太钢地震台避雷设施的布设及效果

在强雷电活动季节，地震观测仪器常受到雷电的侵害，太原钢铁（集团）有限公司地震台为解决这一问题采取了系统区域避雷的措施－在观测区域架设网状式避雷针塔，在观测设备的供电系统进行防电磁感应雷击的多级避雷，在观测信号系统串接避雷器等，避雷装置运行1a的结果表明，在遭受多次雷电时，该装置发挥了很好的避雷作用，保证了仪器的正常运转，得出该装置避雷效果较好的结论。     

微震仪有线传输避雷研究

本文通过对雷电放电分析,研究解决微震仪有线传输的避雷问题,并介绍接收雷电信号控制传输线上电荷对地短路的“ＤＢＬ－１”避雷仪。     

中国数字地震台站的雷电防护

本文首先阐述了目前部分中国数字化地震台站(CDSN)的雷害情况。叙述雷电的形成及效应、雷害的主要形式,以及在数字化地震台站实施雷电防护的一些具体建议。指出:在数字地震台站一般不宜采用安装避雷针的方法避雷,比较好的避雷途径是装好地线和室内安装不同形式的避雷器。     

具有信息反馈的短信遥控避雷系统

夏季雷电严重威胁地震监测仪器的正常运行,在此提出一种利用短信指令切断引雷途径的避雷方法.在硬件和软件方面,给出具体解决方案,设计出基于短信、简便可行的遥控避雷系统,从而提高仪器的连续运转率.     

野外地震设备应急避雷控制器的研制

针对地震遥测无人值守子台地震设备常遭雷电破坏这一实际问题，研制了野外地震设备避雷应急控制器。本文介绍了野外地震设备避雷应急控制器的研制思路、工作原理及运行情况。     

四川地区遥测地震台网避雷现状及今后对策探讨

雷电危害众所周知，四川地区是雷电危害的重灾区。雷击是遥测地震台网最大的自然灾害。仅成都遥测地震台网因雷击每年造成的损失就逾万元。成都遥测地震台网从建网之初就开始进行避雷方面的探索，试验和使用了多种避雷方法。     

冬奥会保障项目地电阻率台站防雷技术系统设计关键技术

雷电危害是影响地震台站稳定运行的重要因素之一,对台站进行雷电防护具有重要意义。介绍冬奥会保障项目地电阻率台站改造中避雷系统的设计,并重点分析研究地电阻率台站架空线路防雷、地埋线路防雷等关键技术点出现的问题,探讨地电阻率台站综合防雷系统在接地网、供电、综合布线等方面的整体设计,最后设计完成宝昌台防雷技术系统。在此基础上,完成项目全部8个台站的避雷系统方案设计,全面提升冬奥会项目台站的防雷实效。通过计算,在项目深化研究中得到一些新的技术成果:(1)地电阻率台站应尽量将供电及测量线路进行埋地;(2)埋地供电及测量线路应避开接地体10 m以上;(3)仍采用架空线路的台站可以安装相应电流值的信号防雷器。研究成果可供今后全国台站防雷系统建设时参考。     

黑龙江省地震台站防雷分析及改造

黑龙江省地震台站自"十五"项目改造,观测环境和数据质量都有所提高,但近年来频繁受到雷电灾害影响,导致数据完整性和数据质量严重下降。为保证仪器正常工作,数据稳定可靠,我省采取多项措施对台站外部避雷和内部避雷进行了整体改造,并在鹤岗、绥化、牡丹江等台站新增雷电预警系统以配合防雷改造的有效实施,确保监测仪器运行的安全稳定。     

地震台站的避雷保安措施

目前不少地震台站设置在较偏僻的山区或山区边缘有基岩露头的地方,成为孤独的建筑物。若不采取较好的避雷措施,则很容易遭受雷击,尤其我国南方雨季较长,雷电对地震台的危害则更大。 从雷电对地震台站及电信线路的危害分类,可分为直击雷和感应雷两种形式。雷电通过电离空气的放电通道,直接击中台站设施或     

一种有效的防雷保护系统——综合防雷工程网络

分析了雷电危害地震台站的几种形式和昌平地震台原有避雷设施的状况,介绍了综合防雷工程风络的防雷原理及电容性地线的优点,在实际防雷工作中,综合防雷工程网络取得了较小满意的效果。     

Impact of ocean–wave coupling on typhoon-induced waves and surge levels around the Korean Peninsula: a case study of Typhoon Bolaven

Typhoon-induced waves and surges are important when predicting potential hazards near coastal regions. In this paper, we applied a coupled modeling system for ocean–wave interaction to examine prediction capabilities for typhoon-induced waves and surges around the Korean Peninsula. To identify how ocean–wave coupling impacts wave and surge simulations during typhoon conditions, a set of comparative experiments was performed during Typhoon Bolaven (2012): (1) a fully coupled ocean–wave model, (2) a one-way coupled ocean–wave model without surface current feedback and ocean-to-wave water levels, and (3) a stand-alone ocean model without considering wave-based sea surface roughness (SSR). When coupled with the ocean model, the surface current reduced significantly the wave height on the right-hand side of the advancing typhoon track and improved prediction accuracy along the southern coast of Korea. Compared with the observed surge levels, the simulated surge height yielded improved results for peak height magnitude and timing compared with the uncoupled model. For wave-to-surge feedback, we found that wave-induced SSR plays an important role by modulating wind stress in the surface layer. The modulated wind stress directly affected the surge height, which improved surge peak prediction during the typhoon.     

