塔河油田奥陶系原油极性化合物浓度分布及运移趋势

根据原油中的3类极性化合物(烷基咔唑类化合物、烷基二苯并噻吩类化合物和烷基苯酚类化合物)在运移过程中与固相的吸附机理及其吸附性特征,探讨了这3种极性化合物与固定相通过氢键或者范德华力等作用力而被吸附,并导致原油中极性化合物浓度随着运移距离的增大逐渐降低的现象.通过对塔河油田22个奥陶系原油样品中3类极性化合物进行定量分析,结果显示其浓度具有从南向北、从东向西逐渐降低的规律,指示出塔河油田奥陶系原油的运移具有从南部和东部指向主体区的趋势.     

柴达木盆地西部原油极性化合物特征及其地球化学意义

柴达木盆地西部原油主要形成于高盐强还原环境和有机质低成熟演化阶段。这种特殊成油环境，为研究原油中极性生物标志物示踪作用提供了有利条件。对6个原油胶质馏分硅醚衍生物进行了GC—MS分析，从中检出丰富的脂肪酸、烷基醇、脂肪酸甘油—酯、酰胺和甾烯醇化合物，并且脂肪酸甘油—酯为首次从原油中检出。研究认为，这些生物标志化合物主要来自母源。它们的分布特征为链状化合物以短链组分为主，甾醇主要为C27甾烯醇，指示成油母质主要为菌藻类；高丰度脂肪酸甘油—酯的存在，提出生物油脂是这些原油的重要成油母质。原油中存在不饱和链状化合物及其高的CPI值和甾烯醇都说明原油具有低的成熟度。通过原油极性和烷烃化合物的对比研究，认为成油物质及其低演化产物的可溶有机质胶质组分，对原油的形成可能起了重要的作用。     

原油不同极性含氮化合物的氮同位素组成特征

氮是原油的重要组成元素,主要赋存在非烃和沥青质中,依据其极性差异分为碱性与非碱性2种类型。相较于其他组成元素,原油氮同位素的研究非常有限,不同极性含氮组分的氮同位素特征研究更是缺乏。本次研究应用杜马斯燃烧法原理,利用EA-IRMS连用技术测定了江汉油田6个原油样品不同极性含氮化合物的δ~(15)N和δ~(13)C。结果表明,不同极性含氮化合物的氮同位素组成具有明显的差异,碱性氮的δ~(15)N为9.7‰~11.8‰,明显轻于非碱性氮(11.4‰~14.5‰),原因可能是2种含氮组分的形成机制不同,碱性氮形成于成岩作用早期,δ~(15)值主要受原始母质的影响,而非碱性氮在热演化过程中的富集,氮同位素值更重,利用氮同位素有益于进一步明确原油中含氮化合物的演化机制及其地球化学意义。     

石油沥青质的吸附、沉淀机理及其影响因素

对于原油中石油沥青质的存在状态尚无统一认识,存在多种石油胶体体系理论模型。沥青质有两种方式从石油中分离出来,即吸附和沉淀,它们具有完全不同的机理。吸附的沥青质不能被溶解,要通过解吸才能消除,且解吸过程相对溶解而言很慢。沉淀是由于石油胶体体系的变化引起的,而吸附则是由石油胶体体系以及体系外的水介质环境和周围岩石矿物特征等所控制的。影响吸附的主要因素有:矿物本身的化学性质和结构特征、矿物质表面水层的性质、原油组成。影响沉淀的因素主要有:原油的组成、温度和压力、石油所处的状态、孔隙特征。低渗储层比高渗储层更容易导致沥青质的沉淀。     

矿物润湿性对储层烃类包裹体形成制约的实验研究

储层矿物润湿性制约了流体的微观流动特性,从而影响流体在储层的微观分布特征.油和水在矿物表面的润湿性差异导致油气充注过程中形成不同特征的流体包裹体类型.矿物表面实验分析表明,对于水和原油而言,石英具有较明显的亲水性,而方解石的亲水性和亲油性差别不大.轻质油(汽油)在矿物表面完全铺展,储层矿物具有明显的亲油性.通过在不同油...     

