安徽省姑山铁矿床中赤铁矿微晶的聚合

安徽省姑山铁矿床的矿石产在中生代辉长闪长岩与以三叠纪页岩，粉砂岩和砂岩为主的围岩的接触带上，矿石成分主要是微晶赤铁矿，其粒径为０．０１－０．０５ｍｍ，并与玉髓和细粒石英相交生，粒径达１－２ｍｍ的赤铁矿斑晶呈板状自形晶浸染于块状矿石中，显微镜观察表明，赤铁矿自形斑晶是在成矿期后由赤铁矿微晶聚合而成的。整个聚合过程包括微晶颗粒的相互靠近，颗粒旋转，结晶方位的定向以及最终的焊结，从而形成光性均一的变斑晶     

Field and petrographic aspects of the iron ore mineralizations of Gandhamardan hill,Keonjhor, Orissa and their genetic significance

Banded iron formations of the Iron Ore Group (Archean greenstone belts) of Jharkhand-Orissa region, India host a good number of large iron ore deposits (Fe wt %> 62). Iron ore mineralization of Gandhamardan hill is one of them where iron ores occur in two stratigraphic horizons. One is strictly confined within banded iron formation (stratabound mineralization) with irregular geometry, and show fracture filling and replacement vein-type mineralization along the fringes of hard massive ores of the core. This type of mineralization is exposed along the western slope of the hill. Hard massive and laminated ores dominate this mineralization. The other type occurs as low dipping sheet like body above banded iron formation and covered by laterites forming the top of the hill. Flaky ores dominate this mineralization with formation of hard goethitic crust near the top. Both the mineralizations contain mineralized banded iron formation corestones surrounded by hard massive or flaky iron ores. Hard massive ores are entirely represented by martite-microplaty hematite mineralogy. Hard laminated ores contain microplaty hematite and few martite grains representing early magnetites of the banded iron formation. Flaky ores are high porosity ores produced by leaching of silica, martite and microplaty hematite. Hard goethitic ores are developed due to replacement of martite and microplaty hematite or precipitation of goethite in the pore spaces.     

Geology of the Gushan iron oxide deposit associated with dioritic porphyries,eastern Yangtze craton,SE China

The major Gushan iron oxide deposit, typical of the Middle‐Lower Yangtze River Valley, is located in the eastern Yangtze craton. Such deposits are generally considered to be genetically related to Yanshanian subvolcanic‐volcanic rocks and are temporally‐spatially associated with ca. 129.3–137.5 Ma dioritic porphyries. The latter have a very narrow ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr range of 0.7064 to 0.7066 and low ?_Nd(t) values of ?5.8 to ?5.7, suggesting that the porphyries were produced by mantle‐derived magmas that were crustally contaminated during magma ascent. The ore bodies occur mainly along the contact zone between dioritic porphyries and the sedimentary country rocks. The most important ore types are massive and brecciated ores which together make up 90 vol.‐% of the deposit. The massive type generally occurs as large veins consisting predominantly of magnetite (hematite) with minor apatite. The brecciated type is characterized by angular fragments of wall‐rocks that are cemented by fine‐grained magnetite. Stockwork iron ores occur as irregular veins and networks, especially with pectinate structure; they are composed of low‐temperature minerals (e.g. calcite), which indicate a hydrothermal process. The similar rare earth element patterns of apatite from the massive ores, brecciated ores and the porphyries, coupled with high‐temperature fluids (1000°C) suggest that they are magmatic in origin. Furthermore, melt flow structure commonly developed in massive ores and the absence of silicate minerals and cumulate textures suggest that the iron ores formed by the separation of an immiscible oxide melt from the silicate melt rather than by crystal fractionation. Combined with theoretical and experimental studies, we propose that the introduction of phosphorus due to crustal contamination during mantle‐derived magma ascent could have been a crucial factor that led to the formation of an immiscible oxide melt from the silicate magma.     