Characteristics of dune-bedded pyroclastic surge bedsets

The grainsize characteristics of dune-bedded pyroclastic surge bedsets are surveyed. The variance between coarsest and finest beds ranges from 1 to 6 phi in different surge bedsets, and it increases as the grainsize of the coarsest bed increases, reflecting an increasing velocity of emplacement. Deposits of wet surges, identified as those which contain accretionary and ash-coated lapilli, tend to be finer and show less variance, this partly because wet ash is cohesive, but mainly because wet surges tend to be weaker. Dry surge bedsets are strongly fines-depleted, wet ones less so. The lack of erosion of underlying ash layers shows that the environment is a strongly depositional one. Individual bedsets are demarcated by thin intervening fine ash-fall layers, which are the complementary ash-cloud deposits settled or flushed out after the passage and decay of each turbulent surge. Surge deposits are generally less coarse than the coarsest associated airfall deposits, which shows that they are formed by generally weaker events.This study helps interpret the dune-bedded parts of the landscape-mantling May 18th 1980 “blast” deposit of Mount St. Helens. The blast was a very violent event, but the variance and the grainsize of the coarsest bed are those of a relatively weak surge. This suggests that the dune-bedding was produced by a weak effect, such as minor turbulence in a thin pyroclastic flow coming to rest in a mountainous terrain roughened by tree stumps and fallen logs.     

Nuées ardentes of 22 November 1994 at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia

Nuées ardentes associated with dome collapse on 22 November 1994, at Merapi volcano traveled to the south–southwest as far as 6.5 km, and collectively accumulated roughly 2.5–3 million cubic meters of deposits. The damaged area comprises 9.5 km² and is covered by two nuée ardente facies, a conventional “Merapi-type”, valley-fill block-and-ash flow facies and a pyroclastic surge facies. The proximal deposits reflect the accumulation of dozens of nuées ardentes, with many subsidiary flow units. The distal deposits are more simply organized, as only a few individual events reached to distances >3.5 km. The stratigraphic relationships north of Turgo hill indicate that the surge deposits are a facies of particularly mobile nuées ardentes that also deposited channeled block-and-ash flow facies. They further suggest that the surge facies beyond the channel margins correlate laterally with a finer-grained sublayer locally developed at the base of the block-and-ash flow facies. Eyewitness reports suggest that the emplacement of the block-and-ash flow facies in the distal part of the Boyong river may have followed, by a short time interval, the destruction and deposition of the surge facies at Turgo village. The stratigraphy is in accord with the eyewitness reports. The surge facies was emplaced by a dilute surge current, detached from the same dome-collapse nuée ardente that, as a separate flow unit, subsequently emplaced the distal block-and-ash deposit in the Boyong valley. The detachment occurred at higher elevations, likely at or above the slope break at about 2000 m elevation. This flow separation enabled the surge current to shortcut over the landscape and to emplace its deposit even as the block-and-ash flow continued its tortuous southward movement in the Boyong channel. Dome-collapse nuée ardente activity formed the bulk of the eruption, which was accompanied by virtually no significant vertical summit explosive activity.     

Attenuation of coda waves and Q_c value beneath the Chengdu telemetered seismic network

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上海测震、地球物理台站隔离电源系统应用与改进

上海测震、地球物理台站运行中,因电源系统和雷电而导致的故障占了较大比例。为提升台站运行质量而研发的隔离电源系统,可有效地将市电与台站设备间进行物理隔离,杜绝了雷击通过交流电供电途径的串入。该系统研制成功后,在上海测震台站试运行,其间发现了系统的一些缺陷,技术人员进行多次改进,提升了系统的整体性能。该系统已在多个测震、地球物理台站应用,取得了显著的防雷、防浪涌效果。     

Influence of non-linear effects upon surge elevations along the west coast of Britain

A two-dimensional vertically integrated hydrodynamic finite-element model of the west coast of Britain is used to examine the response of the region to extreme meteorological forcing. The extent to which tide–surge interaction modifies the computed surge elevation and current distributions is examined in detail. The nature of the finite-element model with its ability to refine the mesh in nearshore regions is ideal for examining the influence of non-linear effects upon surges in these regions. Calculations using spatially uniform orthogonal wind stresses show that the surge elevation and current in shallow water are particularly sensitive to the method used to remove the tide as a result of the highly non-linear nature of the tide–surge interaction in these regions. The most accurate means of de-tiding the solution is by subtracting a tide derived by harmonic analysis of the tide and surge time series at the time of the surge. Subtracting a tide-only solution (the usual approach) leads to tidal energy leaking into the surge solution. Calculations show that this arises because the surge modifies the tidal amplitude and phase in shallow-water regions to such an extent that they are appreciably different to those found in the tide-only calculation. Results suggest that this problem becomes more important, as nearshore meshes are refined in an attempt to improve surge prediction. This suggests that in the future, highly accurate fine-mesh models will be required to compute total water levels without the present linear separation into tidal and surge signal used in operational surge prediction.     

