴的形成的重要因素,这也为研究江郎山等丹霞地貌山区地质灾害的岩性特征奠定了基础.     

丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究

以丹霞盆地丹霞组2段顺层洞穴为研究对象,探讨不同岩性红层抗风化能力的差异,重点关注软岩夹层的风化特征及其对顺层洞穴发育的影响。在野外考察的基础上,选择3个典型顺层洞穴为案例,采集了洞穴剖面不同岩性红层的岩样及夹层水样品,进行一系列的岩矿理化测试和水样分析实验。结果表明：洞穴剖面岩性的不均一性及软岩夹层的风化凹进是形成丹霞山顺层洞穴的主要原因。顺层洞穴发育的软岩夹层一般是粉砂质泥岩,粘土矿物含量高,以泥质胶结为主,吸水性较强,开型空隙率较大,抗压强度小,易于风化破碎;上下岩层主要是砂岩和砂砾岩,以钙质和铁质胶结为主,吸水性较弱,开型孔隙率较小,抗压强度较大,风化速度较慢。在洞穴岩层风化过程中,粘土矿物的胀缩、钙质胶结物的溶解, 及铁质胶结物的水化作用等是导致岩体结构破坏的重要因素,但促使不同岩性红层风化的主导因素有所差别。粉砂质泥岩的风化以粘土矿物的胀缩作用为主,砂岩和砂砾岩的风化则以钙质胶结物的溶解作用为主。此外,酸性雨水渗入岩体后与各种矿物进行的一系列离子交换作用也促进了顺层洞穴岩层的风化。     

广东庙湾岛风化坑的地貌特征及成因

风化坑是常见的岩石坑穴地形,但容易被误解或与其他成因坑穴地形混淆。通过对庙湾岛风化坑地貌特征及形态参数进行详细测量和分析,采集风化坑内残积碎屑物、坑外岩石和当地风化壳样品进行粉晶X射线荧光光谱化学主量分析（XRF）和X射线衍射矿物分析（XRD）,对风化坑发育的成因机制进行了探讨,并得出以下结论：1）风化坑的发育与地形坡度有关,通常出现在平坦裸露的岩石面上。2）风化坑的形态特征表现为宽且浅,口缘有出水口,底部平坦,侧壁最凹处与出水口高度一致,其口径发育的速度远大于深度,长轴发育速度远大于短轴。3）同一岩石面上的风化坑具有不同的大小和深度,显示了其发育程度不一,其最大、最小深度对比反映了风化坑的发育过程。4）风化坑碎屑物与表岩之间的元素迁移和化学蚀变指数（CIA值）的差异,反映了风化坑的化学风化成因。5）风化坑碎屑物的英长比大于表岩,证明了化学风化导致的矿物差异风化作用。研究表明：庙湾岛风化坑形成和发育的主要作用为坑内积水的化学风化。     

陕北黄土覆盖型丹霞地貌特征及成因

丹霞地貌在中国东南湿润地区研究程度较高,但西北干旱-半干旱地区的研究资料较少。西北丹霞地貌在形态特征和形成过程等方面独具特色,对其研究有利于提高对丹霞地貌共性特征的认识,具有重要理论意义。陕北甘泉大峡谷地处黄土高原中部,是黄土覆盖型丹霞地貌的典型代表,具有明显波状起伏的峡谷特征,对该地区的研究有利于更好地认识黄土高原丹霞地貌的演化过程。本文采用野外考察、施密特锤岩石原位硬度测量、样品薄片偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察及地理信息系统(ArcGIS)中面积高程积分等多种方法,探究陕北地区丹霞地貌的造景岩石特征、演化阶段及其控制因素。研究结果表明：(1)研究区的造景岩石为洛河组砂岩,发育大型风成交错层理,孔渗性较好,长石、岩屑及钙质胶结物含量较高,岩石抗风化能力较弱,在流水侵蚀和盐风化作用下形成峡谷密布的丹霞地貌。(2)甘泉大峡谷与桦树沟的面积高程积分值分别为0.51和0.49,指示该地区的地貌演化阶段为壮年期,流水侵蚀为地貌演化的主要控制因素。(3)研究区丹霞地貌于新近纪晚期之前可能已经形成,随后第四纪气候变干,风成黄土堆积在丹霞山峰之上和峡谷之间,流水溯源侵蚀使峡谷进一步加深变长,形成了...     

