乳山金矿煌斑岩及流体和氢、氧、锶同位素研究

乳山金矿床是胶东近年来探明的一个赋存在花岗岩中的石英脉型金矿床。矿区出露的煌斑岩金含量较低，不可能是金矿化的重要物源者；成矿流体的成分与大气降水热液成分相类似，其氢、氧同位素值也很好地反映了大气降水经不同温度和Ｗ／Ｒ比值条件下水岩交换后的分布特征；锶同位素研究则表明，成矿物质主要来自昆嵛山花岗岩体。     

论金矿成矿与CO2相关性的实质

根据CO2的形成条件及其与Au的配合能力，金成矿系统矿物流体包裹体的气相成分，有代表性的金矿物的化学成分，具成因意义的共、伴生矿物，认为金成矿与CO2相关性的实质是CO与成矿物质形成羰基配合物、羰基氢配合物迁移至地壳浅部，由于温度、压力骤降，fo2剧增，上述配合物分解(CO、H2逃逸，氧化)形成金矿物沉淀富集成金矿床。     

栖霞金矿矿物、流体和同位素特征及意义

栖霞金矿床伴生的黑钨矿是低温热液的产物。成矿流体的成分与典型的大气降水热液组分相类似,其δ１８Ｏ约为－３．６‰～４．５‰,δＤ约为－５６‰～－９５‰,变化范围较大,但这些氢、氧同位素值很好地反映了大气降水在不同温度和Ｗ／Ｒ比值条件下与胶东群变质岩交换后的分布特征,成矿作用以Ｗ／Ｒ比值较低为特点。金矿床的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄为１２５．８×１０６ａ,与胶东群变质岩系和混合花岗岩的时差较大,矿化物质的Ｓｒ同位素初始比高达０．７１６８,大气降水深循环对流作用是形成栖霞金矿床的主要原因。     

延边地区浅成低温热液-斑岩型金矿成矿系列的氢、氧同位素特征

延边地区浅成低温热液-斑岩型金成矿系列的氢、氧同位素研究表明,δ(18O)=-10×10-3～+5×10-3,δ(D)=-120×10-3～-40×10-3。小西南岔金(铜)矿床早期成矿流体主要以岩浆水为主,成矿晚期有少量大气降水的加入,为典型的斑岩型金铜矿床;刺猬沟、五凤金矿床成矿流体主要以大气降水为主,水岩作用比值W/R=0.2～2,为浅成低温热液型矿床;闹枝金矿床的成矿流体是介于上述两种类型之间的过渡型。     

粤西金、银矿床成矿规律探讨

粤西是我国华南的主要金、银矿床集中医，医内金矿床与银（金）多金属矿床具有相间排列的分布规律，即从南到北分为以下5个矿带：廉江地区银（金）多金属矿带、高州-信宜金矿带、罗宁-云浮银（金）多金属矿带、德庆-清远金矿带、连山地区银（金）多金属矿带。本文从区域地层、岩浆岩及成矿作用等方面对粤西金、银矿床区域分布规律进行了探讨，认为影响金、银矿床分布的主要因素是不同区域地层、岩浆岩Au、Ag含量的差异及金矿床与银（金）多金属矿床成矿作用的差异。     

粤西金、银矿床成矿规律探讨

粤西是我国华南的主要金、银矿床集中区，区内金矿床与银（金）多金属矿床具有相间排列的分布规律，即从南到北分为以下５个矿带：廉江地区银（金）多金属矿带、高州—信宜金矿带、罗宁—云浮银（金）多金属矿带、德庆—清远金矿带、连山地区银（金）多金属矿带。本文从区域地层、岩浆岩及成矿作用等方面对粤西金、银矿床区域分布规律进行了探讨，认为影响金、银矿床分布的主要因素是不同区域地层、岩浆岩Ａｕ、Ａｇ含量的差异及金矿床与银（金）多金属矿床成矿作用的差异     

团结沟金矿氧氢同位素组成特征与成矿关系的研究

氢氧同位素研究表明团结沟金矿成矿热液水主要为大气降水来源，成矿W／R值较小(0.05～0.15)。通过对东露采区蚀变岩石的系统采样和氧同位素分析，获得氧同位素平面等值线趋势图，指示出矿体与高18O蚀变花岗斑岩有密切关系。利用大气降水二阶段理想演化定性解释了高18O蚀变岩石成因。一个浅钻岩心的氧同位素组成向深部具明显升高趋势，指示金矿主矿体还在深部。     

活性金、惰性金及金源层的评价准则

长期以来对金的矿源层讨论很多,那种把地层金含量作为判定金源层的唯一标准的观点已被摒弃,越来越多的人已使用金含量分析值的数理统汁分析、金的存在形式研究等方法来探讨地层对金成矿的贡献,进行金源层的判别。地层中金的存在形式及活动性是决定地层能否成为金源层的重要因素,对这一问题前人已有了一定的看法。如Keays(1975)认为赋存于硫化物和矿物颗粒之间的金易于活化,可称为有效金,而存在于矿物晶格中的金一般不易活化,为非有效金。朱祥坤(1990)等提出在岩石的淋滤和变质过程中易于活化释放的金称为有效金,而不易于释放的那部分金为非有     

新疆卡拉麦里地区金成矿流体和O、H、S同位素地球化学特征

卡拉麦里金矿带位于准噶尔北缘和阿尔曼太至北塔山以南地区,成矿带划分属卡拉麦里—达尔布特成矿带(Ⅲ级成矿带)的卡拉麦里—莫钦乌拉成矿带(Ⅳ级成矿带),是新疆重要的金多金属成矿带。对双泉、南明水、苏吉泉等金矿床流体包裹体,氢、氧同位素和硫同位素研究表明,主成矿期成矿温度一般在200～230℃,属中低温;盐度(质量分数)一般为3.55%～4.5%,属低盐度;成矿流体为C-O-H-N-S体系。除库布苏金矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆水外,其他金矿床的成矿流体以变质水为主,但也兼具有岩浆水、建造水和/或大气降水的特征。双泉、南明水金矿中的硫主要来自变质的围岩,可能有部分深源岩浆硫的混入;金山沟、柳树泉金矿床的硫同位素组成具有深源硫的特征,成矿可能与火山、次火山活动有关。     

小秦岭大湖矿区钼、金矿体地质、地球化学特征与差异性分析

本文针对小秦岭金矿田大湖钼金矿矿床地质、地球化学特征进行了系统的分析。矿区浅部为石英脉型金矿体,向深部延伸出现石英脉型钼矿体,F5断层是大湖矿区内金、钼矿主要的含矿构造,钼矿体与金矿体共生或独立存在。钼矿体顶板围岩主要发育钾长石化,而金矿体顶底板围岩则发育硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化,其中绢云母化和中细粒黄铁矿化与金矿体关系最为密切。含金石英脉流体包裹体气相组分以CO2、H2O为主,含有少量CH4、C2H2等还原性气体,液相组分主要为Na+、Ca2+、Cl-、F-等离子。钼矿体与金矿体的H、O同位素数据显示钼矿脉与金矿脉的成矿流体主要都是来自岩浆水,但是两种矿体的H、O同位素组成又表现出一定的差异。辉钼矿化石英脉与金矿体中钾长石化和黄铁矿化石英脉中的稀土组成具有明显的不同,辉钼矿化石英脉具有较高的的∑REE和轻重稀土分馏,指示金矿体与钼矿体成矿流体来源不同,金、钼可能形成于不同的成矿期。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。