The investment circumstances and its classification appraisal of Changjiang river delta

This paper explains the meaning of investment circumstance, and analyses the overall feature of investment circumstances of the Changjiang River Delta zone and clears about its targets’ system. Then the authors use “polytarget comprehensive value evaluation rule” to make comprehensive classification appraisal of the investment circumstance of the five regions including Shanghai, Ning (Nanjing)-Zhen (Zhenjiang)-Yang(Yangzhou), Su(Suzhou)-Xi(Wuxi)-Chang(Changzhou)-Tong(Nantong), Hang(Hangzhou)-Jia(Jiaxing)-Hu(Huzhou), Ning(Ningbo)-Shao(Shaoxing)-Zhou(Zhoushan)etc., which have similar region feature and district join together due to the long-term development of society and economy among these regions.     

Determinants of public goods investment in rural communities in mountainous areas of Sichuan Province,China

This study aims to investigate two important issues： what are the determinants of public goods investment and what is the government＇s investment behavior in mountainous areas. The impacts of natural conditions, target, and demand elements on public goods investment are analyzed with statistical method, and the determinants of public goods investment in the areas are obtained by using population-weighted and stepwise regression models with Eviews6.0 software with survey data in 2008 and calculated data based on GIS of 20 typical villages in mountainous regions in Sichuan, China. The results showed： （1） natural conditions are the important determinants of public investment. Mountainous villages with steep slope have relatively high levels of investment; （2） concentration of population and the educational levels of the village leaders also have important impacts on public goods investment; （3） the government is more concerned with public investment resources particularly in areas characterized by fragile ecological environment and poor agricultural output. These results suggest that the current investment strategy helps to reduce disparities in regional development.     

REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CAPITAL MARKET OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CHINA’S MAINLAND

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎ１９９５，ｔｈｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆＦＤＩｉｎＣｈｉｎａ（ｍａｉｎｌａｎｄ）ｗａｓＵＳ＄３７．８１ｂｉｌｉｏｎｔｈａｔｗａｓｆｒｏｍｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ１７０ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｎｅａｒｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ...     

干旱胁迫下植物抗逆性大尺度遥感监测方法

目前干旱与植被关系的研究主要集中于气候因子与植被时空变化的相关性分析以及植被对气候变化的响应,能够适用于大尺度的植物抗逆性监测方法还较为欠缺。本文基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）、总初级生产力（GPP）、修正花青素含量指数（mACI）、短波红外水分胁迫指数（SIWSI）监测干旱胁迫下的植被变化,综合考虑植物抗逆过程,建立滞后时间、抗逆时差、响应程度与恢复能力4个植物抗逆性监测指标,构建了一种能够适用于大尺度的植物抗逆性综合监测方法。利用各省份作物抗逆性综合评分与绝收比例进行相关性分析,两者呈显著负相关。利用该方法对干旱胁迫下我国不同类型植被的抗逆性进行评估,结果表明：① 从全国整体水平来看,不同季节植物抗逆性差异较大,其中夏季植物抗逆性最弱,冬季最强。我国植物抗逆性空间异质性显著,春季植物抗逆性综合评分低于70分的区域主要位于山西、陕西北部,综合评分高于90分的区域主要集中在内蒙古东北部以及云南的南部地区; ② 不同类型植被的抗逆性有明显差异,夏季落叶针叶林抗逆性最强,类内差异最小,春秋两季草地抗逆性最强但抗逆性类内差异最大。本文提出的植物抗逆性综合监测方法有助于探索干旱胁迫下植物抗逆性规律,对帮助降低灾害风险具有借鉴意义。     

Regional structure of capital market of foreign direct investment in China’s mainland

Since China’s reform and open-door, the countries and regions of direct investment in China’s mainland have been increasing. In 1995, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China was US$ 37.81 billion that was from more than 170 countries and regions. The regional structure of capital market of FDI in China has three characteristics: (1) The most of FDI was from the near countries or regions, Hong Kong-Macao, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia provided 80.3% of the amount of FDI in 1995. (2) Only several countries and regions provided most of FDI in China. (3) According to the contributory rate, the main capital market of FDI in China could be divided into four classes, including the guiding market, subsidiary market, new and development market, opportunity market. Most of FDI in China was from the developing countries and regions, which had a negative effect on the size and technical level of foreign capital enterprises. The author puts forward the countermeasures to improve the regional structure of capital market: (1) to keep the guiding market stable, (2) to open up chiefly the subsidiary market, (3) to guide actively the new and developing market, (4) to try hard to start the opportunity market.     