济阳拗陷特殊生物降解油的初步研究

济阳拗陷草古100平19井奥陶系储层原油,饱和烃馏分均已损失殆尽,仅残余藿烷系列化合物;同时,芳烃馏分化合物也已损失殆尽,仅残余三芳甾烷系列化合物。上述芳烃化合物俱已损失殆尽的蚀变特征,在相关文献中的报道较为少见。原油中不受水洗作用影响的正构烷烃和不受生物降解作用影响的有机硫化合物(苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩)均已损失殆尽,显然暗示了原油蚀变是遭受水洗作用和生物降解作用共同作用的结果。原油芳烃馏分的“UCM”鼓包幅度明显大于饱和烃馏分的“UCM”鼓包,暗示了芳烃化合物的降解速率平行甚至超过饱和烃的降解速率。原油中低分子量芳烃化合物的快速降解,暗示了油藏可能是在氧化条件下而非在还原条件下发生蚀变的。     

液态水影响不同煤级煤吸附甲烷的差异及其机理

以IS100等温吸附解吸仪和MTS815型电液伺服岩石实验系统为主要实验平台,应用已建立的模拟储层条件下煤样注水和注水试样等温吸附实验方法,对3种不同煤级的煤储层样品开展了高压（8～20 MPa）注水和等温吸附实验,发现储层条件下煤层中的液态水（注水煤样）对不同煤级（0.46%<Ro,max<1.72%）煤吸附甲烷影响有差异,其含水量随煤级升高呈L型降低,而吸附量则线性增加。笔者认为液态水造成吸附差异的原因是煤体润湿性的差异,对于中低煤级的煤样来说,煤表面的物理化学性质起着控制作用,直接影响着煤体润湿性,吸附势和含水量的曲线都说明了这一点。     

烷基糖苷对润湿性的改变及与界面张力的关系

降低界面张力、改变润湿性是表面活性剂应用于油田开发的重要特性。通过测量表面活性剂烷基糖苷溶液的表面张力及其与亲水(亲油)载玻片、原油间的接触角,研究了表面活性剂对油藏润湿性的改变行为。结果表明,表面活性剂分子在水固界面和油水界面的吸附使润湿性发生变化,且其在水固界面的吸附模式是决定润湿性改变的关键。同时,在测定油水界面张力,计算水固、油固界面张力的基础上,利用灰色关联分析确定了各界面张力对润湿性的影响程度:水固界面张力>油水界面张力>油固界面张力。可见,在利用表面活性剂改变润湿性的过程中,尤其应注意水固界面状态的变化。     

化学驱表面活性剂对特低渗透砂岩储层表面荷电性能的影响:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区上三叠统延长组长8储层为例

在油-水-岩石多相体系中,通过改变岩石表面性质来提高原油采收率已成为目前能源行业和化学工业的研究热点。油藏砂岩表面带负电,通过加入不同类型表面活性剂影响砂岩表面带电行为,可以提高原油采收率。分析了3种典型表面活性剂TX-100(辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚)、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)、CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)对岩石表面性质的影响。通过计算表面活性剂在砂岩表面的吸附量和溶液表面张力的变化,分析了表面活性剂对砂岩表面润湿性、表面带电行为的影响。研究结果为提高特低渗透储层原油采收率提供了科学指导。     

油层不同开采时期原油组分变化特征

运用有机地球化学分离、分析技术对取自塔里木盆地的东河、塔中和轮南油田不同时期开采出的原油样品进行剖析,研究其宏观组成和微观分子在时空上的变化规律。分析结果表明,原油饱 /芳比值随开采时间的推移呈下降的趋势;饱和烃与非烃 +沥青质的含量变化有很好的相关性。随着开采时间的增长,原油中正构烷烃的主峰碳数后移,原油的轻 /重组分比降低。原油碱性氮、有机酸等非烃类化合物随开采时间的推移也呈降低的趋势。这些变化与原油在驱替过程中的自然色层吸附作用机理和原油中各种组分的相互作用关系有关。该项研究对于深入探索驱油机理、预测原油润湿性和提高采收率具有重要的实际意义。     

