云南及邻区板块的运动学研究

本文以古地磁资料为基础，编制了古地磁纬度变化图，结合地质、生物古地理等资料。重点探讨了扬子板块、滇缅泰板块的漂移、碰撞拼合过程，同时，也探讨了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞拼合以来云南及其邻区的构造演化。     

Fault-plane Solutions Determined by Waveform Modeling Confirm Tectonic Collision in the Eastern Adriatic

—?Source parameters for thirteen earthquakes in the SE Adriatic region have been determined using P and SH body-waveform inversion. The results of this modeling are combined with eleven other earthquakes with M?≥?5 whose focal mechanisms have been determined mainly by waveform modeling. The results confirm that movement on mainly low-angle reverse faults causes the deformation in coastal southern Yugoslavia through Albania up to the Lefkada Island in NW Greece. This zone of thrusting has a NW–SE trend (N34°W), follows the coastline, and dips towards the continent. The slip vectors of these events trend at ～N229° along the Dalmatian coasts, to ～N247° along Albania and NW Greece. The deformation is attributed to the continental collision between the Adriatic block to the west and Eurasia to the east. Along the mountain line in eastern Albania (Albanides Mts.) and in NW Greece (Hellenides Mts.), E–W extension is occurring. The E–W extension associated with the orogenic belt could be attributed to a variety of models such as: gravity, internal deformation of the thrust wedge, a probable down bulge of the dense lithosphere of the Adriatic block beneath the Eurasian lithospheric plate in combination with the compressional stresses applied along the collision belt.     

Current tectonic deformation and seismogenic characteristics along the northeast margin of Qinghai -Xizang block

Introduction The northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block has become the place with close attentions from geo-specialists at home and abroad for its significant tectonic movement and intensive seismicity. Quite a number of achievements have been obtained from the studies on geological structures and strong earthquake activities (DING, LU, 1989, 1991; GUO, et al, 1992, 2000; GUO, XIANG, 1993; HOU, et al, 1999; Tapponnier, et al, 1990; Gaudemer, et al, 1995). In the Development Program…     

中国大陆现今地壳运动研究

GPS结果十分清晰地刻画出中国大陆地区块体运动及内部变形特征，提供了认识印度欧亚碰撞引起的活动构造的新视角．本文回顾了4年来中国学者在利用GPS研究现今地壳运动方面所取得的成就，以及在利用InSAR技术研究强震破裂方面的进展情况．这些研究成果，标志着中国大陆构造变形的定量化研究进入了一个新阶段.      

Current crustal movement in Chinese mainland

The quantification of tectonic deformation in the Eastern and Central Asia is of great significance for the study on global plate motion and lithospheric dynamics. In the past four years, the velocity field of horizontal crustal movement for the Chinese mainland has been established for the first time thanks to the intensified GPS measure-ments and its improved accuracy. The velocity field derived from GPS measurements delineates the patterns of tectonic deformation in the Chinese mainland in the unprecedented detail, and thus reveals the new features of the ongoing tectonic process resulted from the collision of Indian plate to Eurasian plate. Meanwhile, the surface offset induced by two strong earthquakes occurred in Chinese mainland was sampled precisely using InSAR technique.     

Numerical Simulation of Annual Change Patterns of Contemporary Tectonic Stress-Strain Field of the Chinese Mainland

INTRODUCTIONInthe late 1980’s ,aninternational cooperation project in earth sciences ,the World Stress MapProject ,wasinitiated underthe World Lithosphere Program. Measurements andresearch achievementsof the present-daytectonic stress field worldwide were analyzed and sorted out .The project achievedgood results and based on them, a world stress database was set up,the world stress map wascompiled,andthe general andregional crustal stress patterns were discussed (Zoback,et al .,1989 ;…     

Wave coupling between the Tianshan orogen and the deformations in its south and north foreland basins in Cenozoic

Attention has been paid to the deformations in the south and north foreland basins of the Tianshan Mountains and their relations to the tectonic movements of the mountains. Based on the seismic data interpretation and field work,the tectonic features,tectonic styles,controlling factors of deformation,deformation time,and their relationships in the three tectonic units were comparably studied. The Ce-nozoic deformations in the two foreland basins were characterized by zonation from south to north,segmentation from west to east,and layering from deep to shallow. The tectonic styles are compres-sive ones,including both basement-involved and cover-detaching. The two foreland basins underwent several times of deformation in Cenozoic and the deformations were transmitted from the Tianshan orogen to the inner basin. The deformation dynamics of the south and north foreland basins of the Tianshan Mountains can be represented by dynamics of orogenic wedges. In terms of the deformations of the wedges with wave-like features,the concept of a wave orogenic wedge was put forward,and a double wave orogenic wedge model was established.     