基于GIS的宁波市道路网络综合通达性研究

城市道路交通网络通达性是城市规划、交通体系建设等所要考虑的重要方面。利用GIS技术,以距离度量模型、道路加权核密度模型、路网连通度和公交服务指数为基础,分别从路网连接结构、路网密度、路网发育程度、公交便捷性几方面建立综合通达性指标,分析宁波市中心城区道路网络通达性及其空间特征。研究表明:宁波市中心城区的综合通达性以江东区和海曙区最优,其次为鄞州区和江北区,北仑区和镇海区通达性较差,整体空间格局分异明显;北仑区在道路结构方面优势明显;公交服务指数对综合通达性的影响最为显著。对以往的城市交通网络通达性研究进行一定的改进,为宁波市道路交通网络的建设与布局优化提供理论依据。     

遥感技术在公路勘察设计中的应用

遥感(RemoteSensing-RS)、全球定位系统(GlobePositionSystem-GPS)、地理信息系统(GeographicInformationSystem-GIS)可广泛的应用于工程勘察设计及与公路交通建设有关的资源信息和经济地理分析、交通运输管理、测绘制图等方面,是全面认识公路交通自然环境,提高交通规划水平,协调发展公路网络的关键技术。从公路选线、工程地质勘察、工程设计到公路运行管理,3S技术的信息分析方法有其它手段不可替代的作用;遥感航测制图更有其速度快、质量高、节省人力物力的优势,而三维遥感数据是公路勘测设计自动化的基础,是体现设计思想、优化路线方案最先进有效的手段。     

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL FLOW WITH GIS——Two Approaches for Regional Investment in China

GIS technology has been mostly concerned with handling physical data and modeling physical environment. However, the requirements of GIS for handling socio-economic information in many cases are different from those concerning phenomena in the physical environment. Analysis of capital flow among regions requires the transitions both from economic values to physical landscape and from physical surface to economic explanation. Rapid growth of Chinese economy conies mainly from investment. There are two main ways for obtaining high growth of investment. One is government expenditure which usually invests in regional facility and amenity block, which is regarded as stimulus for attracting investment. The other is the creation of investing center and corresponding capital source areas, both of which need the central city with the highest growth rate of investment among regions. This paper presents the cluster areas of both government revenue and total investment, the potential situation of capital flow betwe     

视频监视系统中运动目标检测的新方法

运动目标检测是计算机视觉监视系统的核心。对于采用固定摄像机监控视频运动目标的检测,利用Affine Lucas Kanade特征跟踪算法的图像金字塔模型,根据模型的不同层数,将对应不同层数分辨率下的差分图像与Susan算子结合,通过形态学处理实现对复杂背景下运动目标的检测。仿真实验结果表明,采用的算法有效地抑制了噪声对运动目标检测效果的影响,且计算量随金字塔层数的增加而成倍减少。     

基于街景影像多特征融合的广州市越秀区街道空间品质评估

全面准确地描述街景影像的多层次特征在基于街景影像对街道空间品质进行评估的研究中具有重要意义。以广州市越秀区为例,获取前后左右各视角街景影像中手工设计的特征（SURF特征、HOG特征）和基于深度学习的特征（语义特征）,基于单一特征和多特征融合采用支持向量机（Support Vector Machine, SVM）、随机森林（Random Forest, RF）训练各视角的评估模型。结果表明,以基于SVM建立的单特征模型为例,基于HOG特征（73.03%）、语义特征（72.28%）的模型平均精度优于SURF特征（56.00%）,基于SVM前后左右各视角模型的最优分类精度为82.8%（前）、81.7%（后）、76.6%（左）、76.6%（右）,而基于RF各视角模型的最优分类精度为82.8%（前）、85.0%（后）、78.1%（左）、70.3%（右）。前后视角的模型精度略优于左右视角。各视角最优模型均为多特征融合模型,最优模型平均分类精度和Kappa系数可达80.6%和0.62。利用街景影像评估街道空间品质时,各算法之间性能差异微弱,而特征选择及组合方式是提升精度的关键。越秀区街道空间品质存在明显空间分异,其西南部的街道空间品质亟待提升。本研究构建了基于街景影像多特征融合的大规模高精度街道空间品质测度方法,实现了对越秀区街道空间品质的评估,研究结果可为相关部门进行街道环境综合整治提供参考。     