油藏地球化学的基础与展望

在系统综述国内外油藏地球化学研究现状和研究方法的基础上，着重介绍了其４个研究领域及地质意义，即：油藏地球化学描述、油藏原油混合作用原理、油藏中的有机隔层－沥青垫、油藏内有机－无机相互作用及储层润湿的改变。     

Interaction study of clay-bearing amphibolite–crude oil–saline water: Molecular level implications for enhanced oil recovery during low saline water flooding

Low saline water flooding (LSWF) had proved to be an efficient method for enhanced oil recovery in clay-bearing hydrocarbon reservoirs, but the interaction mechanisms among in-situ rocks – fluids and injection fluids within the reservoir – are not yet known properly. Understanding the molecular level interaction among these components is critical for designing and field scale implementation of LSWF in clay-bearing crystalline reservoir rocks, which is very limited in the existing literature. A weathered amphibolite rock and one dead crude oil from the Bakrol field (Cambay basin, India) have been used in this study. The presence of clay minerals in the weathered amphibolite rock was observed using a polarising microscope and characterised by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The crude oil and its fractionated SARA components have been extensively studied by spectroscopic techniques for their characterisation. The interaction study among the rock powder, hydrocarbon crude oil and saline water has been performed in the present work for gaining better insight for designing the injection fluid for LSWF. The weathered amphibolite rock powder was mixed with the dead crude oil and kept for 30 days in room temperature (T) and pressure (P) for proper interaction. The XRD, FTIR and cation exchange capacity results clearly demonstrated the incorporation of crude oil components in the interlayer surfaces of clay minerals. The oil removal efficiency, from the oil-treated rock powder of three saline water samples having NaCl concentration of 3000, 5000 and 8000 ppm, was investigated using the UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The low saline NaCl water is capable of removing the maximum amount of polar components from the oil-treated rock powder. These molecular level insights are valuable for designing effective injection fluid for enhancing the oil recovery from the clay-rich crystalline reservoir rock.     

朝长地区原油中的有机含氮化合物及其应用

松辽盆地朝长地区 (朝阳沟—长春岭 )原油中含有丰富的吡咯类含氮化合物 ,其地球化学特征明显。与烃类化合物类似 ,非烃中吡咯类化合物可用于反映原油的成因类型。朝长地区原油中吡咯类化合物的分布特征及其运移效应为油气注入模型理论提供了很好的例证 ,表明吡咯类等非烃化合物在油藏地球化学理论与应用研究中具有广泛的前景。     

Thermal treatment of the Athabasca oil sand bitumen and its component parts

The Athabasca oil sand bitumen, and its major component fractions, have been heated with and without added montmorillonite to simulate natural geological diagenesis. The products of the treatment of the whole bitumen were found to be essentially the sum of the products of the treatment of the component parts. The saturated hydrocarbon fraction underwent little change, with only minor cracking apparent. Some cracking and polymerization of the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction was noted. Geochemical analysis of these products indicated that the simulation had caused a continuation of the normal petroleum maturation sequence towards coke and gas. Treatment of the polar fraction and asphaltenes caused a continuation of the maturation sequence towards a ‘crude oil’, further treatment of which continued towards coke and gas. Geochemical examination of this ‘crude oil’ yielded information on the past history of the bitumen from the time of asphaltene formation. The geochemical evidence indicates that the Athabasca bitumen may have originated in an unusual marine environment, and that the maturation and exodus from its source rock differed from that of conventional crude oils. The overall results indicate that, except for the maturation of the polar and asphaltene fractions, the bio-degradation of a crude oil is not reversible by diagenetic means.     

