毛乌素沙地沙柳灌丛降雨截留与树干茎流特征

通过对毛乌素沙地沙柳灌丛降雨截留量及树干茎流的实验观测,分析了降雨量和降雨强度对沙柳灌丛的降雨截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的影响,并确定了截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量在降雨分配中的百分数。实验期间降雨总量为136.5 mm,沙柳灌丛的截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别为34.0、98.5和4.0 mm,占降雨量的百分比分别为24.9%、72.2%和2.9%。沙柳灌丛的降雨截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量与降雨量和10 min最大雨强之间均呈显著正相关,而截留量、穿透雨量占降雨量的百分比与降雨量之间呈显著的双曲线函数关系。     

典型表层岩溶泉域植被对降雨的再分配研究

本文在表层岩溶泉域植被结构特征分析的基础上,监测桂林丫吉试验场S31号泉域内香椿和云实两种主要植被的穿透雨和树干径流特征以及钻孔和表层岩溶水的变化。结果表明:香椿林的总穿透雨量1 861.83 mm,占总降雨总量的59.65%;云实灌丛总的穿透雨量为1 626.42 mm,占总降雨量的52.11%;穿透雨率随降雨量增加而减少。香椿林的树干径流总量为89.4 mm,占总降雨量的2.86%;云实灌丛的树干径流总量为27.79 mm,占总降雨量的0.89%;香椿林和云实灌丛的林冠截留总量分别为1 169.97 mm和1 466.99 mm,平均截留率为37.48%和47.01%;用水量平衡法计算得出以灌丛覆盖为主的S31号表层岩溶泉域年蒸散量为1 623.81 mm,占降水量的52.03 %,年径流深度为1 497.39 mm,占降水量的47.97%。植被冠层改变了降雨对表层岩溶带的补给形式和补给量。降雨经过植被冠层的截留后转化成穿透雨和树干径流进入表层岩溶带,穿透雨以连续波状的形式补给表层岩溶带,而树干径流则以快速集中的方式补给表层岩溶带。      

降雨发生装置空间均匀性的研究

为提高降雨发生装置的空间均匀性,对通过测试平台旋转提高降雨场空间均匀性的方法进行研究,设计、研制了旋转测试平台,解决了旋转过程中的信号传输问题,建立了转速与降雨发生装置空间均匀性之间的关系,结合翻斗式雨量计在降雨场中的测试与流量式雨量雨强标准装置的测试,论证了降雨发生装置作为雨量和雨强的测试环境是可行的。结果表明,随着转台转速的增加,降雨场的空间均匀性先增大后减小,且随着测试面积的减小,不同转速呈现出不一样的变化趋势,转台转速为1 RPM时,测试面积为1.6 m×1.6 m和1.2 m×1.2 m时,其均匀度系数最大(95%);随着测试平台转速的增加,翻斗式雨量计累积降雨量和降雨强度之间的一致性增强,在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时,翻斗式雨量计累积降雨量的最大偏差最小,为0.2 mm;流量式雨量雨强标准装置测试的累积降雨量的平均值与旋转测试平台在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时测得的结果一致,充分说明通过旋转式测试工作平台可得到与流量式雨量雨强标准装置相一致的结果,证明了该方法提高降雨发生装置空间均匀性是可行的,且能得到累积降雨量的动态测量误差。     

无锡市城区降雨特征对径流污染的影响分析

选择无锡市沈巷小区、广丰三村、槐古豪庭三个经过雨污分流改造的排水区(以下简称"排水达标区")作为研究区域,对2014年7月1日至9月23日13次降雨事件中研究区域的降雨径流排水过程进行水质水量同步监测,分析了无锡城区主要地表径流污染物类型,比较了降雨特征(降雨历时、降雨量、降雨强度和前期累计晴天)与污染物次径流平均浓度EMC的相关性大小,选取典型降雨事件,研究了降雨径流初期冲刷效应。结果分析表明:虽然排水达标区已经完成雨污分流改造工程,但降雨径流污染仍然很严重,主要污染物为COD、NH3-N、TP;降雨强度与EMC有显著的正相关关系,其余降雨特征与EMC的相关性不明显;降雨初期的降雨强度对初期冲刷效应的影响较大,降雨初期雨强大,则初期冲刷效应明显。     