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL FLOW WITH GIS——Two Approaches for Reional Investment in China

GIS technology has been mostly concerned with handling physical data and modeling physical environment .However,the requirements of GIS for handling socio-ecnomic information in many cases are different from those concerning phenomena in the physical environment ,Analysis of capital flow among regions requires the transitions both from economic values to physical landscape and from physical surfa ce to econmoic explanation.Rapid growth of Chinese economy comes mainly from investment.There are wto main ways for obtaining high growth of investment ,One is government expenditure which usually invests in regional facility and amenity block ,which is regarded as stimulus for attracting investment.The other is the creation of investing center and corresponding capital source areas ,both of which need the central city with the highest growth rate of investment among regions.This paper presents the cluster areas of both government revenue and total investment ,the potential situation of capital flow between central city Shanghai and its neighbor provinces by using “Classification“ and “Interpolation“ functions of ArcView GIS.     

Eco-geographic environment and regional development in Xinjiang of China

The study on relationship between eco-geographic environment (EGE) and regional development (RD) is of theoretical and practical significance to promote the comprehensive study on nature and human factors and regional coordination development. Based on the evaluation index system and models of EGE and RD, Quadrant Analysis Method (QAM) and the Coordination Degree and Coordinated Development Degree Model (CDCDDM) were applied to studying the relationship between EGE and RD in Xinjiang in this paper. The results show that Xinjiang can be divided into four type regions according to the relationship between EGE and RD, namely high coordination region (HCR), overloading development region (ODR), low coordination region (LCR) and potential development region (PDR). Most areas of Xinjiang belong to LCR which can not bear a larger population and support large-scale economic development. HCR, ODR and PDR, which are mainly distributed in piedmont oases and take basin as unit, should be focused on in the development of Xinjiang. The EGE has great influence on RD, and there is serious contradiction between them. Relevant suggestions on development strategies were put forward according to the character of different type regions, and the key regions of macro-layout of RD in Xinjiang were pointed out.     

Trends of urban air pollution in Zhengzhou City in 1996–2008

Urban air pollution is a commonly concerned environmental problem in the world.Identification of air quality trend using long-term monitoring data is helpful to understand the effectiveness of pollution control strategies.This study,using data from six monitoring stations in Zhengzhou City,analyzed the changing trend in concentrations of SO 2,NO x /NO 2 and TSP/PM 10 in 1996-2008,based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator,and evaluated the comprehensive air pollution level using Multi-Pollutant Index(MPI).It was found that the concentration of each pollutant exceeded obviously the World Health Organization(WHO) guideline value,but the changing trend varied:SO 2 and NO 2 were significantly increased mainly due to an increase in coal consumption and vehicle number,while NO x,TSP and PM 10 decreased.The air pollution was serious,and differed markedly among the three functional regions:it is the most severe in the Industrial and Residential Area(IRA),followed by the Transportation Hub and Business District(THBD),and then the High-tech,Cultural and Educational Area(HCEA).Different from NO 2 concentration that had a similar change trend/rate among the function regions,the change rate of PM 10 concentration differed spatially,decreased much more obviously in THBD than other two regions.For the whole city,the comprehensive air pollution level declined gradually,illustrating that the air quality in Zhengzhou was improved in the last decade.     

