Effects of Enclosure on Plant and Soil Nutrients in Different Types of Alpine Grassland

Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients.     

Effects of Forest Types and Environmental Factors on Soil Microbial Biomass in a Coastal Sand Dune of Subtropical China

Coastal sand dune ecosystems generally have infertile soil with low water-holding capacity and high salinity. However, many plant species have adapted to the harsh sand environment along the southeastern coast of China. Studying the microbial biomass in such an ecosystem can improve our understanding of the roles that microbes play in soil fertility and nutrient cycling. We investigated the differences in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) contents and their seasonal dynamics in five forest types (a secondary forest and plantations of Casuarinas, Pine, Acacia, and Eucalyptus). The results indicated that the seasonal variations of soil MBC and MBN contents in all five forest stands were higher in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn. The MBC content was lower in the Casuarinas plantation than in the other plantations in the same soil layer. However, no significant differences were observed in MBN contents among the different forest types. The MBC and MBN concentrations were positively correlated with soil moisture, but negatively correlated with soil temperature. The MBC and MBN contents also decreased with increasing soil depth. Across all soil layers, secondary forest had the highest MBC and MBN concentrations. Our study also showed that the MBC and MBN contents were positively affected by total soil carbon (TC), pH, and litter N content, but were negatively impacted by soil bulk density and litter C content. Moreover, the MBN content was positively correlated with root N content. In summary, environmental factors and the differences in litter and fine roots, soil nutrient contents, as well as the soil physical and chemical properties caused by different tree species collectively affected the concentrations of the soil MBC and MBN.     

Spatial Differentiation of the Coupling Characteristics of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen on Mulberry Plantations in China

Soil is the most important carbon pool of the mulberry plantation ecosystem, so understanding the characteristics of the soil carbon pool in mulberry plantations provides an important basis for the research of carbon sinks in economic forest ecosystems and farmland ecosystems. In order to explore the spatial differentiation pattern of the relationship between carbon and nitrogen in mulberry plantation soil, this study analyzed the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content of the surface soil layer (0-20 cm) and the subsurface soil layer (20-40 cm) of 475 mulberry plantations in five major regions of China, Southwest China (SWC), Central South China (CSC), East China (EC), North China (NC), and Northwest China (NWC). The research showed seven key aspects of this system. (1) The soil organic carbon of mulberry plantations was significantly different at the two soil depths. The average content of organic carbon in the surface layer of mulberry plantation soil was 10.71±7.01g kg^?1, which was 37.13% higher than that of the subsurface layer. (2) The soil organic carbon of mulberry plantations had significant differences in spatial differentiation, which was manifested as SWC>CSC>EC>NC>NWC. (3) The total nitrogen content in mulberry plantation soil had significant responses to the region, the soil layer depth, and the interaction between the region and soil layer depth. Among the regions, NWC had no significant difference between the surface layer and subsurface layer of the soil. EC had the maximum difference in total nitrogen content, with the total nitrogen content in the surface soil layer being 56.68% higher than that of the subsurface soil layer. The total nitrogen contents of the surface soil layers in the SWC and NC were 34.27% and 20.79% higher than those of the respective subsurface soil layers. (4) The mulberry plantation soil C/N ratios had a significant response to regional differences, as NWC>SWC> EC>CSC>NC, but this ratio had no significant response to soil depth. (5) Soil pH had significant spatial differentiation in relation to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in mulberry plantations. NWC had no significant correlation between pH and organic carbon or total nitrogen content, while CSC had a significant positive correlation between pH and both soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content. Other regions showed significant negative correlations between pH and both organic carbon and total nitrogen content. (6) There was a significant negative correlation between the C/N ratio of the surface soil layer and pH in mulberry plantations, which was mainly contributed by SWC, while the other regions’ surface soil layers had no significant correlations between C/N ratio and pH. (7) There was no significant correlation between the C/N ratio and pH in the subsurface soil layer in mulberry plantations. These results reveal that in either the research on mulberry plantation carbon pools or the innovation of green and low-carbon planting technology in mulberry plantations, the spatial differentiation characteristics of soil must be considered. Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon can be used as the basic foundation for the planning and design of mulberry afforestation or ecological restoration projects.     