Sandstone terrain in a semi‐arid littoral environment: the Lower Murchison Valley,Western Australia

Stream and wave erosion have cut spectacular cliffs in the Tumblagooda Sandstone in the Murchison gorge and along the adjacent coast. The sandplain above the cliffs developed between the Late Cretaceous and the Mid Tertiary but whether it formed at low level and was then uplifted or was formed at its present elevation is not known. The upper 30 km of the gorge post‐dates the laterite on the sandplain. As there is little runoff from the sandplain, erosion is limited to the edge of the gorge. Joints have controlled erosion of small tributaries but have had very limited effect on the course of the Murchison proper. Facies changes within the sandstone are reflected in the form of the cliffs. Very extensive cavernous weathering on the cliffs is attributed to crystallisation of salt. Comparisons with sandstone terrains elsewhere suggest that lithology may be just as important as climate in controlling large‐scale spatial variation of landforms.     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

FLARED SLOPES REVISITED

Flared slopes are smooth concavities caused by subsurface moisture-generated weathering in the scarp-foot zone of hillslopes or boulders. They are well represented in granitic terrains but also developed in other massive materials such as limestone, sandstone, dacite, rhyolite, and basalt, as well as other plutonic rocks. Notches, cliff-foot caves, and swamp slots are congeners of flared slopes. Though a few bedrock flares are conceivably caused by nivation or by a combination of coastal processes, most are two-stage or etch forms. Appreciation of the origin of these forms has permitted their use in the identification and measurement of recent soil erosion and an explanation of natural bridges. Their mode of development is also germane to the origin of the host inselberg or bornhardt and, indeed, to general theories of landscape evolution. But certain discrepancies have been noted concerning the distribution and detailed morphology of flared slopes. Such anomalies are a result of structural factors (sensu lato), of variations in size of catchment and in degree of exposure, and of several protective factors. Notwithstanding, the original explanation of flared slopes stands, as do their wider implications. [Key words: flared slope, inselberg, soil erosion, weathering, fractures.]     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …     

Quaternary bedrock erosion and landscape evolution in the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica: Reevaluating rates and processes

Rates and processes of rock weathering, soil formation, and mountain erosion during the Quaternary were evaluated in an inland Antarctic cold desert. The fieldwork involved investigations of weathering features and soil profiles for different stages after deglaciation. Laboratory analyses addressed chemistry of rock coatings and soils, as well as ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure ages of the bedrock. Less resistant gneiss bedrock exposed over 1 Ma shows stone pavements underlain by in situ produced silty soils thinner than 40 cm and rich in sulfates, which reflect the active layer thickness, the absence of cryoturbation, and the predominance of salt weathering. During the same exposure period, more resistant granite bedrock has undergone long-lasting cavernous weathering that produces rootless mushroom-like boulders with a strongly Fe-oxidized coating. The red coating protects the upper surface from weathering while very slow microcracking progresses by the growth of sulfates. Geomorphological evidence and cosmogenic exposure ages combine to provide contrasting average erosion rates. No erosion during the Quaternary is suggested by a striated roche moutonnée exposed more than 2 Ma ago. Differential erosion between granite and gneiss suggests a significant lowering rate of desert pavements in excess of 10 m Ma^− 1. The landscape has been (on the whole) stable, but the erosion rate varies spatially according to microclimate, geology, and surface composition.     