Review of geology, alteration and origin of iron oxide–apatite deposits in the Cretaceous Ningwu basin, Lower Yangtze River Valley, eastern China: Implications for ore genesis and geodynamic setting

In the Cretaceous Ningwu volcano-sedimentary basin in the Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt, eastern China, there are three areas with a dense distribution of magnetite or hematite deposits: the Meishan deposit in the north; Washan, Nanshan and Taocun deposits in the center; and the Zhongjiu and Gushan deposits in the south. The mineralization in the Ningwu basin is associated mainly with subvolcanic intrusions, consisting of gabbro–diorite porphyry and/or gabbro–diorite. Alteration zoning of these deposits is pronounced, and includes: (1) an upper light colored zone of argillic, kaolinite, silica, carbonate and pyritic alteration (2) a middle dark colored zone of diopside, fluorapatite–magnetite, phlogopite, and garnet with fluorapatite–magnetite; (3) a lower light colored zone of extensive albitic alteration. However, at the Gushan iron deposit, the lower light colored zone and the middle dark colored zone are absent, whereas the principal alteration is represented by silicification, kaolinization, and carbonatization.The iron oxide–apatite deposits in the Ningwu basin are typically magmatic–metasomatic origin and are similar to the Kiruna-type deposits in Scandinavia, particularly with respect to mineral assemblages, fabric and structure of the iron ores, occurrence of the orebodies and wall rock alteration. The iron oxide–apatite deposits of the Ningwu basin contain magnetite and/or hematite, with diopside or actinolite and apatite gangue. They were formed in a rift or extensional environment and the mineralization is associated with alkaline magmatism. The time interval between magmatism and related mineralization is very short.     

鞍钢弓长岭三矿区三种矿石类型的工艺矿物学研究

１　矿石的物质组成１－１　矿石的化学成分及矿物组成三矿区矿石的化学成分较简单,碱性系数很低,在０－０３％以下;矿石为高硅、贫铁,低ＣａＯ、ＭｇＯ、Ａｌ２Ｏ３,且有害杂质ＳＯ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５含量低于工业允许值（０－５％）的酸性矿石。随着矿石中ＦｅＯ含量的降低,ＣａＯ、ＭｇＯ、Ｋ２Ｏ含量有依次降低的趋势,Ｐ２Ｏ５及ＣＯ２也随ＦｅＯ降低而逐渐降低。矿石的矿物成分以赤铁矿、磁铁矿和石英为主,其它矿物成分很少,矿石类型不同,主要矿物含量也有差异。根据矿石的化学全分析及电子探针分析结果计算的矿石定量组成见表１。…     

In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: The Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit,North China

The Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit in northern China is the world's largest light REE deposit, and also contains considerable amounts of iron and niobium metals. Although there are numerous studies on the REE mineralization, the origin of the Fe mineralization is not well known. Laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS is used to obtain trace elements of Fe oxides in order to better understand the process involved in the formation of magnetite and hematite associated with the formation of the giant REE deposit. There are banded, disseminated and massive Fe ores with variable amounts of magnetite and hematite at Bayan Obo. Magnetite and hematite from the same ores show similar REE patterns and have similar Mg, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Sn, and Ba contents, indicating a similar origin. Magnetite grains from the banded ores have Al + Mn and Ti + V contents similar to those of banded iron formations (BIF), whereas those from the disseminated and massive ores have Al + Mn and Ti + V contents similar to those of skarn deposits and other types of magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. Magnetite grains from the banded ores with a major gangue mineral of barite have the highest REE contents and show slight moderate REE enrichment, whereas those from other types of ores show light REE enrichment, indicating two stages of REE mineralization associated with Fe mineralization. The Bayan Obo deposit had multiple sources for Fe and REEs. It is likely that sedimentary carbonates provided original REEs and were metasomatized by REE-rich hydrothermal fluids to form the giant REE deposit.     

Mineralogy and trace-element geochemistry of the high-grade iron ores of the Águas Claras Mine and comparison with the Capão Xavier and Tamanduá iron ore deposits, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil

Several major iron deposits occur in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF), southeastern region of Brazil, where metamorphosed and heterogeneously deformed banded iron formation (BIF) of the Cauê Formation, regionally called itabirite, was transformed into high- (Fe >64%) and low-grade (30%?2O₃, with a higher amount of detrimental impurities, especially MnO, in the soft ore. Both hard and soft ores are depleted in trace elements. The high-grade ores at the Águas Claras Mine have at least a dual origin, involving hypogene and supergene processes. The occurrence of the hard, massive high-grade ore within “fresh” dolomitic itabirite is evidence of its hypogene origin. Despite the contention about the origin of the dolomitic itabirite (if this rock is a carbonate-rich facies of the Cauê Formation or a hematite–carbonate precursor of the soft high-grade ore), mineralogical and geochemical features of the soft high-grade ore indicate that it was formed by leaching of dolomite from the dolomitic itabirite by meteoric water. The comparison of the Águas Claras, Capão Xavier and Tamanduá orebodies shows that the original composition of the itabiritic protore plays a major role in the genesis of high- and low-grade soft ores in the QF. Under the same weathering and structural conditions, the dolomitic itabirite is the more favorable to form high-grade deposits than siliceous itabirite. Field relations at the Águas Claras and Capão Xavier deposits suggest that it is not possible to form huge soft high-grade supergene deposits from siliceous itabirite, unless another control, such as impermeable barriers, had played an important role. The occurrence in the Tamanduá Mine of a large, soft, high-grade orebody formed from siliceous itabirite and closely associated with hypogene hard ore suggests that large, soft, high-grade orebodies of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, which occur within siliceous itabirite, have a hypogene contribution in their formation.     