Soil Characteristics and Nutrients in Different Tea Garden Types in Fujian Province,China

Anxi is the largest producing area of Tie Guanyin tea in China. "The cultural system of Tie Guanyin tea in Anxi" was selected as "Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems" (China-NIAHS) in 2014. Tea gardens in this region are organic, ecological or non-ecological. After sampling the soil in these three kinds of tea gardens, we compared soil properties and nutrient content at different soil depths using physical and chemical analyses. Our aim was to provide a scientific basis for the management of tea plantations. We measured and analyzed soil in two organic, three ecological and one non-ecological tea gardens at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in Anxi County. According to Duncan multiple comparisons and t tests, soil nutrients differed between organic and ecological or non-ecological tea gardens at 0-10 cm. Organic matter and total nitrogen differed between organic and nonecological tea garden soils at 10-20 cm. In organic tea gardens, soil bulk density, porosity, relative water content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were advantageous for tea tree growth. In ecological tea gardens, the indicators were appropriate and relatively advantageous for tea tree growth at a soil depth of 0-10 cm. For non-ecological tea garden, the nutrients were at a compact level and negatively affect tea growth. These results show that soil properties and nutrient content in organic and ecological tea gardens are superior to non-ecological tea garden. The development of organic tea gardens is the most suitable strategy for the growth of tea trees.     

The significance of atmospheric nutrient inputs and canopy interception of precipitation during ecosystem development in piñon–juniper woodlands of the southwestern USA

In arid ecosystems, widely spaced vegetation and prolonged dry periods may enhance canopy capture of nutrients from dry deposition. Additionally, differences in precipitation type, plant canopy architecture, and soil nutrient limitation could affect canopy exchange of atmospherically derived nutrients. We collected bulk precipitation and throughfall underneath piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) along a substrate age gradient to determine if canopy interception or throughfall chemistry differed among tree species, season, or substrate age. The Substrate Age Gradient of Arizona consists of four sites with substrate ages ranging from 1 ky to 3000 ky-old, which exhibit classic variations in soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability with substrate age. Greater nutrient inputs below canopies than in intercanopy areas suggest throughfall contributes to the “islands of fertility” effect. Canopy interception of precipitation did not differ between tree species, but was greater in the summer/fall than winter/spring. We found that net canopy retention of atmospherically derived N was generally greater when N availability in the soil was low, but retention also occurred when N availability was relatively high. Taken together, our results were inconclusive in determining whether the degree of soil nutrient limitation alters canopy exchange of plant growth-limiting nutrients.     

桉树人工林与杉木林、毛竹林土壤理化性质对比研究

在对永安市尾巨桉人工林、杉木林、毛竹林野外调查取样和室内实验分析基础上,对11年生尾巨桉林、3年生尾巨桉林与杉木林和毛竹林的土壤理化性质进行全面比较．结果表明,3年生尾巨桉林各层土壤中的土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮、全磷和速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量大多低于其他3种林地,反映了处于速生期的桉树对养分的旺盛需求和消耗;并且,速生期桉树还会造成一定程度的土壤表层粘粒下移和酸化;但随着桉树种植年限的增加,这种状况有所改善．在此基础上,提出变炼山全垦为块状整地,速生期人工施肥,延长轮伐期,实行间种、轮栽并适当休闲养地,提高桉树人工林生物多样性等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环．     

荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量研究进展

生态化学计量学是通过研究生物有机体主要元素含量及其比值的变化关系,揭示生态系统各组分间元素循环规律的一门学科,生态化学计量也是荒漠生态系统研究的重要内容。因此,综合掌握水分和养分限制环境下C、N、P生态化学计量的关系对揭示荒漠生态系统植物的限制性元素、土壤营养的供给能力、养分的有效性等都具有重要的意义。基于此,回顾和分析了国内外荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量最新研究和动态,分别从植物、凋落物、土壤、土壤微生物、土壤酶进行较为系统的评述,讨论了植物-土壤-微生物-酶四者的关系,提出了荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量的未来研究方向,期望为全面理解固沙植被的演变过程、稳定性维持机制及其科学管理提供理论指导。     

