西昆仑奥东布拉克地区火山岩成因探讨

西昆仑奥东布拉克地区阿羌岩组火山岩平均含量Si O2为49.49%,Ti O2为1.07%,Al2O3为14.96%,ALK均值为3.38%,Na2O/K2O均值为1.46,表明岩石属于钙碱性向碱性(偏碱性)系列过渡的岩石类型。稀土元素配分模式图显示岩石轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损,具有弱正Eu异常,指示岩浆没有经历明显的分异作用。微量元素显示,岩石富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损Ta、Nb、Hf等活动性弱的高场强元素,指示岩石形成于岛弧的构造环境。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示火山岩锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为474.2±4.3 Ma,表明阿羌岩组火山岩形成于奥陶世而不是前人认为的石炭纪。     

大兴安岭东沟营林站地区中生代火山岩地质地球化学特征及其成因意义

东沟营林站地区位于大兴安岭火山岩带北部,区内岩浆活动强烈,发育从早古生代到中生代不同时期的中酸性火山岩。在详细野外地质调查的基础上,通过研究中生代火山岩岩石学特征及岩石化学数据,发现区内中生代火山岩主要为中酸性-酸性岩石,属于钙碱性系列,w(K2O)、w(Na2)O、w(TiO2)、w(FeOt)、w(MgO)、w(CaO)、w(Al2O3)、w(P2O5)与w(SiO2)具有较好的相关性,反映了岩浆分离结晶演化趋势;稀土元素大多具有铕负异常,配分曲线右倾,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特征;微量元素的过渡族元素Cr、Co、Ni质量分数较低,大离子亲石元素Sr亏损,Rb富集,高场强元素Nb、P、Ti亏损。综合研究表明,其中生代火山岩岩浆来源于下地壳,同时与上地壳混染较多。其形成环境为古亚洲洋构造域向滨太平洋构造域转变的阶段,受蒙古-鄂霍茨克海造山后伸展和西太平洋板块俯冲双重作用的影响。     

内蒙古中心屯地区晚侏罗世火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其成因意义

中心屯地区位于大兴安岭火山岩带中南段,区内岩浆活动强烈,发育有中生代不同时期的基性-酸性火山岩。在野外地质调查的基础上,通过研究晚侏罗世火山岩岩石学特征及岩石化学数据,发现区内晚侏罗世火山岩主要为中性-酸性岩石,属于钙碱性系列;稀土元素大都具有铕负异常,配分曲右倾,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特点;微量元素的过渡元素Cr、Co、Ni含量较低,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K等,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,亏损Nb、Th、Ti、P等高场强元素。综合分析表明,晚侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源于地壳。其形成环境处于亚洲大陆边缘断陷带,受太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响。     

滇西南澜沧江带官房地区三叠纪火山岩地质地球化学特征及其构造环境

官房地区火山岩属三江构造带南澜沧江构造岩浆带北段,中晚三叠世喷发了一套由中三叠统忙怀组酸性火山岩和上三叠统小定西组基性火山岩组成的火山岩系。忙怀组酸性火山岩以高硅、富钾、低钛为特征,SiO2含量平均为75·49%,K2O含量平均为3·88%,TiO2含量平均为0·136%,A/CNK>1·1(平均为1·53),属高钾钙碱性流纹质火山岩类;∑REE平均为276·85×10-6,富集轻稀土元素,具强Eu负异常,微量元素在蛛网图上显示出K、Rb、Ba、Th强烈富集,而Ti、P则明显亏损。小定西组也以富钾为特征(K2O含量平均为2·68%),里特曼指数σ在2·23~9·24之间(平均为6·27),为高钾钙碱性玄武岩钾玄岩系列,∑REE平均为171·83×10-6,轻度富集轻稀土元素,稀土元素配分型式为缓右倾斜平坦型,无Eu或弱的负Eu异常;微量元素配分模式以K、Rb、Ba、Th强烈富集,Ti、Y、Yb、Cr则明显亏损为特征。南澜沧江带三叠纪火山岩系的地质、岩石组合和地球化学特征表明其为活动大陆边缘弧的产物。     

羌塘中部各拉丹冬一带鄂尔陇巴组火山岩特征及其构造环境

分布于羌塘中部各拉丹冬一带鄂尔陇巴组火山岩，锆石U—Pb同位素年龄值为212Ma，时代属晚三叠世。岩性主要为由玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩和凝灰岩等组成的一套基性一中性一中酸性一酸性岩石组合。主元素以低TiO2、富碱(K2O Na2O)为特征，为钙碱性系列至碱性系列，球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分模式为LREE中等富集型，MORB标准化的微量元素配分型式表现为大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba及高场强元素Th的高度富集和Ti的亏损，Ba／L平均为32．46，显示岩浆形成于岛弧构造环境。Sr、Nd同位素地球化学也支持这一结论。地质、地球化学及年代学综合分析研究表明，各拉丹冬一带鄂尔陇巴组火山岩形成于晚三叠世岛弧构造环境。     

内蒙古扎鲁特旗地区晚侏罗世火山岩岩石学及地球化学特征

为了探讨内蒙古扎鲁特旗地区晚侏罗世火山岩成因及其构造背景,在详细的野外地质调查基础上,从岩石学、岩石地球化学、稀土元素和微量元素特征方面对其进行了研究。结果表明,研究区晚侏罗世火山岩为中性—酸性的火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩组合。化学成分显示其以安山岩、粗面安山岩、粗面(英安)岩和流纹岩为主,属于高钾钙-碱性系列岩石,并富碱、高铝。稀土元素总量变化大,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,配分曲线右倾,具Eu负异常;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、Th和LREE,亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ti、P,基性相容组分Cr、Co、Ni质量分数和Mg#较低,显示出岩浆来源于下地壳,并混染了上地壳物质;w(SiO2)与大多数常量元素(Na2O、K2O、TiO2、TFeO、MgO、CaO、Al2O3和P2O5)质量分数具有很好的相关性,反映同源岩浆的演化特征和岩浆结晶分异演化的趋势。综合研究表明,火山岩形成于张性构造环境,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合造山之后因重力坍塌岩石圈伸展减薄作用有关。     

