超低水平液闪谱仪测定雨水、海水中的宇生核素32P和33P

本研究旨在建立用超低水平液闪谱仪测定雨水、海水中的宇生核素32P3、3P的方法.通过对液闪谱仪的主要性能与技术参数进行优化设置,对液闪谱仪的效率及能量进行刻度,建立淬灭校正曲线,探讨影响测量本底的因素,实现液闪谱仪对样品的优化测量.并通过液闪谱仪对厦门沿岸地区雨水及厦门湾海水进行测量,得到2004年3月至2005年2月雨水中32P3、3P的月平均比活度分别为0.30×10-2~3.18×10-2、0.28×10-2~3.05×10-2Bq/dm3,33P/32P)A.R.月平均值介于0.74~0.96之间,平均为0.87±0.03;厦门湾海水中32P、33P的比活度分别为1.52×10-2~4.62×10-2、1.28×10-2~3.72×10-2Bq/m3,33P/32P)A.R.为0.81~0.91.     

阳江核电站邻近海域的总α、总β放射性比活度水平

采用共沉淀法分析测定了阳江核电站邻近海域2012—2013年海水样品总α、总β的放射性比活度、表层沉积物样品中总β的放射性比活度以及2013年生物样品中总β的放射性比活度。结果表明:2012—2013年两年间阳江核电站邻近海域海水中总α的放射性比活度范围为:0. 083～0. 205 Bq/L,平均值为0. 134 Bq/L;总β的放射性比活度范围为:0. 029～0. 059 Bq/L,平均值为0. 043 Bq/L。与渤海、黄海、东海、珠江口等其他海域相比,阳江核电邻近海域总α、总β放射性比活度水平相对较低。2012—2013年阳江核电站邻近海域表层沉积物中总β的放射性比活度范围为:620～1 125 Bq/kg (干重),平均值为814 Bq/kg (干重)。与渤海、黄海、东海、珠江口等各海域沉积物相比,研究海域沉积物中总β的放射性比活度位于中等水平。2013年阳江核电站邻近海域生物样品总β的放射性比活度范围为:16. 1～74. 7 Bq/kg,平均值为39. 4 Bq/kg,其中鱼类的总β平均值为64. 6 Bq/kg,虾类的总β平均值为36. 8 Bq/kg,贝类的总β平均值为16. 7 Bq/kg,呈现鱼类虾类贝类的分布趋势。     

氢化物冷阱捕集法原子吸收测定海水中无机锡

采用硼氢化纳还原法将海水中无机锡还原为挥发性锡化氢,氮为载气将锡化氢从反应器吹出,并于液氮冷阱中捕集,捕集后将锡化氢载入氢焰原子化器进行原子吸收测定。对该还原反应、氢化物转移、捕集及原子化实验条件进行了详细研究。实验结果表明:该法中可氢化元素As、Sb、Se等超过被测物浓度200倍时亦无明显干扰,检出限为0.0060μg/dm~3,对0.050μg/dm~3 Sn浓度的样品变异系数为±8％。标准曲线表明,在0—0.050μg/dm~3 Sn浓度范围内有理想的线性关系。对海水介质测定,该法所作校准曲线与蒸馏水介质具有相同的斜率,采用NaOH共沉淀预富集可提高灵敏度5—10倍,便于海水样品保存,总回收率95％以上。     

液闪谱仪快速测定沉积物中90Sr方法的改进研究

针对当前使用的沉积物样品中~(90)Sr检测方法存在的操作繁琐、检测效率低的问题,建立用液闪谱仪快速检测~(90)Sr的方法。样品经微波消解后,用二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸(HDEHP)分离出~(90) Sr的子体~(90)Y,利用Bi_2S_3沉淀消除210Bi对测定结果的干扰,二次萃取后直接利用液体闪烁谱仪对其中~(90)Y活度进行测量。用标准试剂测定液闪谱仪测量样品总体积为8mL时的最佳萃取剂与闪烁液体积比为18∶2。改进的方法可节省样品检测时间10h以上,~(90)Y探测效率达到64%,沉积物样品质量活度探测下限达到0.103Bq/kg。通过测量样品源衰变曲线计算的~(90)Y半衰期为64.05h,与国际计量局(BIPM)核数据专集中的国际评估值64.04h在不确定度范围内一致。     