镍铜硫化物矿石中磁黄铁矿固溶体的退火及其选矿意义

磁黄铁矿固治体从硫化物熔体结晶后，在缓慢冷却过程中经历了显著的退火。出治和出治体的租化是固治体退火的两种方式。叶片状的单斜磁黄铁矿和“火焰状”的镍黄铁矿原始出治相在降温过程中均可发生退火和租化。分布于磁黄铁矿等矿物粒间或包于磁黄铁矿粒内的粒状镍黄铁矿，不只是高温出治的直接产物，有一部分可能是由火焰状出治体租化而成的。磁黄铁矿中单斜变体的出治和租化可使矿石的磁性发生改变，镍黄铁矿出治体的租化使含镍矿物的粒度加大。因而，退火作用对矿石的选矿工艺性能有着显著影响。     

安徽铜陵矿集区铜官山矿田胶状黄铁矿矿物学特征及其对成矿作用的制约

铜官山矿田是铜陵矿集区内五大矿田之一,矿田内顺层产出的层状硫化物矿体是铜金矿床的主矿体,矿体内含有较多的胶状黄铁矿,其成因的争议制约了对铜金矿床成矿作用的解析。本文主要利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等纳米矿物学手段,并结合光学显微镜、粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)、微区激光拉曼光谱分析等方法,对矿田内铜官山矿床及天马山矿床内层状硫化物矿体中胶状黄铁矿矿石的矿物组成、微形貌、微结构等特征进行系统研究,结果表明胶状黄铁矿矿石多呈胶状、鲕状结构,具有同心环状构造,同心环被赤铁矿、菱铁矿与黄铜矿脉穿切。同心环主要由白铁矿+有机质与胶状黄铁矿交替组成。胶状黄铁矿的黄铁矿颗粒粒径从纳米至亚微米均有分布,以自形-半自形立方体为主,少数呈他形,脉体边部胶状黄铁矿颗粒较大,自形程度较高,重结晶显著。矿石中含有少量白云石、伊利石微晶体,与胶状黄铁矿紧密共存,显示典型沉积特征。共存石英磨圆度较高,存在次生加大现象,表面存在胶状黄铁矿印模,显示为碎屑成因。这些综合信息表明胶状黄铁矿非岩浆热液成因,而是与石炭系地层同沉积成岩成因,并可能有微生物作用参与。高孔隙率、高化学活性及较高有机质含量的胶状黄铁矿可能为燕山期岩浆热液演化的含铜成矿流体提供了沉淀剂,对矿田内铜金硫化物矿体的层控性发挥了重要的控制作用。     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of banded iron formation and iron ores from eastern India with implications on their genesis

The geological complexities of banded iron formation (BIF) and associated iron ores of Jilling-Langalata iron ore deposits, Singhbhum-North Orissa Craton, belonging to Iron Ore Group (IOG) eastern India have been studied in detail along with the geochemical evaluation of different iron ores. The geochemical and mineralogical characterization suggests that the massive, hard laminated, soft laminated ore and blue dust had a genetic lineage from BIFs aided with certain input from hydrothermal activity. The PAAS normalized REE pattern of Jilling BIF striking positive Eu anomaly, resembling those of modern hydrothermal solutions from mid-oceanic ridge (MOR). Major part of the iron could have been added to the bottom sea water by hydrothermal solutions derived from hydrothermally active anoxic marine environments. The ubiquitous presence of intercalated tuffaceous shales indicates the volcanic signature in BIF. Mineralogical studies reveal that magnetite was the principal iron oxide mineral, whose depositional history is preserved in BHJ, where it remains in the form of martite and the platy hematite is mainly the product of martite. The different types of iron ores are intricately related with the BHJ. Removal of silica from BIF and successive precipitation of iron by hydrothermal fluids of possible meteoric origin resulted in the formation of martite-goethite ore. The hard laminated ore has been formed in the second phase of supergene processes, where the deep burial upgrades the hydrous iron oxides to hematite. The massive ore is syngenetic in origin with BHJ. Soft laminated ores and biscuity ores were formed where further precipitation of iron was partial or absent.     

