超基性岩及与其有关的礦床

1.超基性岩的成因类型在卫国战爭以前的文献中,曾使用各种不同的名称来表示超基性岩杂岩体,如等,甚至还有(中文沒有其他的譯名--譯者註)。但所有的人在这些名詞下所理解的都是一种岩石。     

白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组滑塌堆积的 发现及其地质意义

笔者等在白云鄂博矿田北西部查干楚鲁附近白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组上段发现了典型的滑塌堆积。重点研究了同一滑塌层位中的两个滑塌堆积露头。整个滑塌堆积层岩性单一,内部结构杂乱,不见原始沉积层理。根据野外观察和室内薄片鉴定结果,该处岩性主要有两种：形状不一、大小混杂的灰黄色白云岩岩块（滑积岩块）杂乱无序地分布在深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩（本地沉积）中。最大的透镜状白云岩滑积岩块露头长27m,宽58m。深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩岩层产状基本稳定,整体北倾,倾角较大。深灰色灰岩层与灰黄色白云岩的接触界面附近发育软沉积物变形构造,白云岩滑积岩块本身棱角不明显,两端有明显的细颈拉长现象,表明滑塌发生时,白云岩处于半固结和不完全成岩状态。滑积岩块位于不同的背景沉积层位中,揭示露头区存在多次的滑塌堆积事件。根据滑塌堆积的内部结构特征,初步判断其为被动大陆边缘靠近多岛洋或碳酸盐台地的深水盆地边缘,主要触发因素可能为地震活动。此外,白云鄂博群中滑塌岩块的发现表明白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群沉积时具有相似的构造、古地理环境,这为白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群相当（均为早古生代）提供了新的佐证。     

白云鄂博群的酸性火山岩

近年来,报道了内蒙白云鄂博群中一些新认识的岩石类型(徐志平等,1980;李继亮与胡辅佑,1981;李继亮,1981)。这些岩石的深入研究,无疑将对内蒙地区元古代地质发展史和白云鄂博群的成矿作用提供有益的证据。1980年,我们考查了白云鄂博镇西面元古界白云鄂博群的酸性火山岩,并进行了初步的室内分析,这里作一简要报道。     

白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床——一个罕见的中元古代破火山机构成岩成矿实例

白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床是世界上最大的稀土矿床。稀土矿石产于整个白云石碳酸岩体和部分脉状碳酸岩中。对比世界上20余个火成碳酸岩地区的特征后发现,白云鄂博地区完全具备国外火成碳酸岩区的地质特征。在岩石、矿石组合上,本区也发育一套碳酸岩+超基性岩+碱性基性岩(含基性熔岩)+碱性岩+稀土矿石+铁矿石组合;在矿物组合上,以白云石为主,方解石次之,伴生一套碱性闪石、长石、霓石、磷灰石、萤石、磁铁矿、稀土矿物组合;在全岩化学成分、微量元素、稀土元素和Sr、Nd、Pb、C、O同位素上,这些岩石具有一定的亲缘关系,有着共同的来源;在岩体的形态与岩石组构上,它们以岩席、岩筒和脉岩的形式出现,并发育有强烈的熔离作用与流动构造;在区域构造上,发育隐伏穹窿构造、岩筒构造和巨型断裂汇聚构造。综合分析上述特征表明:白云鄂博地区具有中元古代破火山机构的痕迹,赋矿白云石碳酸岩体则是顺层侵入的火成碳酸岩体,东矿、主矿可能是一个火山颈构造控矿,而赋矿白云石碳酸岩体西南侧的苏木图矿床则是隐伏岩筒构造控矿。     

论中国基性岩、超基性岩的成矿专属性

引言基性岩、超基性岩体在时间上和空间上的分布有一定规律性;不同类型的岩体往往具有不同的矿床;基性岩及超基性岩浆的来源较深,且往往分异明显,对了解岩浆起源及演化提供一些线索,并对地球内部壳层的生成过程及地球的起源给予很大启示。     

白云鄂博花岗岩稀土配分型式的初步研究

白云鄂博花岗岩的稀土配分型式 该花岗岩出露于白云鄂博矿的东部和东南部。侵入于白云鄂博群中,引起围岩不同程度和不同性质的蚀变。在地质构造位置上处于内蒙台背斜向内蒙褶皱带过渡的的中间地带,多沿东西方向分布,受断裂控制。     