中国三大地块的碰撞拼合与古欧亚大陆的重建

根据最新取得的华北地块的古地磁数据,并与目前收集到的按一定判据经过筛选的华南地块、塔里木地块、蒙古褶皱带与中亚褶皱带、西伯利亚板块以及稳定欧亚大陆的数据对比分析,对中国三大地块--华北、华南、塔里木地块的碰撞、拼合及其与北邻的西伯利亚板块的构造关系,进行了初步的讨论,并尝试作了古欧亚大陆的重建.     

兰州黄河阶地高精度GPS测量与构造变形研究

在综合分析兰州黄河阶地发育和分布特征的基础上,采用高精度差分GPS测量并结合1:1万DEM图形数据资料,获得了黄河兰州段南北两岸阶地平面分布图和纵横剖面对比图。结合本区黄河不同级别阶地年代测试结果,研究了其构造变形特征,获得了穿越断裂带地区的阶地变形特点、变形带宽度、变形幅度和速率等定量参数。结果表明:兰州盆地晚第四纪的构造变形主要以褶皱隆升为主,盆地内的断裂晚第四纪无明显构造活动。     

青藏高原地壳密度变形带及构造分区

将区域重力场多尺度刻痕分析用于提取青藏高原地壳变形带的信息,可了解高原内地壳变形带从浅到深的变化和平面分布特征,并对青藏高原主要地体的空间分布定位,为岩石圈研究提供地表地质难以取得的新信息.多尺度脊形化系数的图像刻划不同深度平面上的地壳变形带.青藏高原地壳变形带从上到下由细密逐渐变为粗稀型,而且细密型变形区分布的范围逐渐缩小,到下地壳完全消失.从这种情况可以推测,以垂直地面方向上看,地壳变形带应该是树形的,下地壳粗稀型的变形带为树的主干,而中地壳粗稀型的变形带为树的分枝,上地壳的变形带为树枝的小枝杈.上地壳细密型变形分布区反映了与中新生代地壳缩短变形区的范围,下地壳清晰连续的变形带反映了青藏高原的构造骨架.多尺度边界刻痕系数的图像刻画不同深度平面上的地体边界,下地壳的刻痕边界系数与密度剧烈变化带位置吻合;因此,由多尺度刻痕分析划分地体时同时取得地体密度信息.青藏高原内密度较高的地体包括喜马拉雅地体、克什米亚地体、察隅河地体、柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体.柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体是青藏高原中有壳根的核,而密度最高的克什米亚和察隅河地体在大陆碰撞时不易碎裂,对东西两个构造结的形成起了关键作用.     

华北地区航磁图像处理结果和地震构造解释

本文介绍了我国华北地区航磁图像处理结果,它包括航磁数据的假彩色图、立体阴影图、卷积滤波、指数滤波及局部自适应增强(LAHE)等图像。本文在研究了这些图像所蕴含的丰富信息基础上,对其所反映的地质实体及其演化和各种构造形迹这两个相互联系的方面进行了综合分析,进而建立了华北亚板块的地震构造立体格架,并运用走滑断裂带间块体转动模型,对本区构造变形和地震活动机制作了探讨     

The structure of Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System and the large gas provinces

Northward subduction of the Cenozoic Tethys ocean caused the convergence and collision of Eurasia-Indian Plates, resulting in the lower crust thickening, the upper crust thrusting, and the Qinghai-Tibet uplifting, and forming the plateau landscape. In company with uplifting and northward extruding of the Tibetan plateau, the contractional tectonic deformations persistently spread outward, building a gigantic basin-range system around the Tibetan plateau. This system is herein termed as the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, in which the global largest diffuse and the most energetic intra-continental deformations were involved, and populations of inheritance foreland basins or thrust belts were developed along the margins of ancient cratonic plates due to the effects of the cratonic amalgamation, crust differentiation, orogen rejuvenation, and basin subsidence. There are three primary tectonic units in the Circum-Tibet Plateau Basin-Range System, which are the reactivated ancient orogens, the foreland thrust belts, and the miniature cratonic basins. The Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System is a gigantic deformation system and particular Himalayan tectonic domain in central-western China and is comparable to the Tibetan Plateau. In this system, northward and eastward developments of thrust deformations exhibit an arc-shaped area along the Kunlun-Altyn-Qilian-Longmenshan mountain belts, and further expand outward to the Altai-Yinshan-Luliangshan-Huayingshan mountain belts during the Late Cenozoic sustained collision of Indo-Asia. Intense intra-continental deformations lead ancient orogens to rejuvenate, young foreland basins to form in-between orogens and cratons, and thrusts to propagate from orogens to cratons in successive order. Driven by the Eurasia-Indian collision and its far field effects, both deformation and basin-range couplings in the arc-shaped area decrease from south to north. When a single basin-range unit is focused on, deformations become younger and younger together with more and more simple structural styles from piedmonts to craton interiors. In the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, it presents three segmented tectonic deformational patterns: propagating in the west, growth-overthrusting in the middle, and slip-uplifting in the east. For natural gas exploration, two tectonic units, both the Paleozoic cratonic basins and the Cenozoic foreland thrust belts, are important because hydrocarbon in central-western China is preserved mainly in the Paleozoic cratonic paleo-highs and the Meso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belts, together with characteristics of multiphrase hydrocarbon generation but late accumulation and enrichment.     