智利Candelaria-Punta del Cobre铁氧化物铜金矿床地质和成矿作用

智利Copiapó附近海岸东部边缘有一宽5km、长20km的铁氧化物铜金矿床带,包括Candelaria矿床和位于其北东方向3km处的Punta del Cobre矿集区的中小型矿床。初步估计,该成矿带的铜矿石资源量可达7×108~8×10~8t(含铜量1%)。矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿。矿石产状为脉状、角砾状、细脉状等。含矿围岩主要为Punta del Cobre组的火山岩及火山碎屑岩。该矿带中大部分大型矿脉位于北西—北北西向高角度脆性断层与块状火山岩和火山碎屑岩接触带交汇处。Candelairia矿区主要发育黑云母-钾长石±钙角闪石±绿帘石蚀变矿物组合。在Punta del Cobr矿集区,矿床深部的矿石围岩蚀变情况与Candelairia地区一致,但是浅部的矿石赋存于黑云母-钾长石或钠长石-绿泥石±方解石蚀变带中。     

Sources and formation conditions of ferromanganese mineralization of the Bureya and Khanka massifs,Russian Far East

The geochemical features of typical representatives of ferromanganese deposits are studied in the eastern Bureya and Khanka massifs (Russian Far East). Based on the major-, trace-, and rare-earth element distribution, the hydrothermal–sedimentary (with hydrogenic component) nature of their mineralization is established and the geodynamic setting and depth of ore formation are estimated. The differences in the depth and redox conditions of ore formation resulted in the metallogenic zonation of the Khingan block (Bureya Massif), which is expressed in a westward change in ore composition from the magnetite ores of the Kosten’ga–Kimkan zone to the hematite–magnetite and iron–manganese ores of the South Khingan zone. The conclusions about the participation of hydrothermal sources in the formation of ore mineralization of the studied deposits and the specifics of their localization require revision of the strategy of exploration and evaluation of ferromanganese ores in the southern Far East.     

江西上饶龙门高岭石-叶蜡石矿的矿物组成及稳定同位素特征

在野外地质工作、镜下观察的基础上,采用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、氢氧稳定同位素测试等方法对江西上饶龙门高岭石-叶蜡石矿床矿石进行了分析。其主要组成矿物为高岭石族矿物、叶蜡石和石英,其次有少量的绢云母、黄铁矿和赤铁矿等。矿石中高岭石族矿物Hinckley指数为0.33～0.94,整体属于较无序高岭石,叶蜡石有2M型和1Tc型两种多型,以2M型为主。矿石的δ18O值为4.5‰～6.6‰,δD值为-71.7‰～-98.5‰。综合分析认为该矿床为晶屑玻屑凝灰岩受热液蚀变而成,其成矿热液主要来自大气降水,成矿温度为75℃～300℃,压力<1kb。     

平庄煤田矿区外围及深部含煤性评价及找煤预测

平庄煤田开采元宝山组煤层已有多年,多个矿井面临资源枯竭局面,寻找后备资源已成为目前亟待解决的问题。通过对矿区含煤地层含煤性评价,认为矿区深部的元宝山组不具有形成可采煤层的条件,其下伏的杏园组沉积晚期为扇三角洲相,扇三角洲平原下部朵叶间湾及湖滨地段为聚煤作用有利场所。根据钻探资料证实,在五家矿区、古山矿区和四龙头矿区杏园组上段均见可采煤层,该组应作为找煤预测区目的层加以勘查。     

Crystallographic and magnetic preferred orientation of hematite in banded iron ores

The crystallographic preferred orientation of hematite in banded iron ores and the orientation of both the measured and the calculated principal susceptibility axes are strongly related. The maximum susceptibility is aligned with the lineation and the pole of the foliation coincides with the minimum susceptibility, although there are often distinct differences between the measured and calculated values of the susceptibilities. A wide variety of configurations of c-axis pole figures modeled by varying the parameters of the Bingham distribution and Bingham–Mardia-distribution reveal that quite different c-axis patterns of hematite ores may have the same anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS) parameters. Large deviations between calculated and experimental AMS-data should initiate further investigations to resolve a probably unnoticed heterogeneity of the fabric. The present investigations show that the structural analysis of the preferred orientation of hematite ores by means of the rather inexpensive and fast magnetic method must be accompanied by the more expensive but unambiguous determination of preferred orientation by x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments in order to accomplish a complete and sound interpretation.     