四川红格基性、超基性岩体成岩成矿作用的几个基础地质问题

四川红格矿区是我国西南地区唯一以超基性岩为主的钒钛磁铁矿矿区。对矿区与基性、超基性岩有关矿床的成因一直存在着不同的认识。有人认为属“火成堆积”的,这种观点认为岩浆是一次性侵入,此时晶体堆积形成层状岩体和矿体。又有人认为它是志留—泥盆纪时类似大陆裂谷地质环境的产物。近年来,笔者参加了红格矿区有关专题的研究工作,获得了     

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带发现硫化镍矿

野外地质调查结合室内显微镜研究和电子探针分析,发现西藏班公湖一怒江缝合带西段班公湖地区产有超基性岩型硫化镍矿和碳酸岩型硫化镍矿,中段班戈县产有超基性岩型Ni、Cr、Co多金属矿.这两个地区的含矿岩体均为超基性岩,大小从几十米到几百米不等,沿NWW方向展布,反映了蛇绿岩带对矿化的控制.岩体中普遍具有强烈的蛇纹石化,金属矿物组合简单,主要为硫镍矿和硫铁矿,呈微细粒浸染状分布,在野外露头和手标本上肉眼看不出矿化.由于该缝合带规模巨大,以基性.超基性岩为标志的蛇绿混杂岩数量多,分布广,因此,在该成矿带寻找超基性岩型硫化镍矿的找矿潜力很大.而碳酸岩型硫化镍矿化作为一种新的矿化类型,对其岩体成因和矿化机理的研究将具有探索造山带演化和指导地质找矿的双重意义.另外,无论是超基性岩型硫化镍矿还是碳酸岩型硫化镍矿,在西藏地区很少报道,这种矿化类型是班公湖.怒江成矿带上一个新的找矿方向.     

四方铜金矿CuAu在我国发现

四方铜金矿产于新疆玛纳斯县清水河上游萨尔达拉含铂基性-超基性岩体中。岩体主要为暗绿色蛇纹石化斜辉辉橄岩,岩石化学成分多数为正常系列,少数为铝过饱和系列。岩体长9公里,宽140米,是一个向南倾斜的单斜岩墙。岩体侵入到泥盆系头苏泉组的黑灰色粉砂质板岩中。外接触带仅几十厘米到1米左右宽,以绿泥石化、绿帘石化、蛇纹石化为主,其次是碳酸岩化。内接触带有1米多宽,以蛇纹石化、透辉石化、透闪石化为主,个别地段有阳起石、透闪石软玉。     

一个与超基性岩有关的矽卡岩铁矿

超基性岩同围岩接触,一般都很少见到明显的接触变质和接触交代现象,特別是后者更为少见。造成这一情况的原因可能有二:首先,超基性岩浆本身“活动组分”较少,如果沒有特殊有利的条件(包括岩体大小、侵入深度、接触面的形状产状、围岩成分以及构造条件等),这些组分不易集中,也就很难同围岩产生接触交代反应。     

Sedimentary genesis and lithostratigraphy of Neoproterozoic megabreccia from Mufulira, Copperbelt of Zambia

