西太平洋暖池海域热含量场的变异及其影响

基于 1 95 5— 1 999年间太平洋月平均海温资料 ,利用经验正交函数 (EOF)分解法 ,研究了西太平洋暖池海域 ( 1 2 0°E— 1 60°W ,1 8°N— 1 6°S)热含量场的时空变化 ,并分析了该海域东、西区热含量变化与南方涛动、副热带高压及ENSO的关系。结果表明 ,暖池海域热含量场主要包括年变化型、年际变化型和年代际变化型三个模态 ,其主要变化周期依次为 1 .0、3.6和 1 3.7年。相关和合成分析表明 ,暖池东、西区热含量的变化均与南方涛动、副热带高压和ENSO循环有十分密切的关系。     

印度洋-太平洋暖池海域表层水温分析

利用1951~2003年HadISST资料集的表层海水温度（SST）资料,讨论了印度洋-西太平洋暖池（IPWP）海域,尤其是印度尼西亚贯穿流（ITF）及其周边海域SST的季节及年际变化的时空特征.研究结果表明,整个研究海域SST的年际变化均与ENSO相关,但印度洋与南海的响应特征与西太平洋的相反且不同步.前者海温变化滞后Nio3指数3~6个月,而热带太平洋西边界和ITF流经海域海温则超前1~3个月.沿ITF及其东印度洋出口,SST的年际变化规律不同于热带印度洋而与太平洋的相似,分析表明其在较大程度上受到ITF海洋桥的影响.在季节尺度上,印度洋和太平洋赤道海域SST的波动规律也有明显不同.以巽他岛弧（苏门答腊、爪哇和小巽他群岛）为界,从赤道西太平洋向西沿ITF流径,太平洋一侧SST的季节变化以0.5a周期的波动占主导,印度洋一侧则以1a周期占主导.     

南海表层水温年际变化的大尺度特征

通过对COADS海洋气象资料的分析,得出南海表层水温(SST)年际变化的若干大尺度特征.结果表明:南海SST年际具有一定的准周期性,其显著周期为24～30个月;南海SST年际变化与年循环之间有着一种锁相关系,关键位相在于北半球冬春季节;南海典型冷暖年份合成SST距平场的时空结构十分相似;在年际时间尺度上,南海SST和南方涛动指数有反相关系,与经向风海面热收支之间有同位相关系;南海暖池面积指数的年际变化与南海SST年际变化一致.     

西北太平洋海表温度变化主成分分析

对西北太平洋1982—2010年NOAA系列卫星海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)产品进行月平均等处理,采用Reynolds SST月平均场对数据进行质量控制、数据融合等处理,建立高空间覆盖、长时间序列的SST场数据集。对月距平场进行经验正交函数(EOF)分解,分析时空模态特征,并将第一模态时间序列与相关气候时间序列进行比较。主成分分析结果显示西北太平洋SST存在显著的约13a周期的年代际模态和2~5a的类厄尔尼诺模态,年代际变化和西太平洋暖池的年代际振荡相似;类厄尔尼诺模态与Ni珘no-3.4区SST周期变化较为相关,并相对于厄尔尼诺具有约10个月的滞后。本研究显示,西北太平洋可能在多种不同时间尺度气候机制的控制之下。     

基于AVHRR/SST的西太平洋暖池近期变化研究

考虑到热结构和纬度分布 ,提出了更加合理的暖池中心和面积计算方法。利用 AVHRR/SST月平均数据 ,分析了西太平洋暖池近期 (1 993～ 2 0 0 1年 )的变化特征 :暖池中心移动在经向上是单一的年周期 ,而纬向上存在 3.3(最显著 ) ,1和 0 .5年 3个周期分量 ;暖池面积和表面强度都有 3个主要的周期分量 ,分别是 3.3,1 ,0 .5年和 1 .5,1 ,0 .67年 ,且都以 1年周期为最显著 ;2者的主频在正常年份大致呈同相关系 ,而在厄尔尼诺 /拉尼娜期间存在位相差 ,甚至反相。厄尔尼诺 /拉尼娜现象在1 993～ 2 0 0 1年之间的平均周期为 3.3年。     