地质灾害与降雨雨型的关系研究

地质灾害的发生与降雨历时、降雨量及降雨雨型有密切的关系,不同雨型的降雨诱发地质灾害的诱发机制具有明显的差异性。本文通过收集的降雨实况与地质灾害反馈资料,将诱发地质灾害的降雨雨型分为3种类型:台风降雨、持续强降雨和局地暴雨。研究表明,台风降雨型降雨诱发地质灾害具有即雨即滑的特点,即地质灾害的发生与降雨在时间上具有较好的对应关系;地质灾害发生空间位置与台风运移轨迹也基本一致。多为群发型地质灾害,灾害规模较小,一般为表层或浅层滑坡、崩塌。持续强降雨型降雨诱发地质灾害,在强降雨过程中地质灾害具有同步发生的特点;在降雨强度不大但连续降雨过程中,地质灾害具有一定的滞后效应;在地质灾害大规模发生后,诱发新的地质灾害雨量阈值提高。局地暴雨型降雨诱发的地质灾害往往集中发生在出现局地暴雨的当日当地。     

降雨特征及小气候对秦岭油松林降雨再分配的影响

为了研究降雨特征及小气候对秦岭天然次生油松林冠层降雨再分配的影响,连续3年观测降雨事件发生时油松林林外降雨、穿透降雨、树干茎流以及降雨特征和小气候因子,进行各因子间的相关性和多元回归分析。结果表明:降雨量级是影响林冠降雨再分配的最主要因素,穿透降雨量与降雨量、降雨量和降雨历时交互项、相对湿度呈正相关,与降雨历时和温度呈负相关。树干茎流量与降雨量、降雨量和温度交互项呈正相关,与温度呈负相关。林冠截留量与降雨量、降雨历时和温度呈正相关,与降雨量和降雨历时、温度的交互项呈负相关。雨前干燥期、风向、风速、蒸发速率、光合有效辐射和净辐射与穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量均无相关性。     

浙江省滑坡灾害预警预报的降雨阀值研究

根据浙江省降雨的特点,将降雨分为台风降雨和非台风降雨,采用统计方法研究了区域性滑坡灾害与台风区和非台风区降雨量及降雨强度的相关性,通过相关性分析确定了有效降雨量模型;得到了浙江省区域性滑坡发生的临界降雨量和降雨强度阀值,为实时时间预警提供了定量依据;将滑坡灾害的空间易发性与降雨量和降雨强度相结合确定了滑坡灾害的空间预警区划指标和等级;最后初步研究了滑坡发生的滞后时间。     

大尺度流域基于站点的降雨时空展布

降水是影响流域水循环最活跃的因素,其时空分布不均匀对流域产汇流的影响非常大,因此在进行流域水文模拟时,需要充分考虑到降雨的时空变异性。本文针对大尺度流域的特点,提出了一种日雨量的空间展布方法,该方法根据站点降雨量之间的相关系数选取参证站点,采用距离平方反比法把站点的日雨量插补到空间计算单元上去,或采用泰森多边形法插值。该方法计算结果和本次全国水资源规划的结果差别不大,说明插值方法比较可靠。由于大尺度流域雨量站点的布设比较稀疏,采用空间插值的方法生成计算单元降雨量值精度不好,本研究中提出了一个大于10mm的大强度日降雨的向下尺度化方法。首先建立了一个将日降雨分配成小时降雨量的雨强历时关系模型：然后根据黄河流域的特点,把全流域划分为五个大强度降雨区,分区对参数进行了率定：最后采用实测资料对模型进行了检验。本文提出的方法,在黄河流域水文模拟中进行了应用,由径流模拟结果看,效果令人满意。     