The Lufilian arc is an orogenic belt in central Africa that extends between Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and deforms the Neoproterozoic-Lower Palaeozoic metasedimentary succession of the Katanga Supergroup. The arc contains thick bodies of fragmental rocks that include blocks reaching several kilometres in size. Some megablocks contain Cu and Cu–Co-mineralised Katangan strata. These coarse clastic rocks, called the Katangan megabreccias, have traditionally been interpreted in the DRC as tectonic breccias formed during Lufilian orogenesis due to friction underneath Katangan nappes. In mid-90th, several occurrences in Zambia have been interpreted in the same manner. Prominent among them is an occurrence at Mufulira, considered by previous workers as a ≈1000 m thick tectonic friction breccia containing a Cu–Co-mineralised megablock.This paper presents new results pertaining to the lower stratigraphic interval of the Katanga Supergroup at Mufulira and represented by the Roan Group and the succeeding Mwashya Subgroup of the Guba Group. The interval interpreted in the past as tectonic Roan megabreccia appears to be an almost intact sedimentary succession, the lower part of which consists of Roan Group carbonate rocks with siliciclastic intercalations containing several interbeds of matrix-supported conglomerate. A Cu–Co-mineralised interval is not an allochthonous block but a part of the stratigraphic succession underlain and overlain by conglomerate beds, which were considered in the past as tectonic friction breccias. The overlying megabreccia is a syn-rift sedimentary olistostrome succession that rests upon the Roan strata with a subtle local unconformity. The olistostrome succession consists of three complexes typified by matrix-supported debris-flow conglomerates with Roan clasts. Some of the conglomerate beds pass upwards to normally graded turbidite layers and are accompanied by solitary slump beds. The three conglomeratic assemblages are separated by two intervals of sedimentary breccia composed of allochthonous Roan blocks interpreted as mass-wasting debris redeposited into the basin by high-volume sediment-gravity flows. Sedimentary features are the primary characteristics of the conglomerate interbeds in the Roan succession and of the overlying megabreccia (olistostrome) sequence. Both lithological associations are slightly sheared and brecciated in places, but stratigraphic continuity is retained throughout their succession. The olistostrome is deformed by an open fold, the upper limb of which is truncated by and involved in a shear zone that extends upwards into Mwashya Subgroup strata thrust above.Based on the sedimentary genesis of the megabreccia, local tectonostratigraphic relations and correlation with the succession present in the Kafue anticline to the west, the Mwashya Subgroup, formerly considered as a twofold unit, is redefined here as a three-part succession. The lower Mwashya consists of an olistostrome complex defined as the Mufulira Formation, the middle Mwashya (formerly lower Mwashya) is a mixed succession of siliciclastic and carbonate strata locally containing silicified ooids and tuff interbeds, and the term upper Mwashya is retained for a succession of black shales with varying proportions of siltstone and sandstone interlayers. The sedimentary genesis and stratigraphic relations of the megabreccia at Mufulira imply that the position and tectonostratigraphic context of the Katangan Cu and Cu–Co orebodies hosted in megablocks associated with fragmental rocks, which were in the past interpreted as tectonic friction breccias, need to be critically re-assessed in the whole Lufilian arc.     

滑塌堆积在逆冲构造中的作用——以宁夏牛首山中奥陶统米钵山组为例

宁夏中南部发育的中奥陶统米钵山组中普遍发育着滑塌堆积。综合米钵山组内滑塌堆积的沉积及后期的变形特征,我们认为滑塌堆积在逆冲变形中起着重要的作用,在逆冲构造中滑脱层的发育往往和岩性有关,滑塌堆积也是一种重要而潜在的滑脱层,不仅由于大尺度上其显著的横向不均匀性,中小尺度上其内部也表现出不均一性,因此它的存在使得应力得以在该层集中,变形因此也主要发生在该层中,从而产生滑脱层,而滑塌堆积的围岩变形则很微弱。结合宁夏中宁中南部地区强烈的逆冲推覆作用,我们认为中奥陶统中的滑塌堆积是该区逆冲推覆构造的重要滑脱层,这些滑脱层控制着该地区下古生界的变形。由于这种构造作用的叠加,先前的那些外来岩块逐渐“细粒化”,逆冲作用使得滑脱堆积中的砾石变形成为构造透镜体,这解决了该地区长期存在的有关这些砾石或透镜体是外来体还是本地的争论。我们的研究表明,在宁夏地区中奥陶统中大部分以外来体为主,但也有一定的本地岩层因构造作用成为透镜体,因此在不同地区应该仔细分析。由于牛首山地区逆冲构造比较发育,滑塌堆积转化成广义上的混杂堆积,而同样有滑塌堆积产出的贺兰山地区由于远离祁连山造山带,滑塌堆积得以保存,其中的砾石基本上没有变形。宁夏地区中奥陶统中的...     

青海铜峪沟铜矿床的矿化特征、形成环境和矿床类型

铜峪沟矿床位于青海省海南三叠纪沉积盆地中一条近东西向滑塌堆积带肉，赋存于正常积岩系与火山沉积岩系过渡部位，以典型层状矿体并与层矽卡岩和富硅质沉积物相伴生为突出特征。依据含矿岩系的沉积建造，沉积相和火山岩性质等多种方法判别该矿床形成于陆缘拉张裂陷盆地环境，对比表明矿床介于Sedex型和陆壳背景下的Besshi型之间而更接近后者。     