热带太平洋—印度洋热含量变异及其与表层水温的关系

基于日本气象厅月平均温、盐度资料和英国Hadley中心月平均SST资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)分解法研究了热带太平洋—印度洋热含量距平场和SST距平场的时空变化,并探讨了它们之间的关系。结果表明,热带太平洋—印度洋热含量距平场的年际振荡主要是由变化周期相近、空间结构不同的两个模态构成的,它们分别对应于ENSO的成熟期位相和过渡期位相;SST距平场的年际振荡主要是由空间结构和变化周期均不同的两个模态构成的,但它仅对应于ENSO的成熟期位相;虽然热含量与SST距平场第一模态之间存在着密切的正相关,但在热带东印度洋和赤道中太平洋热含量与SST的年际变化则都是反位相的。     

黄海表面水温场的准周期变化分析

本文用能谱方法分析了黄海的海表面水温(SST)场的准周期变化。由分析结果清楚地看出,SST具有高频准周期变化:黄海北部以2.6—3.2,1.4—1.7,3.6—3.8和6.7个月的准周期为主;3.3—3.6,5,1.3—2.3及6.7个月在黄海南部占优势。同时,两个海域都有6.7和3.3年的明显的准周期变化。     

热带太平洋海面高度年代际变化的研究

采用SODA海面高度(SSH)数据研究热带太平洋海域的年代际变化.结果表明,热带太平洋海面高度场存在与太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)时间过程基本一致的年代际变化,但是SSH异常的空间分布与SST异常的是不同的.热带海域年代际变化的典型空间分布:海面高度异常在热带海域存在东西方向的反向变化,在西太平洋只有1个变化中心,而在东太平洋形成2个对称于赤道的变化中心.热带太平洋海面高度的年代际变化有2个基本周期:13 a左右的周期和30 a以上时间尺度的气候转型周期.其中13 a周期的年代际变化与ENSO年际过程无关,是热带太平洋年代际变化的重要组成部分.由于数据时间长度的限制,气候转型的时间尺度还不明确,也不清楚其是否有明显的周期性.比较热带东西太平洋年代际变化的特征,可以发现以气候转型期的年代际信号在东西太平洋几乎是同时发生的,而13 a左右周期的年代际信号在赤道附近却存在自西向东方向的传播.     

热带西太平洋暖池域次表层水热含量变化及其与我国东部汛期降水和副高的相关关系

热带西太平洋暖池是太平洋中海气相互作用最活跃的海区之一,它在全球气侯变化中起着极为重要的作用。 热带西太平洋暖池幅员广阔,占全球热带海洋面积的35%-45%。它是全球大洋表面水温(SST)最高的海域,其SST终年都高于28℃。Andow(1987)的研究表明,暖池域次表层(50-300m)海水温度的变化较表层明显,其年际变化的标准偏差可达3-4℃。邹娥梅等(1991)指出,热带西太平洋海域次表层海水的热状况具有较好的指标性。因此研究热带西太平洋暖池域次表层水热状况的变化,对于阐明热带西太平洋暖池与东亚气候异常,特别是对我国旱涝的影响具有重要意义。     

印度洋-太平洋暖池的变异研究

为了研究在何种时间尺度上定义研究印度洋-太平洋暖池（简称印-太暖池）更有意义, 本文中应用功率谱等统计学方法, 对印-太暖池的季节、年际及年代际变化特征进行了分析.结果表明, 印-太暖池、东印度洋暖池（简称东印暖池）在季节变化上表现为单峰结构, 而西太平洋暖池（简称西太暖池）则为双峰结构; 在年际变化上印-太暖池和西太暖池表现出很强的3-6年变化周期, 东印暖池则存在准两年的振荡周期; 印-太暖池还存在10年以上的年代际周期振荡, 特别是70年代中后期的年代际突变明显, 而东印暖池的这种变化更为明显.由此可知印-太暖池的年代际变化与东印暖池、西太暖池年代际变化较为相似, 季节和年际变化颇为不同, 所以, 在研究年代际尺度的问题上, 定义并研究印-太暖池的意义更大, 而在研究年际、季节尺度上的问题时东印暖池、西太暖池应分而视之.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.