基于不同郁闭度的青海云杉冠层截留特征研究

祁连山区为石羊河、黑河和疏勒河等内陆河流域的主要水源涵养区域,青海云杉作为祁连山区水源涵养林的主要建群种,对流域尺度的水文过程起到了重要的作用。很多学者对该地区的青海云杉冠层截留特征进行了研究,但是在进行集雨器布设的时候多采用随机或者规则采样方法,两种方法由于没有考虑到冠层结构的影响,所以不易具有很好的代表性。试图采用一种新的布设雨量筒的方法:即根据雨量筒上方冠层的郁闭度来确定雨量筒的布设位置,使其大致能够在郁闭度区间内均匀分布。同时在实验样地内还采用了规则采样方法布设了集雨槽,用来做对比分析。为了得到冠层郁闭度,实验采用遥感图像处理软件ENVI来对普通数码相机采集的冠层图像进行处理。利用数理统计原理和数学模型,对观测期间的34组降雨数据进行了综合分析,并且和规则格网采样的结果进行了对比。结果表明:林内的穿透降雨和郁闭度之间呈现非线性关系;平均林内穿透降雨量随降雨量的增加而增加,二者之间呈现良好的线性关系;在一定的降雨量范围内林冠截留量随降雨量的增加而增加,反之,林冠截留量减少;青海云杉林冠层的总截留降水率为22.2%;根据郁闭度来确定雨量筒的布设位置是可行的。     

江苏省地质灾害气象预警系统的设计与实现

由于强降水是滑坡、崩塌等突发性地质灾害的主要诱因,通过分析现有地质灾害和降水资料以及灾害的发生与强降水之间的关系,综合考虑该地区地质环境特征和前期降雨过程、降雨类型、累计雨量和当日降雨量以及预期(未来24h)降雨量,对滑坡、崩塌灾害与降雨量的相关性进行了研究,建立了地质灾害气象预警模型,在此基础上开发了江苏省地质灾害气象预警系统并投入使用。该系统运行稳定、功能全面,可自动下载气象数据、绘制雨量等值线图,具有强大的信息查询功能。     

Effect of a native forest canopy on rainfall chemistry in China’s Qinling Mountains

This study investigated the effect of a pine/oak forest canopy on rainfall chemistry in the Qinling Mountains. The area is an important water source for China’s North-to-South Water Transfer Project. Rainfall and throughfall samples were collected at the Huoditang Natural Forest in 1999, 2004, and 2009. Analyses of the samples indicated that the forest canopy had several important effects on rainfall chemistry. Rainfall pH generally increased as water passed through the canopy. On average, the rainfall pH increased by 0.54 pH units. The canopy’s effect declined after deciduous trees lost their leaves late in the sampling season. Rainfall NO₃ ^? concentrations generally declined as water passed through the forest canopy, but PO₄ ^3? concentrations generally increased. On average, rainfall NO₃ ^? concentration declined by 0.135 mg/L as it passed though the forest canopy and PO₄ ^3? increased by 0.85 mg/L. The forest canopy had a mitigating effect on the base cation content of throughfall. Specifically, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were leached from the canopy when the concentration of these cations in rainfall was low. In contrast, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were absorbed by the canopy when the concentration of these cations in rainfall was high. The pH of rainfall, as well as its K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg⁺ concentration, influenced the effect of the forest canopy on the base cation content of throughfall. The concentration of Cd, Pb, and Zn in rainfall generally decreased as water passed through the forest canopy, but the concentration of Fe in rainfall generally increased. The Cd concentration decreased by an average of 3.938 μg/L, the Pb concentration decreased by an average of 8.457 μg/L, and the Zn concentration decreased by an average of 0.986 mg/L. The Fe concentration increased by an average of 0.009 mg/L. The canopy’s ability to absorb Cd declined after several rainfall events in which rainfall Cd concentrations were relatively high.     