在西藏高原高海拔地区应遵循森林植被分布规律和选择乡土树种造林

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,在国家生态安全屏障保护与建设中发挥着重要的作用。我国大规模造林实践都依从年降雨量400 mm的阈值,在高于该降水阈值的地区造林。但针对西藏高原高海拔地区造林,无论是实践经验和理论探讨方面都很少涉及。在高海拔地区造林的最高海拔和树种选择需要遵循什么原则?以及以往高海拔地区造林的经验教训给我们什么启示?这些都是值得进一步思考的问题。本文从植被地带性分布规律出发,提出高海拔造林要遵从植被地带性分布原则和温度限制原则,指出植树造林要在森林分布区内、气候树线分布的海拔以下的区域才有可行性。以西藏高原东部森林分布格局和主要气候树线树种的分布海拔上限为例,论证了植树造林的潜在空间范围。从主要造林树种的生物学特性和气候生态位的角度,对可能用于造林的乡土树种及其造林立地条件进行了厘定,并指出了那曲造林存在的问题。总之,在西藏高海拔地区造林需要遵从地带性植被分布规律,重点考虑海拔上限和适宜树种选择问题,采用乡土树种,做到适地适树。     

中亚热带米槠次生林和杉木人工林细根养分含量特征

细根(≤2 mm)在调节森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环中起着较为重要的作用,但目前对不同土层细根化学计量的认识非常有限。本研究在福建省三明陈大国有林场内对米槠次生林和杉木人工林不同土层细根养分含量特征进行了研究。结果显示:(1)杉木人工林0~10 cm、60~80 cm土层0~1 mm细根碳浓度显著高于米槠次生林,10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层则显著低于米槠次生林;杉木人工林10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层1~2 mm细根碳浓度显著低于米槠次生林,其余土层则显著高于米槠次生林。(2)杉木人工林0~1 mm和1~2 mm细根氮浓度在所有土层深度均显著低于米槠次生林,两个林分0~10 cm细根氮浓度均显著高于其余土层。(3)杉木人工林0~1 mm和1~2 mm细根碳氮比在所有土层深度均显著高于米槠次生林。结果表明,米槠次生林和杉木人工林在演替过程中不同林分同一土层以及同一林分不同土层的细根养分含量差异显著,这可能反映了米槠次生林和杉木人工林细根在生长过程中有不同的资源获取策略。     

泥石流多发干旱河谷区植被恢复研究

云南东北部东川小江流域的干旱河谷土地退化十分严重，土地表层的砾石含量已超过60％，有机质含量、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量相对于残存燥红土明显下降。草坡是当地的主要植被类型，并未起到防治土地退化的应有作用。以合欢（Leucaena glauca)、马桑（Coriaria sinica)种植为主的恢复方式对土地的恢复有明显的改善作用。高密度的乔木树种合欢的种植使林下的草本物种的数量和组成发生了极大变化，较耐荫的植物占据了林分下层，且物种数量较草坡减少，群落多样性指数降低。三种马桑种植方式下，不但原有的草坡群落的物种仍有大量的生存空间，而且为一些新物种创造了生存环境，从而使物种的种类较原有草坡地增加，提高了群落的多样性指数。合欢种植的生物量最高，对解决当地薪柴严重短缺意义重大，马桑种植在增加灌木层生物量的同时，并未改变草坡的物种组成，还可兼顾解决当地的饲草和放牧，应大力推广。     

章古台固沙林主要树种根际土壤性质研究

研究了章古台固沙林樟子松、油松、赤松和杨树4个树种的根际土壤, 结果表明: 不同树种根际土壤pH值低于非根际土壤, 有机质含量均高于非根际土壤; 除杨树外, 根际土壤CEC(阳离子代换量)均低于非根际土壤; 而交换性酸度、水解性酸度和全盐量均高于非根际土壤, 盐基饱和度均低于非根际土壤; 根际土壤中全N、碱解N、速效K表现为富集, 速效P表现为亏缺, 其中樟子松亏缺最为严重; 不同树种根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性均高于非根际土壤。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区乔灌草植物空间优化配置——以甘肃省定西地区为例

黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失的影响因素有气候、植被、土壤、地形等,而乔灌草植物在空间上的不合理配置是造成该区水土流失严重的主要原因之一。本文选择研究区内限制植物生长与分布的4个关键环境因子 (高程、坡度、坡向和降雨量),利用多属性决策分析(MCDA)的方法,探讨乔灌草植物在空间上的优化配置,将整个研究区划分为5类乔灌草植物空间优化配置主模式和18类乔灌草植物空间优化配置子模式;同时,应用GIS聚类分析与统计分析方法,对所划分的乔灌草植物空间优化配置模式进行空间布局分析。结果显示:农民赖以生存的经济林/农林复合配置模式和农田/庭院经济配置模式是研究区的主要配置模式,占配置模式总面积的76.02％。     

不同更新方式对中亚热带森林土壤理化性质的影响

森林的不同更新方式对森林土壤理化性质有重要影响．本研究通过野外调查探讨中亚热带山区杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林2种不同更新方式下林地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并用土壤退化指数定量描述土壤质量变化．结果表明：杉木人工林土壤表层（0—10cm）容重显著高于米槠人促更新林（P〈0．05）;随土壤深度的增加,杉木人工林和米槠人促更...     