Franciscan Complex olistostrome at Crescent City, northern California

An olistostrome and bounding turbidites are exposed within the late Mesozoic Franciscan Complex along the Crescent City (California) coastline. Facies grade in character from Mutti & Ricci Lucchi (1978) mixed facies B, C and D, to F (the olistostrome), to mixed A, B and E, progressing upwards within the Franciscan stratigraphic section. The facies F unit outcrop is up to 600 m thick and extends 12 km along strike. It consists of oblate to tabular blocks, up to 200 m in maximum dimension, of greenstone, tonalite, radiolarian chert, limestone, phyllite and greywacke dispersed in a scaly argillite matrix. The olistostromal origin of the unit is indicated by depositional contacts with bounding turbidites, by the presence of abundant recycled sedimentary clasts within the unit, and by the presence of sedimentary breccias and associated dismembered, slump-folded turbidites both within the olistostrome and among subjacent turbidites. Sandstones are chiefly feldspathic litharenites that were very likely derived from the partially dissected, late Mesozoic Sierran-Klamath magmatic are. Franciscan rocks record an early pervasive, layer-parallel flattening strain in such features as extensional faults, necking and pinch-and-swell structures. Several scales of extensional faulting account for the juxtaposition of turbidites of different facies and/or with varying degrees of stratal disruption, the formation of sandstone lozenges, and the formation of scaly foliation in the olistostrome matrix. The latter resulted from the juxtaposition of lenticles with varying concentrations of silt and clay. These were ultimately derived from the finer divisions of turbidite beds that were incorporated into the olistostrome. The presence of gradational contacts between some sandstone olistoliths and the olistostrome matrix, and of sandstone dykes that intrude fractures and associated drag-folded turbidite beds indicate that Franciscan sediments were not lithified during their early deformation. These sediments were deposited in either a trench or trench slope basin, and were first deformed either by gravity collapse of the trench slope cover or, less likely, by vertical loading beneath the toe of the accretionary wedge. They later were folded during internal shortening of the growing Franciscan accretionary prism.     

Timing of initiation of extension in the Tianshan,based on structural,geochemical and geochronological analyses of bimodal volcanism and olistostrome in the Bogda Shan (NW China)

This paper describes an olistostrome formation and accompanied bimodal volcanic rocks occurring in the Baiyanggou area, south of Bogda Shan. The main lithotectonic units consist of olistostrome, volcanic rocks and turbidite. The olistostrome is tectonically underlain by Upper Carboniferous limestone and sandstone along a NEE-trending detachment fault. Paleo-growth fault is locally observed. The olistostrome unit includes plenty of blocks of limestone, sandstone, rhyolite and volcaniclastic rocks, and a matrix of graywacke. Limestone blocks are dated as Pennsylvanian-Bashkirian in age by the coral and brachiopod fossils that are extensively recognized in the Upper Carboniferous strata. The volcanic unit consists of pillowed and massive basalt and rhyolite, the latter occur as an 8- to 10-meter-thick layer above the olistostrome unit. The turbidite unit is mainly composed of chert, siliceous mudstone and sandstone, within which the Bouma sequence can be locally recognized. Meter-wide gabbro and diabase dykes intrude these three units. Geochemically, rhyolites are characterized by high ACNK value of >1.1, depletion of Ba, Nb and Sm, and enrichment in Rb, Th and Zr. Basaltic rocks are rich in K₂O, they show a LREE-enriched pattern and depletion in Ba, Nb and Zr, and enrichment in Ti, Ce and Hf, similar to continental rift-type tholeiite series. A gabbro porphyrite intruding the olistostrome was dated at 288 ± 3 Ma by a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon U–Pb method, and a rhyolite at 297 ± 2 Ma by a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICPMS) zircon U–Pb method. The Baiyanggou olistostrome and accompanying bimodal volcanic series are linked to an extensional setting that developed in the south of the Bogda Shan. Several lines of evidence, e.g. occurrence of large-scale strike-slip shear zones, large number of mantle-derived magmatic rocks and available geochronological data, demonstrate a significant geodynamic change from convergence to extension in the Chinese Tianshan belt, even in the whole Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The extension in the Chinese Tianshan belt is initiated at ca. 300 Ma, i.e. around Carboniferous–Permian boundary times, and the peak period of intra-plate magmatism occurred in the interval of 300–250 Ma.     