中国城市土地整治综合潜力分区与提升路径

城市土地整治是促进城市土地利用系统正常运转、城市内部要素和谐共生的重要手段。目前对城市土地整治潜力及分区的研究均未能从城市角度建立一个综合的指标体系。立足于城市土地整治的需求,基于“潜力评价—类型划分—-问题识别—提升路径”的框架,开展了全国289个地级以上城市的土地整治综合潜力评价、分区问题识别及提升路径的研究。结果显示：① 中国城市整治综合潜力水平总体上处于中等的水平,不同等级城市之间的整治潜力差异明显;② 中国城市整治综合潜力水平存在显著的地域差异与集聚特征：地域差异总体表现为西部地区>东部地区>中部地区>东北地区;集聚特征表现为高整治潜力区集聚于中国的西南部地区,大规模低整治潜力区集聚于东北地区及内蒙古北部地区;③ 通过对因素层之间及因素层与潜力分级之间的决策分类判断,划定了包括S-NULL综合发展型高潜整治区、M-N自然限制型中潜整治区、L-NE良性发展型低潜整治区、L-NEC暂不适宜型低潜整治区等15个城市土地整治类型区;④ 针对各类型区的限制性因素,进行分区域的问题识别,主要分为综合发展型、集约发展型、经济投入型等八类,并因地制宜地提出目标导向的提升路径。研究方法及结果可作为全国开展城市土地整治的理论参考。     

Evaluation of the production-living-ecology space function suitability of Pingshan County in the Taihang mountainous area,China

A rational utilization of land is a matter of importance in sustainable development of mountainous area. The land function in mountainous areas has a close connection with space structure of ecology, production and living. To promote a harmonious development of the relationship between people and nature in mountainous areas, it is necessary to coordinate their relationships of space functions. Suitability evaluation of basic unit function associated with multi-scale space analysis is a prerequisite to a reasonable optimization of land function structure. In this study, an optimized evaluation index system of combination functions was introduced into the assessment of ecological spatial functional suitability in ecological fragile regions by adding three indicators, namely, soil erosion sensitivity, landscape ecological risk and ecological sensitivity. The principle of "taking high"(referred to a function with high suitability to be regarded as the main function of an evaluation unit) and ecological priority(referred to the case, supposing the suitability of a unit's three functions is consistent, the main function is determined to be the ecological function) were used to determine the main function of an evaluation unit. Pingshan County, China, located at the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountain, was targeted in this case study. The production-livingecology space(PLES) function in Pingshan was identified by applying our improved valuation indexes. Further, the functional suitability distribution of the combination of elements was obtained by using overlapping comprehensive analysis method, considering the tradeoff of the functional suitability of combination elements. The regions suitable for production/living were distributed in relatively flat piedmont plains, whereas the regions suitable for ecology were distributed in the mountain areas of middle and low altitudes. Therefore, to maintain a sustainable development in mountainous areas, an improved scheme of development for Pingshan should be to delineate ecologically fragile areas, to build ecological industrial parks near existing scenic spots, to protect basic agricultural production areas, and to increase investment in science and technology, including reasonable ecological compensation. This study can provide reference for the planning of sustainable development in the Taihang Mountain area and similar regions.     

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in China: Evaluation,Convergence Characteristics and Spatial Effects

In this study, an inventory analysis approach was used to investigate the intensity of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP) and its spatial convergence at national and provincial levels in China from 1999 to 2017. On this basis, spatial factors affecting ANSP were explored by constructing a spatial econometric model. The results indicate that: 1) The intensity of China's ANSP emission showed an overall upward trend and an obvious spatial difference, with the values being high in the eastern and central regions and relatively low in the western region. 2) Significant spatial agglomeration was shown in China's ANSP intensity, and the agglomeration effect was increasing gradually. 3) In the convergence analysis, a spatial lag model was found applicable for interpretation of the ANSP intensity, with the convergence rate being accelerated after considering the spatial factors but slower than that of regional economic growth.4) The spatial factors affecting the ANSP intensity are shown to be reduced by improving agricultural infrastructure investment, laborforce quality, and crop production ratio, while the expansion of agricultural economy scale and precipitation and runoff have positive impact on ANSP in the study region. However, agricultural research and development(RD) investment showed no direct significant effect on the ANSP intensity. Meanwhile, improving the quality of the labor force would significantly reduce the ANSP intensity in the surrounding areas, while the precipitation and runoff would significantly increase the pollution of neighboring regions. This research has laid a theoretical basis for formulation and optimization of ANSP prevention strategies in China and related regions.     