辽宁抚顺地区太古宙条带状硅铁建造地球化学特征及成因

经过近几年对抚顺地区铁矿的勘查找矿工作,发现抚顺地区太古宙硅铁建造的矿石类型及地理分布,与横贯抚顺地区的浑河深大断裂存在某种特定的位置关系,这种关系具有普遍的规律性.作者在总结抚顺地区数个太古宙硅铁建造矿石特征的基础上,从分析多个硅铁建造矿床的地球化学特征入手,探讨其成矿的环境、过程,从而提出抚顺地区太古宙硅铁矿床的成矿模式,即海底火山喷气、热水-成矿流体洋底环流-沉积-变质重结晶的成矿模式.在中新太古代时期,浑河断裂作为当时的海底扩张带（或洋中脊）,经过海底扩张作用,形成浑河裂谷.海底断裂附近频繁的火山活动,沿浑河断裂不断涌出的地下喷气、热水,萃取海底的拉斑玄武岩中的铁元素,形成富含铁、硅的热水溶液,这种热水溶液称之为成矿流体.成矿流体经过洋底环流作用,向两侧运移,在合适的环境下堆积成岩.该种岩石后来遭受区域变质作用和构造-岩浆热事件多重作用改造,发生变质重结晶成矿.     

Mineralogical Characteristics of Iron Ores in Joda and Khondbond Areas in Eastern India with Implications on Beneficiation

Precambrian iron ores of the Singhbhum-North Orissa region occur in eastern India as part of the Iron Ore Group (IOG) within the broad horse-shoe shaped synclinorium. More than 50% of Indian iron ore reserves occur in this region. Massive-hard, flaky-friable, blue dust and lateritic varieties of iron ores are the major ore types, associated with banded hematite, jasper and shales. These ores could have formed as a result of supergene enrichment through gradual but extensive removal of silica, alumina and phosphorus from banded iron formations and ferruginous shale. Attempts for optimal utilization of these resources led to various ore characterization studies using chemical analysis, ore and mineral petrography, XRD analysis, SEM and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The ore chemistry indicates that the massive hard ores and blue dust have high iron, low alumina and phosphorus contents. Because of high quality, these ores do not require any specialized beneficiation technique for up-gradation. However, flaky-friable, lateritised and goethitic ores are low in iron, high in alumina and phosphorus contents, requiring specific beneficiation techniques for up-gradation in quality. XRD, SEM and ore microscopic studies of massive hard ores indicate the presence of hematite and goethite, while flaky and lateritic ores show a higher concentration of goethite, kaolinite, gibbsite and hematite. EPMA studies show the presence of adsorbed phosphorous as fine dust in the hard ores. Sink and float studies reveal that most of the gangue minerals are not completely liberated in the case of goethitic and lateritic ores, even at finer fractions.     

The geochemistry of gossans associated with Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit,Rafsanjan, Kerman,Iran: Implications for exploration and the environment

The Sarcheshmeh copper deposit is one of the world's largest Oligo-Miocene porphyry copper deposits in a continental arc setting with a well developed supergene sulfide zone, covered mainly by a hematitic gossan. Supergene oxidation and leaching, have developed a chalcocite enrichment blanket averaging 1.99% Cu, more than twice that of hypogene zone (0.89% Cu). The mature gossans overlying the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper ores contain abundant hematite with variable amounts of goethite and jarosite, whereas immature gossans consist of iron-oxides, malachite, azurite and chrysocolla. In mature gossans, Au, Mo and Ag give significant anomalies much higher than the background concentrations. However, Cu has been leached in mature gossans and gives values close or even less than the normal or crustal content (< 36.7 ppm). Immature gossans are enriched in Cu (160.3 ppm), Zn (826.7 ppm), and Pb (88.6 ppm). Jarosite- and goethite-bearing gossans may have developed over the pyritic shell of most Iranian porphyry copper deposits with pyrite–chalcopyrite ratios greater than 10 and therefore, do not necessarily indicate a promising sulfide-enriched ore (Kader and Ijo). Hematite-bearing gossans overlying nonreactive alteration halos with pyrite–chalcopyrite ratios about 1.5 and quartz stringers have significant supergene sulfide ores (Sarcheshmeh and Miduk). The copper grade in supergene sulfide zone of Sarcheshmeh copper deposit ranges from 0.78% in propylitized rocks to 3.4% in sericitized volcanic rocks, corresponding to the increasing chalcopyrite–pyrite or chalcocite–pyrite ratios from 0.3 to 3, respectively. Immature gossans with dominant malachite and chrysocolla associated with jarosite and goethite give the most weakly developed enrichment zone, as at God-e-Kolvari. The average anomalous values of Au (59.6 ppb), Mo (42.5 ppm) and Ag (2.6 ppm) in mature gossans associated with the Sarcheshmeh copper mine may be a criterion that provides a significant exploration target for regional metallogenic blind porphyry ore districts in central Iranian volcano–plutonic continental arc settings. Drilling for new porphyry ores should be targeted where hematitic gossans are well developed. The ongoing gossan formation may result in natural acidic rock drainage (ARD).     

Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit in the Ningwu basin, Lower Yangtze River Valley, SE China: Hydrothermal or Kiruna-type?

The Gushan deposit is one of the typical magnetite–apatite deposits associated with dioritic porphyries in the Lower Yangtze River Valley belt of the eastern Yangtze craton. The origin of this deposit is still uncertain and remains a controversial issue. Divergent opinions are centered on whether the iron deposits are magmatic or hydrothermal in origin. However, our field observations and mineralogical studies, combined with previous published petrological and geochemical features strongly suggest that the main ore bodies in the Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit are magmatic. Specific evidence includes the existence of gas bubbles, tubes, and miarolitic and amygdaloidal structures, melt flow banding structure and the presence of “ore breccia”. New electron microprobe analyses of the pyroxene phenocrysts of the dioritic porphyry genetically associated with the Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit show that the Fe contents in the evolving magma dramatically decrease, and then gradually increase. Because there is no evidence of mafic magma recharge, this scenario (decreasing Fe) could be plausibly interpreted by Fe-rich melts separated from Fe-poor silicate melts, i.e., liquid immiscibility was triggered by minor addition of phosphorus by crustal contamination. The occurrence of massive iron ore bodies can be satisfactorily explained by the immiscible Fe-rich melt with enormous volatile contents was driven to the top of the magma chamber due to the low density. The hot and volatile-rich iron ore magma was injected along fractures and spaces between the dioritic intrusions and wall-rocks, and led to an explosion near the surface, resulting in the immediate fragmentation of the roof of the intrusion and wall-rocks, forming brecciated ores. Moreover, other types of ores can be considered as a result of post-magmatic hydrothermal activities. Our proposed metallogenic model involving the Kiruna-type mineralization is consistent with the observed phenomenon in the Gushan deposit.     

Microfacies, diagenesis, and depositional environments of the Tertiary carbonates of Usfan Formation in Haddat Ash Sham area, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia

The studied carbonates are present within the middle part of the Tertiary siliciclastic dominated succession in Haddat Ash Sham area. This succession consists of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and ironstones arranged in upward coarsening and fining cycles of intermittent depositional environments ranging from fluvial coastal plain to shallow marine. The carbonates represent deposition in slightly restricted depositional environments during periods of very low clastic input. The studied two carbonate sections show a pronounced lateral and vertical changes from predominantly dolostones in the west to mixed dolostones and limestones in the east. Both sections began by egg yellow dolomitic lime mudstones and fine crystalline dolomite which indicate the formation of dolomite by late depositional to early diagenetic recrystallization of precursor Fe and Mg lime mud. During this time period, the western part of the study area continues in the deposition of Fe and Mg lime mud in slightly restricted depositional environments and formation of interbedded fine and coarse crystalline dolostones in coarsening-upward cycles. In the eastern part, the depositional environments become deeper and more circulated with short-lived periods of fluctuation in sea level and hence the deposition of foraminiferal wackestone, bioclastic packstones, and bioclastic rudstone in coarsening and shallowing-upward cycles. Both the western and eastern parts of the study area are terminated by characteristic yellow coarse crystalline phosphatic dolomite which indicate ultimate stages of shoaling and increasing the level and concentration of phosphorous in the restricted water and hence the formation of in situ and reworked phosphatic components. The diagenetic processes affected the dolostones and limestones microfacies associations include: dolomitization of Fe and Mg-rich lime mud, hematitization, calcitization, gypsification, and phosphatization of dolomite. Neophormation and recrystallization of micritic matrix and micritic intraclasts as well as shell fragments are the main diagenetic processes affected the limestones.