在线金汞齐浓集冷原子吸收法测定海水中p mol/dm3级汞

将在线两步金浓集与冷原子吸收法结合,测定海水中p mol/dm~3级汞。用国产有机金水制备涂敷金膜玻璃微珠,并对还原剂用量,介质酸度、载气流量、反应时间、加热及浓集方法等进行了条件实验,选取最佳条件。该法对海水中汞的测定检出限约为1p mol/dm~3,比普通直接冷原子吸收法降低一个数量级。对p mol/dm~3级汞的海水,测定相对标准偏差<10％。海水盐度对测定结果无明显影响。对我国部分近岸海水及河口水中弱结合汞的测定表明,其浓度与世界近海和外海水中的近期测值相当。     

海水中锶-90和铯-137的同时测定

本文研究了海水中痕量锶—90和铯—137同时测定的方法,在酸性条件下采用磷钼酸铵(AMP)浓集铯—137;0.45mol/dm3 HDEHP—正庚烷直接萃取钇—90(锶—90子体),沉淀源分别为碘铋酸铯、草酸钇进行低本底β—计数。本方法简便、快速,对主要核素去污效果较好;精密度和准确度均好,测定方法最低检测活度90Sr为4.5×103Bq/dm3,137Cs为5.7×10-3Bq dm3。     

威海南部近岸海域表层海水化学要素时空变化及富营养化研究

为了客观评价威海南部近岸海域海水化学要素时空分布及富营养化状况,分别于2013年春季、夏季及秋季3个航次进行表层海水水质调查.样品分析表明:调查海域表层海水水质符合二类水质标准,其中DO含量为6.040~7.880 mg/dm~3,DIN含量为0.156~0.252 mg/dm~3,DIP含量为0.006~0.018 mg/dm~3,COD含量为0.670~1.730 mg/dm~3.DO呈现从海岸线向外海逐渐升高的趋势,DIN、DIP及COD均呈现从海岸线向外海逐渐降低的趋势.营养盐的时空变化趋势受外源污染物的输入、养殖生物的排泄输入、浮游植物及大型海藻生长的共同影响.N/P分析表明春季变化最大,夏季次之,秋季变化幅度最小,3个季节中均为磷限制,可以通过控制磷酸盐的输入控制浮游植物的生长,从而避免赤潮的发生.富营养化状态指数分析表明调查海域的富营养化状态指数从海岸向外海逐渐降低,其中2号站(靖海湾湾口)、11号站(乳山湾湾口)及12号站(乳山湾湾口)受外源污染物的影响较大,呈现富营养化.调查表明3个季节的富营养化状态指数逐渐升高,与外源污染物的输入加大及养殖活动的逐渐频繁密切相关.     

海水中~(137)Cs的分析方法

本方法采用磷钼酸铵(AMP)预富集CS,在弱酸介质中以氯铂酸铯形式沉淀、制源,进行β放射性测量,求海水中~(137)Cs的含量。方法的灵敏度为4.3×10~(-4)Bq/L,全程化学回收率和放化回收率分别为74.6±13.3％和71.4±3.3％。对~(40)K和~(87)Rb这两个干扰核素的去除率分别为100％和96％。     

厦门筼筜湖污染疏浚物中铜在海水的释放动力学

本工作模拟研究了厦门筼筜污染疏浚物中的Cu 在海水中的释放动力学。Cu 在海水中的释放比较缓慢,在一周内才基本达到平衡.平衡溶出率约10%,平衡时Cu 的质量浓度达13μg/dm~3。溶出过程可用交换吸附动力学模式描述。测得溶出速率常数k_2为0.04～0.20d~(-1),表现活化能E_2≈121kJ/mol,表明Cu 与疏浚物主要以化学作用形式相互结合。本研究结果为疏浚物海上倾倒的环境评估和预测提供定量依据。     

海水中234Th的超低水平液闪谱仪测定

本文提出了利用超低水平液闪谱仪测定海水中234Th的方法.海水经氢氧化铁吸附共沉淀富集后,接着用阴离子交换和TBP/煤油萃取进行Th同位素的分离与纯化.对一系列测定条件进行了详细的研究,提出了测定海水中234Th的适宜程序,即在含有234Th和产额示踪剂230Th的纯化后的5mol/dm3HNO3溶液中加入TBP/煤油进行萃取,然后用0.1mol/dm3HNO3反萃取,后者是先用契伦柯夫计数法测量234Th(通过234mPa),后加入闪烁液Hisafe 3用α/β模式测量α放射体230Th.对于α和β放射体液闪谱仪的计数效率分别为100%和55.7%±2.7%.234Th的化学回收率和总探测效率分别为70%～80%和30%～45%.该法测定海水中的234Th快速、简便和高效.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,