The link between interannual variation of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset and summer precipitation in Shandong Province

Relationship between the onset date of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and the summer rainfall in Shandong Province was examined by comprehensive analysis to establish a conceptual model of the link. If the summer monsoon occurs earlier, the 500 hPa level would induce the teleconnection of Eurasian pattern in the summer (June-August), which indicates that the western Pacific subtropical high is displaced northward further than usual, the Siberian high is intensified and the Okhotsk low is deepened. Under such circumstance, Shandong, located in the west side of the subtropical high and in front of the mid-Siberia high, would be expected to have a wet summer because it is quite possible for cold and warm air to meet and interact with each other in Shandong. Statistical analysis revealed that the 500 hPa anomalies over Korea and Japan were sensitive to the SCS monsoon onset date and very important to precipitation in Shandong, and that the convective activities over the deep water basin in the SCS in 24-26 pentads significantly influenced the position of the ridge line of the western Pacific subtropical high. These findings yielded better understanding of the causative mechanisms involved in the precipitation generation, so that the knowledge gained can possibly be applied for long-lead forecast.     

Evaluation and analysis of provincial differences in resources and environment carrying capacity in China

Resources and environment carrying capacity is central to not only regional sustainable development but also major function-oriented zoning. This paper presents an evaluation index system for resources and environment carrying capacity based on four aspects of carrying capacity(i.e., water resources, land resources, the environment, and ecosystems) by using a square deviation decision-making method, and on the basis of above effort evaluates the resources and environment carrying capacity across 31 provincial regions in China(not including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan regions of China). In addition, this paper evaluates the current state of socio-economic development, and analyzes the spatial distribution of resources and environment pressure. The results showed that distinct spatial differences in resources and environment carrying capacity and pressure across provincial regions. Resources and environment pressure is affected by both comprehensive resources and environment carrying capacity and socio-economic development. Regions subjected to lower degrees of resources and environment pressure will be restricted by resources and environmental problems through future courses of development owing to excessively low carrying capacities. By contrast, regions with higher comprehensive resources and environment carrying capacity will be subjected to excessively high levels of resources and environment pressure because of rapid socio-economic development. Both of resources and environment carrying capacity and pressure must therefore be considered in the allocation of country-binding targets to provincial regions.     

涉密矢量数字地图中敏感要素几何信息量的测度方法

涉密矢量数字地图中敏感要素几何信息的定量测度,是实现定量化密级评定的基础和前提。如何进行敏感要素几何信息量的计算,目前尚缺乏相关研究。在现有地图信息论研究成果的基础上,论文主要开展了3方面的研究工作：首先,从地理对象的敏感性入手,探讨了地图要素敏感性的定义与要素集合的敏感性表征指标;然后,基于任意发生元的Voronoi构建方法,实现了对点要素集、线要素集、部分覆盖面要素集及综合要素集的信息单元自动化剖分;最后,基于长度系数、面积系数和角度系数,提出了线、面要素图形复杂度的计算方法,并在此基础上形成了涉密矢量数字地图中敏感几何信息量的测度方法。实验表明,该方法的计算结果遵循了信息量的非负性、连续性、可加性等特点,较为合理地反映了相关因素（地图比例尺、要素空间分布、要素图形复杂度、要素敏感系数等）对计算结果的影响。相关成果将支持矢量数字地图的定量化密级评定,并有助于完善地理信息安全监管的理论和方法体系。     

Effects of RapidEye imagery’s red-edge band and vegetation indices on land cover classification in an arid region

Land cover classification (LCC) in arid regions is of great significance to the assessment, prediction, and management of land desertification. Some studies have shown that the red-edge band of RapidEye images was effective for vegetation identification and could improve LCC accuracy. However, there has been no investigation of the effects of RapidEye images’ red-edge band and vegetation indices on LCC in arid regions where there are spectrally similar land covers mixed with very high or low vegetation coverage information and bare land. This study focused on a typical inland arid desert region located in Dunhuang Basin of northwestern China. First, five feature sets including or excluding the red-edge band and vegetation indices were constructed. Then, a land cover classification system involving plant communities was developed. Finally, random forest algorithm-based models with different feature sets were utilized for LCC. The conclusions drawn were as follows: 1) the red-edge band showed slight contribution to LCC accuracy; 2) vegetation indices had a significant positive effect on LCC; 3) simultaneous addition of the red-edge band and vegetation indices achieved a significant overall accuracy improvement (3.46% from 86.67%). In general, vegetation indices had larger effect than the red-edge band, and simultaneous addition of them significantly increased the accuracy of LCC in arid regions.