苏北-胶南构造混杂岩带的地质特征和岩性地层柱

本文简要介绍了产于华北板块与扬子板块碰撞带范围内的苏北-胶南构造混杂岩带的地质构造背景,并系统地研究滑移介质、中-浅源和深源构造块的基本特征。在深源构造岩块的研究基础上建立了壳幔过渡带至上地幔段的岩性地层柱,对上地幔可能存在的地质作用类型进行了探讨     

Tectonic evolution of the Dabieshan orogen: In the view from polyphase deformation of the Beihuaiyang metamorphic zone

The Dabieshan and its geological counterpart in the Sulu area represent the eastern part of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt in Eastern China. This Orogen corresponds to the collision zone between the North and South China blocks (denoted as NCB and SCB, respectively) during the Early Mesozoic. Since the discovery of ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metamor- phism[1?3], research of the Dabieshan has made great progress from petrological work (e.g. Cong and Wang, 1999 and enclosed references)[…     

利用GPS和水准数据分析东昆仑断裂带东部及其邻区构造变形特征

基于1999—2016年GPS数据和1980—2010年区域精密水准数据,获取了东昆仑断裂带东部及其邻区主要断裂的滑动速率和区域构造变形特征。结果表示:东昆仑断裂带自西向东的走滑速率衰减非常明显,走滑速率从西大滩—东大滩和阿拉克湖段的约10 mm/a向东到塔藏段衰减至约2 mm/a,速率自西向东每100 km下降梯度约1 mm/a;东昆仑断裂带阿拉克湖段、托索湖段、下大武段和塔藏段均表现出一定的弱挤压特征。跨岷江断裂剖面显示区域挤压变形自西向东由龙日坝断裂至龙门山断裂带有逐渐减弱的特征。区域最大主应变方向为E-NEE向,最大剪切应变高值区位于阿拉克湖段和托索湖段交汇区域以及巴颜喀拉块体的龙日坝断裂中段区域。分析东昆仑断裂带东部及其邻区主要断裂间的构造转换关系认为,岷山地区的隆起变形主要是因为巴颜喀拉块体自西向东的运动受到了华南块体的阻挡,而非东昆仑断裂带向东延展引起的构造转换。     

Timing of the initial collision between the Indian and Asian continents

There exist three mainstream opinions regarding the timing of the initial collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents,namely,65±5,45±5,and 30±5 Ma.Five criteria are proposed for determining which tectonic event was related to the initial collision between India and Asia:the rapid decrease in the rate of plate motion,the cessation of magmatic activity originating from the subduction of oceanic crust,the end of sedimentation of oceanic facies,the occurrence of intracontinental deformation,and the exchange of sediments sourced from two continents.These criteria are used to constrain the nature of these tectonic events.It is proposed that the 65±5 Ma tectonic event is consistent with some of the criteria,but the upshot of this model is that the magmatic activity originating from the Tethyan subduction since the Mesozoic restarted along the southern margin of the Asian continent in this time after a brief calm,implying that the subduction of the Neotethys slab was still taking place.The magmatic activity that occurred along the southern margin of the Asian continent had a 7-Myr break during 72-65 Ma,which in this study is interpreted as having resulted from tectonic transformation from subduction to transform faulting,indicating that the convergence between the Indian and Asian continents was once dominated by strike-slip motion.The 30±5 Ma tectonic event resulted in the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,which was related to the late stage of the convergence between these two continents,namely,a hard collision.The 45±5 Ma tectonic event is in accordance with most of the criteria,corresponding to the initial collision between these two continents.     