Stone pillar rockfall in Danxia landform area,Mt. Langshan,Hunan Province,China

A typical Danxia stone pillar, Leipishi I, in the World Natural Heritage site at Mt. Langshan, China, collapsed on 2 November 2009. To understand the mechanism controlling this rockfall event, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, resistance against sulfuric acid, and freezing and thawing properties were analyzed from 44 sandstone and conglomerate cores collected from the Lanlong Formation, the only exposed formation on Mt. Langshan. In addition, four rock slices were created for analysis under a polarizing microscope. A detailed reconstruction of the geometry and restraint conditions of the stone pillar in place before the rockfall occurred permitted an estimation of the stress state before collapse using 3D finite-element code. The results show that the rapid retreat of soft, intercalated rock layers due to weathering can profoundly change the stress state within the rock body, causing compressive or tensile stresses to rise above compressive or tensile strengths in specific sections of a rock body, and causing partial or complete collapse.     

Geology and palynology of the Triassic succession of Bjørnøya

The Triassic succession of Bjørnøya (200 m) comprises the Lower Triassic Urd Formation (65 m) of the Sassendalen Group, and the Middle and Upper Triassic Skuld Formation (135 m) of the Kapp Toscana Group. These units are separated by a condensed '.'Middle Triassic sequence represented by a phosphatic remainé conglomerate (0.2m).
The Urd Formation consists of grey to dark grey shales with yellow weathering dolomitic beds and nodules. Palynology indicates the oldest beds to be Diencrian; ammonoid faunas in the middle and upper part of the formation arc of Smithian age. The organic content (c. 1 %) includes kerogen of land and marine origin, reflecting a shallow marine depositional environment.
The Skuld Formation is dominated by grey shales with red weathering siderite nodules. There are minor coarsening upwards sequences; the highest bed exposed is a 20 m thick, very fine-grained sandstone. Palynomorphs indicate a late Ladinian age for the lower part of the formation, and macrofossils and palynomorphs indicate Ladinian to Carnian ages for the upper part. Sedimentary structures, a sparse marine fauna and microplankton indicate deposition in a shallow marine environment. The organic residues contain dominantly terrestrially derived kerogen.     

Weathering in the central Namib Desert,Namibia: Controls,processes and implications

The hyper-arid Namib Desert is an ancient desert of great lithological diversity. Weathering plays a key role in landscape evolution in the Namib which, in spite of its aridity, has a number of sources of moisture – rainfall, fogs, dews and groundwater seepage – which enhance weathering. Among the weathering processes that have been the subject of recent study in the central Namib are salt, thermal and lichen weathering which, in often complex associations of processes, contribute to the array of small scale weathering features found on marble and granite outcrops here. At the landscape scale weathering in the central Namib is also highly interrelated with erosion and the development of geochemical sediments (calcrete, gypcrete, tufas etc), whilst weathering ‘hotspots’ are thought to be important sources of fine sediment production. Over the long term weathering has played important roles in landscape evolution here which, despite localized weathering hotspots, has been very slow for much of the Cenozoic.     

龙虎山丹霞地貌危岩景观成因及保护

龙虎山地处江西省东北部鹰潭市境内,据鹰潭市区10 km,是以丹霞地貌景观为特色的世界地质公园.龙虎山丹霞地貌主要以砂岩、砾岩、泥岩等岩层组成,岩壁陡峭,节理错综,发育众多外形奇特,有突出的旅游观光及美学欣赏价值的不稳定岩体,即危岩景观.龙虎山危岩景观经历了漫长的地质演变过程,是多因素耦合作用的结果,其主要影响因素有地形地貌、地层岩性、构造应力及水文地质条件以及雕蚀作用(包括流水侵蚀溶蚀、温度差异风化、微观化学风化等),其中雕蚀作用是危岩景观形成的核心要素.危岩景观保护须符合不破坏性、相近性、可逆性、无干扰性及如旧性五大原则.在分析现有危岩防治技术及危岩景观特殊性的基础上,提出吊索法保护危岩景观,即由绳索、钢索等能提供一定向上拉力,使危岩体达到要求的稳定系数的一种方法.吊索法具有适用范围广,理论计算简单,能较好提高稳定系数,施工方便,后续维修方便和易监测等诸多优点,适用于各类岩质景观的保护.