青海鄂拉山地区陆相火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境

鄂拉山岩浆岩带晚三叠世火山岩为中-中酸性火山岩组合,由玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩及少量火山碎屑岩等组成,岩石蚀变强烈,成层性差,柱状节理发育,具典型的陆相喷发特点.火山岩属铝饱和类型,里特曼指数(δ)及岩石学等显示具钙碱性特征, (FeO/MgO)、K2 O/Na2O显示可能具有陆缘岛弧环境的特性;轻稀土元素分馏程度高且富集,δEu小于1,为弱负异常,稀土元素配分模式曲线与岛弧型稀土元素配分模式图相似;微量元素Rb、Ba、Th等元素明显富集,而Ti、Y、Yb、Sc、Cr等元素较亏损.Nb/Zr、La/Nb、Th/Ta、Th×Ta/Hf2等特征反映鄂拉山组火山岩产于陆缘火山弧环境.结合区域地质背景、岩石地球化学及构造环境等特征,认为鄂拉山地区晚三叠世火山岩产于大陆碰撞与陆缘弧并存的环境.     

哀牢山—金沙江构造带白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床Ⅰ号含矿岩体铂族元素地球化学特征及其构造意义

白马寨I号岩体是哀牢山—金沙江构造带白马寨Cu-Ni矿区内最大的一个含矿基性—超基性岩体,从中心向边缘依次由含矿橄榄岩、矿化辉石岩和辉长岩3个相带组成环状体。从中心相到边缘相,岩石中SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O和K2O含量逐渐增加,TFe、MgO含量降低;稀土元素中w(∑REE)、w(LREE)/w(HREE)逐渐增加,δEu由负异常到正异常演变;微量元素具有大离子亲石元素和高场强元素逐渐增加、强亲岩浆元素逐渐降低的演变特征。铂族元素配分模式为Pt-Pd型,w(Pt)/w(Pd)比值为0.32~0.68,介于富硫化物拉斑玄武岩(0.38)和原始上地幔(1.36)之间,以及稀土元素配分模式、微量元素蛛网图和铂族元素配分模式中不同岩石配分曲线的相似性揭示3个相带不同岩石之间的高度一致性,展示基性—超基性岩形成于玄武质岩浆演化、熔离及岩浆一次性侵入、分异成岩成矿的特征。矿区内地层层序稳定,岩体与沉积岩之间的侵入接触关系及w(Zr)-w(Y)-w(Nb)图解说明白马寨岩体形成于陆内环境。岩体的低Ti含量、Th强烈正异常和含矿橄榄岩负Eu异常,以及w(Th)/w(Ta)比值、w(Th)/w(Nb)比值和w(Pd)/w(Pt)比值及Ir族元素配分曲线明显不同于峨眉山玄武岩和典型的地幔柱玄武岩,而与大陆裂谷玄武岩非常相近,说明白马寨I号岩体形成于大陆裂谷环境。     

中条山铜矿峪铜矿区火山岩的地球化学特征及构造背景

对铜矿峪火山岩进行常量元素、微量元素及稀土元素研究表明,SiO2质量分数为47.22%～76.00%,平均66.21%,Al2O3含量为11.03%～20.03%,属铝饱和类型。通过常量元素投点图分析,属一种高钾系列火山岩。稀土元素特征表明,火山岩的源岩浆来源于上地慢。在微量元素的球粒陨石标准化图上,表现为不相容元素Rb、K、Ba、Th的高度富集,同时,具有Sr、Tb和Nb、Ti的亏损,其总体配分型式类似于板内拉斑玄武岩。     

西秦岭教场坝岩体岩浆混合成因的新认识

教场坝岩体是一岩浆多次脉动形成的复式深成岩体,由3个单元组成,它是岩浆混合作用形成的混合花岗岩,在混染较强的花岗闪长岩中分布有大量的镁铁质包体.寄主岩化学成份贫SiO2,富FeO* Mgo,铝饱和度(A/CNK)＞1.0,岩石为过铝质类型,KzO/Na2O＞1.0;镁铁质包体(MME)富SiO2,贫FeO* MgO,铝饱和度(A/CNK)＜1.0,K2O/Na2O＜1.0,二者均为钙碱性系列,两者间有明显的物质交换.包体与寄主岩石微量元素均富集大离子亲石元素Ba,Sr,Rb,Sm,Be及高场强元素Nb,Th等,亲铁元素Co,Cr,Ni也相对富集,但二者演化规律不同;稀土元素总量寄主岩相对较低(REE=254.78×10-6),稀土配分模式发育明显的铕负异常,δEu值较低(平均0.48);镁铁质包体稀土总量相时较高(REE=298.75×10-6),配分模式发育极微弱的铕负异常,δEu值较高(平均0.78).研究表明:镁铁质包体具幔源型花岗岩类特征,而寄主岩石二长花岗岩具壳源型花岗岩特征,包体与寄主岩石具不同的岩浆来源.氧同素显示镁铁质包体中有大量地壳物质的加入,教场坝岩体的形成与岩浆混合作用有关,是酸性岩浆与基性岩浆混合的产物.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.