不同更新方式对中亚热带森林土壤理化性质的影响

森林的不同更新方式对森林土壤理化性质有重要影响．本研究通过野外调查探讨中亚热带山区杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林2种不同更新方式下林地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并用土壤退化指数定量描述土壤质量变化．结果表明：杉木人工林土壤表层（0—10cm）容重显著高于米槠人促更新林（P〈0．05）;随土壤深度的增加,杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林土壤有机C、全N、全P、水解N和有效P均逐渐降低．米槠人促更新林表层（0—10cm）土壤有机c比杉木人工林高出15．6％,全N、全P以及水解N和速效P也均表现出人促米槠更新林高于杉木人工林的趋势;土壤退化指数的计算结果表明杉木林土壤质量显著低于米槠人促更新林．     

林分密度对华北土石山区油松人工林土壤有机碳及养分特征的影响

 以木兰围场国有林场管理局实施间伐后6种保留密度下（540、650、1 084、1 104、1 408和1 860 株 / hm2）油松人工林为研究对象,研究各土层的土壤有机碳和N、P、K等养分元素含量及其相关关系。研究结果显示：(1) 土壤有机碳含量和碳密度垂直递减特征明显,均随土壤深度的增加而显著减小,当林分密度由540 株 / hm2增加到1 860 株 / hm2时,土壤有机碳含量及碳密度变化规律不尽一致,其分布区间分别为10.56~21.21 g / kg,与5.48~11.70 kg / m2;(2) 林分密度对土壤有机碳及碳密度有显著的影响,1 408 株 / hm2油松林下土壤有机碳含量及碳密度分别与650 株 / hm2和1 860 株 / hm2油松林下土壤有机碳含量及碳密度呈显著性差异,而其它林分密度间无显著差异。当林分密度为1 104 株 / hm2时,各土层土壤全N和P、K的有效量及全量均保持在一个相对较高的水平,在0~60 cm深度土壤全N、全P、全K、有效P和速效K含量均值均达到最高,分别为1.38 g/kg、0.34 g/kg、32.75 g/kg、33.10 mg/kg和118.85 mg/kg;(3) 不同林分密度、不同土层土壤有机碳含量、碳密度与土壤全N及P、K的全量和有效量的相关显著性有差异,对整个土壤剖面而言,土壤有机碳含量及碳密度与土壤全N、全P、速效K均呈显著或极显著正相关;(4) 在本研究林分密度范围内,从林地土壤固碳的角度,建议将油松人工林的林分密度控制在1 104 株 / hm2。     

黄土丘陵区典型退耕恢复植被土壤生态化学计量特征

为探究不同植被土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征及其影响因素,以黄土丘陵区油松、刺槐、沙棘和草地4种典型退耕恢复植被0~100 cm土壤为研究对象,分析不同植被土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、全磷（STP）含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明：（1） 不同恢复植被对土壤养分含量有显著影响,刺槐的SOC、STN最高,油松的SOC、STN最低,STP表现为草地>刺槐>油松>沙棘。（2） 不同恢复植被土壤养分具有“表聚性”,随土层深度增加,SOC和STN含量呈下降趋势,而STP的变异性较弱。特别是刺槐的SOC和STN在60~100 cm呈增加趋势。（3） 不同恢复植被土壤SOC:STN（C:N）、SOC:STP（C:P）差异不显著（P>0.05）,刺槐的土壤STN:STP（N:P）显著高于其他植被类型（P<0.05）,土壤C:N、C:P、N:P均低于全球及全国平均水平,研究区有机质的分解速率较快,P的有效性高,植被生长主要受N元素限制。（4） 研究区土壤C:N、C:P和N:P主要受SOC和STN影响;土壤养分与土壤含水量（SWC）和土壤容重（BD）呈负相关,与土壤粉粒（slit）和黏粒（clay）含量呈正相关,STP对土壤细颗粒的响应强度大于SOC和STN。研究区土壤化学计量在不同退耕恢复植被间差异显著,其中刺槐的土壤养分含量较其他植被类型更好,可为该地区植被恢复工作进一步开展提供参考。     