Soil moisture variability in a temperate deciduous forest: insights from electrical resistivity and throughfall data

In deciduous forests, soil moisture is an important driver of numerous physical, microbial, and biogeochemical processes. Therefore, characterizing the interactions between vegetation and soil moisture is critical to forecast long-term water resources and ecosystem health. However, these interactions are difficult to measure, both in time and space. Recent studies have shown the ability of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to characterize the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture at a range of scales. However, no study has yet attempted to use ERI to describe spatiotemporal variability of soil water in relation to vegetation structure and throughfall. In this study, at a mature forest site in Michigan, USA, we captured spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture using weekly ERI measurements augmented with throughfall and soil temperature measurements, and a detailed vegetation survey for five adjacent quadrats. Our results show that throughout the growing season, the soil moisture gradually declined despite strong variations in cumulative monthly rainfall. This decline was occasionally halted, but not reversed, during weeks with high precipitation. Spatial variability of electrical resistivity and soil moisture was not related to soil temperature differences but showed a strong correlation with canopy variables.     

Evaluation of rainfall spatial correlation effect on rainfall-runoff modeling uncertainty,considering 2-copula

Lack of accuracy of rainfall-runoff simulation (RRS) remains critical for some applications. Among various sources of uncertainty, precipitation plays a particular role. Rainfall rates as the main input data of RRS are of the first factors controlling the accuracy. In addition to the depth, spatial and temporal distributions of rainfall impact the flood discharge. Most of the previous studies on RRS uncertainty have ignored rainfall spatial distribution, where in large catchments, it is necessary to be modeled explicitly. Karoon III is one most important basin of the Iran because of the Karoon III dam in the outlet. In the present work, effect of spatial correlation of rainfall on HEC-HMS (SMA) continuous RRS uncertainty is evaluated using 2variate copula (2copula). Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach was used to consider the rainfall spatial dependence. To reduce the computational expense, sampling efficiency and convergence for MCS, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) was used. Copula functions consider wide range of marginal probability distribution functions (PDFs), eliminating limits of regular join PDFs. For this aim, two scenarios were investigated. In the first scenario, sub-basin rainfall was considered independent, and in the second scenario, 2copula was adopted to model spatial correlation of rainfall. Dimensionless rainfall depths were calculated for each sub-basin, and the PDFs were determined. The generated random dimensionless rainfalls were reweighted and multiplied by watershed’s mean rainfall value. Stochastic Climate Library was used to generate continuous daily rainfalls. Sampling from dimensionless rainfalls using LHS algorithm, 100 runs of calibrated model-simulated 100 flows for each day following MCS, and 80 % certainty bound was calculated. Results showed that considering dependence decreased 18 % of the maximum uncertainty bound width, so the methodology could be recommended for decreasing predicted runoff error.     

A comparison of winter mercury accumulation at forested and no-canopy sites measured with different snow sampling techniques