An ignimbrite veneer deposit: The trail-marker of a pyroclastic flow

The term “ignimbrite veneer deposit” (IVD) is proposed for a new kind of pyroclastic deposit which is found associated with, and passes laterally into, Taupo ignimbrite of valley pond type in New Zealand. It forms a thin layer mantling the landscape over 15,000 km², and is regarded as the deposit from the trailing “tail” of a pyroclastic flow, where a relaxation of shear stress favoured the deposition of the basal part of the flow. The IVD differs little in grain-size from the associated ignimbrite, but it shows a crude internal stratification attributed to the deposition of a succession of layers, one after the passage of each pulse of the pyroclastic flow. It locally contains laterally-discontinuous lenses of coarse pumice (“lee-side lenses”) on the far-vent side of topographic obstacles. In nearvent exposures the Taupo IVD shows lensoid and cross-stratified bed-forms even where it stands on a planar surface, attributed to deposition from a flow travelling at an exceedingly high velocity.An IVD can be distinguished from a poorly sorted pyroclastic fall deposit because the beds in it show more rapid lateral variations in thickness, it may show a low-angle cross-stratification, and it contains carbonised wood from trees not in the position of growth; from the deposit of a wet base surge because it lacks vesicles and strong antidune-like structures and contains carbonised vegetation, and from a hot and dry pyroclastic surge deposit because it possesses a high content of pumice and “fines”.The significance of an IVD is that it records the passage of a pyroclastic flow, where the flow itself has moved farther on.     

Influence of rooftop telecommunication tower on set back-step back building resting on different ground slopes

In the hilly region due to scarcity of the plain area, buildings like set back-step back are more often used and also as a big surge in the telecommunication industries, rooftop tower adaptation is very common story nowadays. In the present study an analogy has been drawn to find out the influence of the rooftop telecommunication tower on the setback-step back building resting on ground at 20° and 30° slopes. A dynamic analysis has been performed and compared on the 4 legged angled section telecommunication tower which is located on the roof top of set back-step back building by varying positions of tower with the existing host structure built up on ground slope of 20° and 30° in both directions(X and Y).     

Swift snowmelt and floods (lahars) caused by great pyroclastic surge at Mount St Helens volcano,Washington, 18 May 1980

The initial explosions at Mount St. Helens, Washington, on the moring of 18 May 1980 developed into a huge pyroclastic surge that generated catastrophic floods off the east and west flanks of the volcano. Near-source surge deposits on the east and west were lithic, sorted, lacking in accretionary lapilli and vesiculated ash, not plastered against upright obstacles, and hot enough to char wood — all attributes of dry pyroclastic surge. Material deposited at the surge base on steep slopes near the volcano transformed into high-concentration lithic pyroclastic flows whose deposits contain charred wood and other features indicating that these flows were hot and dry. Stratigraphy shows that even the tail of the surge had passed the east and west volcano flanks before the geomorphically distinct floods (lahars) arrived. This field evidence undermines hypotheses that the turbulent surge was itself wet and that its heavy components segregated out to transform directly into lahars. Nor is there evidence that meters-thick snow-slab avalanches intimately mixed with the surge to form the floods. The floods must have instead originated by swift snowmelt at the base of a hot and relatively dry turbulent surge. Impacting hot pyroclasts probably transferred downslope momentum to the snow surface and churned snow grains into the surge base. Melting snow and accumulating hot surge debris may have moved initially as thousands of small thin slushflows. As these flows removed the surface snow and pyroclasts, newly uncovered snow was partly melted by the turbulent surge base; this and accumulating hot surge debris in turn began flowing, a self-sustaining process feeding the initial flows. The flows thus grew swiftly over tens of seconds and united downslope into great slushy ejecta-laden sheetfloods. Gravity accelerated the floods to more than 100 km/h as they swept down and off the volcano flanks while the snow component melted to form great debris-rich floods (lahars) channeled into valleys.     

海啸及风暴潮灾害简介

地震海啸和风暴潮是严重的海洋灾害，2004年底印度洋大海啸更是震撼了全世界。本文对海啸和风暴潮的定义、性质、特征、历史上和近代的严重海啸及风暴潮灾害作了简单介绍。指出建立和完善海啸和风暴潮预警系统，可以在一旦海啸和风暴潮发生后，提前发出警报信息，争取到几十分钟甚至几十小时时间，从而极大地减轻海啸和风暴潮灾害。