生物降解原油地球化学研究新进展

生物降解作用是原油的一种重要的蚀变作用,对原油的物性和经济价值有着负面的影响。全球石油大多遭受过生物降解。生物降解作用对常见生物标志物的影响得以较好的描述,综述了近年来高分子量正构烷烃、三环萜烷、25 降藿烷生物降解的新进展。目前对生物降解作用的细节、发生机理尚不十分清楚,讨论了原油喜氧和厌氧降解机制,认为厌氧作用可能起主导作用,降解速率很慢。温度是控制生物降解作用的重要因素,储层温度大于80℃不会发生生物降解作用。生物降解原油多为混源油,介绍了研究生物降解原油的多期成藏方法。沥青质不易生物降解,其热解产物及钌离子催化氧化产物在生物降解原油对比、油源对比中具有重要的作用;最后指出了今后的发展方向。     

温度对页岩吸附解吸的敏感性研究

页岩气的赋存方式主要是吸附,使吸附在页岩储层内表面的天然气解吸出来是提高页岩气井产量的最终目标。为了使吸附在页岩储层内的天然气完全地被采出来,提出了升温加速解吸的方法来提高页岩气采收率。通过室内吸附与解吸实验,对4块页岩岩心分别进行了不同温度下的等温吸附量与解吸量测定,分析影响页岩储层吸附量与解吸量的主要因素,研究提高储层温度来加速解吸页岩储层CH4吸附量的适应性。研究结果表明,页岩的吸附能力与页岩的有机碳含量和有机成熟度密切相关,随着页岩有机碳含量以及有机成熟度的提高,页岩的吸附能力增加。不同温度的吸附与解吸实验表明,温度越高,页岩的吸附能力越低,随着温度的升高,页岩气的解吸量增大。升温可以提高页岩气的解吸时间、解吸速度以及提高页岩气最终采收率。提高页岩储层温度进行加速解吸是一种提高页岩气产量的好方法,可以对页岩气藏开采和开发理论提供一定的指导意义。     

Characterization of paraffinic deposits in crude oil storage tanks using high temperature gas chromatography

Problems related to the crystallization and deposition of heavy organic fractions during production, transportation and storage of crude oils can lead to considerable financial losses for the petroleum industry. The heavy organic fractions may include paraffins or waxes, resins, asphaltenes, and organometallic compounds that exist in crude oils in various quantities, states, and forms. The severity of the deposition problems varies widely and depends on factors such as the crude oil composition, operating conditions in the reservoir and production procedures. Problems associated with the solid deposits may be encountered anywhere in the production process from the reservoir to the refinery. In this paper, it is proposed to focus on production problems associated with certain fields in Tunisia. The problems manifested themselves through the accumulation of solid deposits in the storage tanks at a Tunisian terminal and originated from the mixtures of various crude oils transported to the terminal by pipeline. The principal analytical method for the characterization of the solids was high temperature gas chromatography following concentration of the wax fraction through a modification of the conventional acetone precipitation technique.     

Evidence for in situ methanogenic oil degradation in the Dagang oil field

In situ biotransformation of oil to methane was investigated in a reservoir in Dagang, China using chemical fingerprinting, isotopic analyzes and molecular and biological methods. The reservoir is highly methanogenic despite chemical indications of advanced oil degradation, such as depletion of n-alkanes, alkylbenzenes and light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions or changes in the distribution of several alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The degree of degradation strongly varied between different parts of the reservoir, ranging from severely degraded to nearly undegraded oil compositions. Geochemical data from oil, water and gas samples taken from the reservoir are consistent with in situ biogenic methane production linked to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Microcosms were inoculated with production and injection waters in order to characterize these processes in vitro. Subsequent degradation experiments revealed that autochthonous microbiota are capable of producing methane from ¹³C labelled n-hexadecane or 2-methylnaphthalene and suggest that further methanogenesis may occur from the aromatic and polyaromatic fractions of Dagang reservoir fluids. The microbial communities from produced oil–water samples were composed of high numbers of microorganisms (on the order to 10⁷), including methane producing Archaea within the same order of magnitude. In summary, the investigated sections of the Dagang reservoir may have significant potential for testing the viability of in situ conversion of oil to methane as an enhanced recovery method and biodegradation of the aromatic fractions of the oil may be an important methane source.