沉积岩中有机碳的测定

引言在沉积岩的形成和变化过程中,特别是在成岩过程中,有机质在促进各种元素的迁移、富集和使它们从一种矿物转变为另一种矿物上,有着很大的作用。近年来,有机地球化学的研究,不仅在可燃性有机岩方面有很大的进展,而且在沉积非金属和金属矿床,特别是在稀有分散元素和放射性元素矿床的研究中,也得到了极大的重视和发展。在一般沉积岩中常或多或少的含有有机质,但目前还没有直接测定其总含量的简便完善的方法。由于碳是有机质的主要组成元素,因此普通采用岩石中的有机碳含量作为有机质总含量的标志。由于工作的需要,我们对测定有机碳的湿烧法进行了试验研究,并在测定方法上作了一些改进。现将该方法报导如下,请批评指正。     

攀西会理群的碳酸盐滑积岩等深积岩及其构造条件浅析

本文通过对岩石的原生沉积构造和结构成分的研究,确定了浅变质岩系中碳酸盐复理石——野复理石建造的主要岩石成囡类型,有滑积岩、崩塌跌积岩和等深积岩所组成,由重力崩落、碎屑流、液化沉积物流和浊流所形成。它们的岩相特征表明当时沉积盆地中存在水下缓坡和陡崖以及与之并存的深水槽盆,是同沉积构造活动的产物。 上列岩石的物质组成特点是内外源混积,构成砂质(或含砂)碳酸盐浊积岩系列。将统计之石英、长石(少量),砾屑含量投影于Schwab的三端元图上,表明是台地断陷或断块复活的产物。因此滑积岩、崩塌跌积岩等可作为指示盆地同沉积断裂活动历史的地质参数。     

Sedimentary serpentinite and chaotic units of the lower Great Valley Group forearc basin deposits,California: updates on distribution and characteristics

ABSTRACT

Sedimentary serpentinite and related siliciclastic-matrix mélanges in the latest Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lower Great Valley Group (GVG) forearc basin strata of the California Coast Ranges reach thicknesses of over 1 km and include high-pressure (HP) metamorphic blocks. These units crop out over an area at least 300 km long by 50 km wide. The serpentinite also contains locally abundant blocks of antigorite mylonite. Antigorite mylonite and HP metamorphic blocks were exhumed from depth prior to deposition in the unmetamorphosed GVG, but the antigorite mylonite may be mistaken for metamorphosed serpentinite matrix in localities with limited exposure. These olistostrome horizons can be distinguished from intact slabs of serpentinized peridotite associated with the Coast Range Ophiolite (CRO) or serpentinite mélanges of the Franciscan subduction complex (FC) on the basis of internal sedimentary textures (absent in CRO), mixing/interbedding with unmetamorphosed siliciclastic matrix and blocks (differs from CRO and FC), and preserved basal sedimentary contacts over volcanic rocks of the CRO or shale, sandstone, and conglomerate of the GVG (differs from CRO and FC). Even in the relatively well-characterized Palaeo trench–forearc region of the California Coast Ranges the GVG deposits are difficult to distinguish from similar units in the FC and CRO. In typical orogenic belts that exhibit greater post-subduction disruption, distinguishing forearc basin olistostrome deposits, subduction complex, and opholite mantle sections is much more difficult. Forearc basin olistostromal deposits have probably been misidentified as one of the other trench–forearc lithologic associations. Such errors may lead to erroneous interpretations of the nature of large-scale material and fluid pathways in trench–forearc systems, as well as misinterpretations of tectonic processes associated with HP metamorphism and exhumation of the resultant rocks.     

A giant catastrophic mud‐and‐debris flow in the Miocene Makran

We challenge the former interpretation of the ‘sedimentary mélange’ of the Makran accretionary complex as a tectonic mélange diapirically emplaced from below and provide evidence for its sedimentary gravitational emplacement from the north during Tortonian–Messinian times (between 11.8 and 5.8 Ma). It is an olistostrome that includes blocks of ophiolites and oceanic sediments derived from the ‘coloured mélange’ to the north, and reworked chunks of the turbidites on which it rests with an erosional truncation. The chaotic scattering of blocks of any size and lithology and the weak, soft‐sediment deformation of the matrix argue against a tectonic emplacement of the chaotic formation. Its size and internal structure, together with the size of the individual blocks, make the olistostrome a fossil equivalent of the large, gravitationally emplaced debris flows observed along present‐day continental margins and unstable volcanic edifices.