2017年西藏米林MS6.9地震发震构造初探

2017年11月18日在西藏米林发生了M_S6.9地震,目前尚未发现地表破裂带,发震构造尚不明确.震源机制解表明该次地震为逆冲型地震.精定位结果显示余震集中在加拉白垒东北坡上一个NW走向的长约36 km、宽约8 km的狭长条带之内.余震条带的走向及长度严格受到派乡构造岩片NE边界走向及长度的控制,垂直于该条带的地震剖面清晰地揭示出一条倾向NE的低倾角逆冲断层面,结合震源机制解及GPS同震位移场的已有结果,初步推断它可能就是发震断层面.雅鲁藏布江大拐弯上游加拉-米林河段两岸的湖相基座阶地面和山脊线在南迦巴瓦、加拉白垒脚下都发生了倾向SW的翘起变形,发震断层面构成了其上盘加拉白垒、南迦巴瓦强烈隆升区与其下盘地貌发生翘起变形的弱隆升区的分界面,推断加拉白垒峰沿着这一断层面不断地逆冲、隆升,以此来调节其两侧的不均匀挤出,而下盘近断层处的褶皱、拖曳等作用逐渐造成了阶地面、山脊线的翘起、弯曲变形.基于夷平面的区域变形分析,认为雅江缝合带作为主干断裂带从整体上控制着印度板块与欧亚板块在东构造结地区的碰撞-挤压格局.印度板块东北犄角的强烈顶撞引起了东构造结附近强烈的断块运动,嘉黎断裂带北侧的地壳显著增厚,主夷平面随之发生裂解.与此同时,由于碰撞带来的强烈挤压,派乡构造岩片、多雄拉变质穹隆沿着缝合带大拐弯内侧不均匀地挤出,南迦巴瓦、加拉白垒随之隆升.此次的米林地震仅仅是该不均匀挤出过程所引发的一次具体的事件,是派乡构造岩片内部的一条次级断层发生的一次逆冲运动造成的.此外,紧邻此次余震条带的南迦巴瓦NEE边界以及SE边界是一个潜在的地震空区,其未来地震危险性值得关注.     

用全球定位系统（GPS）监测青藏高原地壳形变

通过对拉萨、日喀则地区两条基线的观测结果分析，得到了拉萨地块近南北向地壳形变率为（７．０±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ及近东西向（７．４±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ的形变速率，与震源机制解的结论十分接近。同时监测到相对于拉萨南北向７．３ｃｍ和东西向４．１ｃｍ的震后形变位移，显示出ＧＰＳ在地震监测及与地震相关的地壳形变研究的广阔前景     

Crustal deformation due to Alaska–Yakutat collision

The region of Alaska and adjacent northwest Canada is tectonically active and is subjected to multiple tectonic processes including plate subduction and terrane accretion. These tectonic processes and the forces originating thereof are responsible for high seismicity in the region and deformation of the crust. In the present-day tectonic setting, the Yakutat terrane is obliquely colliding with Alaska along the Aleutian Trench. Also, flat subduction due to under thrusting of a thickened crust, probably of oceanic affinity, is contributing to the tectonic evolution of this region in a basal traction collision style. This study uses the 2D, planform, thin-viscous-sheet model to investigate the effect of the Yakutat terrane colliding with Alaska and adjacent northwest Canada. Along with the obliquity and velocity of convergence, the lateral strength heterogeneities in the crust are considered in this investigation. The results of the numerical model are constrained with the observed topography and stress orientation in Alaska. It is shown that the Alaska–Yakutat collision is producing asymmetric deformation of the crust with respect to the normal to the collision boundary and that lateral strength heterogeneities contribute significantly to the deformation of the crust. Also, the influence of this collision can be observed up to a distance of 700 km inland from the collision boundary.     

Seismic tomography beneath the orogenic belts and adjacent basins of northwestern China

Three-dimensional velocity images of the crust and upper mantle beneath orogenic belts and adjacent basins of the northwestern continent of China are reconstructed by seismic tomography, based on arrival data of P wave recorded in seismic networks in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu of China and Kyrgyzstan. The velocity images of upper crust demonstrate the tectonic framework on the ground surface. High velocities are observed beneath orogenic belts, and low velocities are observed in the basins and depressions that are obviously related to unconsolidated sediments. The velocity image in mid-crust maintains the above features, and in addition low velocities appear in some earthquake regions and a low velocity boundary separates the western Tianshan Mts. from eastern Tianshan Mts. The orogenic belts and the northern Tibetan plateau have a Moho depth over 50 km, whereas the depths of the Moho in basins and depressions are smaller than 50 km. The velocity images of upper mantle clearly reveal the colliding relationship and location of deep boundaries of the continental blocks in northwestern China, indicating a weakness of the upper mantle structure of orogenic belts. The top depth of upper mantle asthenosphere varies from place to place. It seems shallower under the northern Tibetan plateau, Altay and Qilian Mts., and deeper under the Tarim and Tianshan regions. Hot mantle probably rose to the bottom of some orogenic belts along tectonic boundaries when continental blocks collided to each other. Therefore their dynamic features are closely correlated to the formation and evolution of orogenic belts in northwestern China.