Atmospheric mercury (Hg) is delivered to ecosystems via rain, snow, cloud/fog, and dry deposition. The importance of snow, especially snow that has passed through the forest canopy (throughfall), in delivering Hg to terrestrial ecosystems has received little attention in the literature. The snowpack is a dynamic system that links atmospheric deposition and ecosystem cycling through deposition and emission of deposited Hg. To examine the magnitude of Hg delivery via snowfall, and to illuminate processes affecting Hg flux to catchments during winter (cold season), Hg in snow in no-canopy areas and under forest canopies measured with four collection methods were compared: (1) Hg in wet precipitation as measured by the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) for the site in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA, (2) event throughfall (collected after snowfall cessation for accumulations of >8 cm), (3) season-long throughfall collected using the same apparatus for event sampling but deployed for the entire cold season, and (4) snowpack sampling. Estimates (mean ± SE) of Hg deposition using these methods during the 91-day cold season in 2004–2005 at conifer sites showed that season-long throughfall Hg flux (1.80 μg/m²) < snowpack Hg (2.38 ± 0.68 μg/m²) < event throughfall flux (5.63 ± 0.38 μg/m²). Mercury deposition at the MDN site (0.91 μg/m²) was similar to that measured at other no-canopy sites in the area using the other methods, but was 3.4 times less than was measured under conifer canopies using the event sampling regime. This indicates that snow accumulated under the forest canopy received Hg from the overstory or exhibited less re-emission of Hg deposited in snow relative to open areas. The soil surface of field-scale plots were sprayed with a natural rain water sample that contained an Hg tracer (²⁰²Hg) just prior to the first snowfall to explore whether some snowpack Hg might be explained from soil emissions. The appearance of the ²⁰²Hg tracer in the snowpack (0–64% of the total Hg mass in the snowpack) suggests that movement of Hg from the soil into the snowpack is possible. However, as with any tracer study the ²⁰²Hg tracer may not precisely represent the reactivity and mobility of natural Hg in soils.     

贡嘎山亚高山演替林林冠截留特征与模拟

通过对贡嘎山亚高山峨眉冷杉与冬瓜杨演替林连续两年林下降水与树干径流的实验观测,分析研究了演替林林下降水、树干径流、林冠截留的变化特征,并验证了Gash(1995)模型模拟该区林冠截留的适用性.结果显示,2008年和2009年贡嘎山亚高山演替林林下降水分别占降水量的76.4%和77.0%,树干径流量较小,可以忽略不计,林...     

Quantifying uncertainties associated with depth duration frequency curves

Uncertainty in depth–duration–frequency (DDF) curves is usually disregarded in the view of difficulties associated in assigning a value to it. In central Iran, precipitation duration is often long and characterized with low intensity leading to a considerable uncertainty in the parameters of the probabilistic distributions describing rainfall depth. In this paper, the daily rainfall depths from 4 stations in the Zayanderood basin, Iran, were analysed, and a generalized extreme value distribution was fitted to the maximum yearly rainfall for durations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. DDF curves were described as a function of rainfall duration (D) and return period (T). Uncertainties of the rainfall depth in the DDF curves were estimated with the bootstrap sampling method and were described by a normal probability density function. Standard deviations were modeled as a function of rainfall duration and rainfall depth using 10⁴ bootstrap samples for all the durations and return periods considered for each rainfall station.     

漓江流域果园表土有机氯、磷农药残留及其风险分析

通过评价漓江流域果园土壤农药残留及其风险,为桂林国际旅游胜地创建提供建设性的建议。在重要的葡萄园、柑橘园和桃园采集表土,分析其27种有机氯、磷农药残留,运用土壤环境质量标准、食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准、食品中农药最大残留限量标准等,结合时间代替空间的方法进行评价。漓江流域典型果园表土中,所检测的6种有机磷和21种有机氯农药中16种的残留量在报出限之下,检出率为0%和24%。检出的有机氯农药为滴滴涕总量（DDTs）、对,对 滴滴伊（p,p DDE）、对,对 滴滴涕（p,p DDT）、六六六总量（HCHs）和乙体六六六（β HCH）,其质量分数分别为<0.50~10.67 ng/g、<0.50~8.32 ng/g、<0.70~2.35 ng/g、<0.50~0.64 ng/g和<0.50~0.64 ng/g,检出率为68.8%、68.8%、6.3%、6.3%和6.3%。就桃园、葡萄园和柑橘园而言,表土滴滴涕和六六六的检出率分别为33.3%、25%、100%和0%、0%、6.3%,并分析出柑橘园表土滴滴涕和六六六均源于历史上工业品的使用。三大果园表土达到Ⅰ类土壤环境质量,为清洁的农产品产地土壤环境,生产的柑橘、葡萄和桃有机氯、磷再残留量风险低。