施氮对高寒草甸草原植物群落和土壤养分的影响

于2013-2014年在青藏高原东缘测定了不同梯度施氮后植物群落特征、牧草营养和土壤质量的变化,并分析了施氮后的经济效益。结果表明:(1)施氮显著增加了各功能群植物的高度和禾本科功能群植物盖度,而对莎草科和豆科植物盖度无显著影响;施氮显著增加了禾本科、莎草科、豆科和植物群落生物量,降低了杂类草盖度和生物量,其中施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时效果最为显著。(2)施氮显著增加了0～20 cm土层根系生物量;施氮当年显著增加了根冠比,施氮第2年根冠比无显著变化。(3)施氮不同程度降低了高寒草甸草原植物群落多样性,其中,施肥量在30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时最低。(4)施氮不同程度地提高了禾本科、莎草科和杂类草植物的粗蛋白含量,降低了各功能群植物纤维含量;施氮不同程度提高了高寒草甸草原土壤养分和有机碳含量,其中在施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时最高。(5)施氮当年和第二年净收益均在施肥量为30.86 g·m^-2时最大,分别为1 860元·hm^-2和878元·hm^-2。施氮缓解了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原植物生长的营养限制,提高了可食牧草产量,30.86～38.58 g·m^-2可作为该区最佳施氮水平。     

洞庭湖滩地杨树抑螺防病林研究

在滩地杨树抑螺林12年轮伐期内,采取沿时间序列定位观测及以空间换时间的调查研究方法,对滩地杨树抑螺防病林的造林地选择、钉螺种群消长与水因子、林龄及整地措施的相关关系进行了研究,对滩地杨树林的防浪护堤、阻滞水流和泥沙、降低地下水位等生态效应进行了分析,对林下草本植物的物种多样性进行了动态监测和研究,为有螺滩地的综合治理和开发提供依据。     

Effects of Poplar Plantations on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils: A Case Study in the North China Plain

In recent years, large areas of farmland in the North China Plain have been converted into short-rotation poplar plantations. To analyze the impacts of poplar plantations on soil, 22 soil samples were collected and assayed from the soil profiles of a corn field and a poplar plantation. The results showed that the average soil moisture content of the soil profile in the poplar field was 2.6 percent lower than that of the arable land. The maximum difference in soil moisture content was found in the upper 0-10 cm of topsoil. Soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the cornfield were significantly higher than in the poplar field. Higher nutrient content in the corn field may result from higher fertilizer inputs and the practice of returning straw to the cropped field. The analysis also showed no significant increase in soil organic matter content in deeper soil layers of the poplar field, which means that the conditions are not favorable for the formation of soil organic matter, or that soil organic matter needs a longer time to develop. Elements such as magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in both the corn field and the poplar field had a tendency to accumulate with increasing soil depth. Magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in the 0-80 cm soil layer of the poplar field were higher than those of the cornfield, but the situation was reversed at depths greater than 80 cm. It is concluded that poplar trees consume a large amount of soil moisture and soil nutrients. Local governments should prevent the development of new plantations of fast-growing trees in farmland and help farmers to recover their farmland from forestry plantations.     

土地利用方式对西藏东部河谷山地土壤肥力性质的影响

通过现场调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了西藏东部主要河谷地区不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力性质及其随土地利用方式变化的机制。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质有明显的差异,耕地和裸地土壤砂粒含量高于其他利用方式,本区域土壤砂质特征明显;受有机质积累影响,乔木林地、灌丛地土壤具有相对较高N素养分;受施肥等因素影响,农耕地土壤具有相对较高P、K养分;在所有利用方式中,裸地土壤尽管具有相对较高的粉粒含量,但所有养分指标均最低,显著低于林地土壤。总之,对于西藏脆弱生境而言,耕作使得有机质更易于消耗。由于有机质与植被之间存在明显互相促进的作用,因此维持土壤有机质平衡对于恢复植被、保护青藏高原东缘生态屏障具有重要的意义。