滇西红牛矽卡岩型铜矿床石榴子石特征

红牛矽卡岩型铜矿床是义敦岛弧南段格咱火山-岩浆弧新探明的铜矿床之一,目前探明铜金属资源量已达大型规模。与由侵入岩和大理岩直接接触形成的典型矽卡岩矿床不同,红牛铜矿床是隐伏岩体远程矽卡岩化的产物,其矽卡岩矿体与地层产状基本一致,通常相间排列,且距离岩体较远,大理岩中可见粗粒石榴子石和硅灰石,矽卡岩中常见大理岩捕掳体。根据矽卡岩矿物组合可将该矿床矽卡岩类型划分为石榴子石矽卡岩、石榴子石透辉石(或透辉石石榴子石)矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩、符山石-石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石-石榴子石矽卡岩、绿帘石-石榴子石矽卡岩、阳起石-绿帘石矽卡岩、硅灰石矽卡岩和绿帘石矽卡岩,其中以石榴子石矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩和硅灰石矽卡岩为主。石榴子石是最重要的矽卡岩矿物,分布广泛、颜色变化大,且石榴子石矽卡岩中黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿化最好。本文通过对0ZK10、3ZK11和7ZK16钻孔岩芯的地质编录,查明石榴子石在红牛铜矿床的空间分布和矿化特征,采集该矿区新鲜的石榴子石矽卡岩、矽卡岩化大理岩和角岩磨制成光薄片,开展详细的显微镜下鉴定工作,观察石榴子石的颜色、粒度、结构、光性等岩相学特征,并通过电子探针分析其化学成分。红牛铜矿床石榴子石集中产出于矽卡岩中,少量产出于矽卡岩化大理岩和角岩中,具有明显的两期。早期石榴子石分布广泛,多呈褐色-红褐色,非均质性,异常干涉色,粒径一般在0.2~4mm之间,半自形-自形中细粒结构,韵律环带发育。SiO2含量变化范围为35.18%~37.69%、CaO为33.34%~36.35%、Al2O3为3.64%~13.69%、FeO为11.90%~24.18%、MgO为0.00%~0.08%,FeO和Al2O3含量变化呈负相关,SiO2和CaO含量变化整体呈正相关。石榴子石端员组分总体以钙铁榴石(36.88%~82.36%)为主,其次为钙铝榴石(16.59%~60.75%),还有少量的镁铝榴石、铁铝榴石和锰铝榴石,属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列(And37-82Gro17-61Spe+Pyr+Alm0.33-3.71)。晚期石榴子石呈浅褐色-浅红色,多发育于矽卡岩化角岩和大理岩中,少量发育于矽卡岩中,半自形-他形粒状结构,均质性,全消光,常具有溶蚀结构。SiO2含量变化范围为35.06%~36.27%、CaO为33.07%~33.77%、Al2O3为0.04%~1.05%、FeO为27.38%~28.18%、MgO为0.00%~0.04%,属于钙铁榴石(94.42%~98.46%)。早期石榴子石韵律环带发育,其主量元素含量变化显示出一定的规律性,由核部向边缘,SiO2和CaO基本保持不变,FeO含量增加,Al2O3含量减少,钙铁榴石含量增加,钙铝榴石含量减少,反映在石榴子石形成早期,成岩环境为低氧逸度、酸性还原环境;形成过程中氧逸度增加,成矿溶液由酸性向弱碱性演化。黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、辉钼矿等金属硫化物多呈他形充填于石榴子石颗粒之间,或在石榴子石的裂隙中形成细脉,或沿石榴子石生长环带面交代,表明石榴子石形成于矽卡岩早期、早于铜矿化,并为金属硫化物的沉淀富集提供了空间。     

哈萨克斯坦萨亚克大型铜矿田矿物学特征及其地质意义

哈萨克斯坦萨亚克大型铜矿田中, 矽卡岩型矿床的矿体赋存于石炭系灰岩与花岗岩类的接触带上, 矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩。矽卡岩矿物主要由石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石、绿泥石等组成, 矿石矿物主要发育黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、辉钴矿等。萨亚克矽卡岩型矿床成矿作用分为5个阶段: 透辉石-石榴子石矽卡岩阶段、石榴子石矽卡岩阶段、绿帘石-磁铁矿阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。电子探针分析结果表明, 矿区矽卡岩属典型的钙质矽卡岩。 其中石榴子石发育3种类型, 均属钙铝-钙铁榴石固溶体系列, 自早期透辉石-石榴子石矽卡岩阶段至晚期石榴子石矽卡岩阶段, 由钙铁榴石向钙铝-钙铁榴石转变, 并且钙铁-钙铝榴石与矿化关系最为密切。其中具环带结构的石榴子石中钙铁与钙铝含量随环带呈韵律性变化, 表明生长过程中成分具震荡性变化, 形成于不完全封闭的平衡条件, 指示流体的多期次多阶段性; 辉石以透辉石为主; 绿帘石属绿帘石族中绿帘石范畴; 磁铁矿TFeO含量高, 与其他氧化物成分呈负相关关系。石英硫化物阶段早期发育黄铜矿-黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-白铁矿、黄铜矿-辉钴矿矿物组合; 晚期为主要矿化阶段, 发育大量致密块状黄铜矿。黄铜矿显示贫硫富铜、铁特征; 黄铁矿为亏硫型; 磁黄铁矿属贫钴富镍型。矽卡岩矿物共生组合及石榴子石成分演化等矿物学特征显示, 成矿过程中随着温度及氧逸度的降低, 成矿热液由弱碱性向酸性演化, 伴随热液在接触带的中和作用, 以黄铜矿为主的金属硫化物富集沉淀。     

内蒙古北山老硐沟金矿石榴子石地球化学特征

老硐沟金矿是北山成矿带东段发现的中型金矿床,是多期次多阶段成矿作用叠加的产物,矿床成因类型复杂。矿床共分为5个矿段,其中Ⅲ矿段以矽卡岩矿体为主。矽卡岩矿物以石榴子石为主,可分为早、晚两期,早期石榴子石更具震荡环带。通过详细的镜下观察和电子探针对两期石榴子石进行了系统研究,早期石榴子石核部以钙铝榴石组分为主,向边部为钙铁-钙铝过渡组分;晚期石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主。石榴子石化学成分特征表明,早期矽卡岩化阶段,热液环境为中酸性、弱氧化—弱还原环境;后期铁质含量增多,氧逸度增加,热液环境碱性、氧化性增强。老硐沟金矿Ⅲ矿段石榴子石为钙铁-钙铝榴石系列,属热液交代成因,早期多形成钙铝-钙铁榴石,伴随铜矿化,晚期热液环境变化,钙铁榴石增多,黄铁矿化、毒砂矿化增多,造成金富集成矿。     

湖北金山店大型矽卡岩型铁矿石榴子石原位微区分析及其地质意义

本文利用电子探针(EMPA)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)对湖北金山店大型矽卡岩型铁矿中的石榴子石开展了原位微区分析研究,并探讨其成分变化所蕴含的地质意义。金山店铁矿中的石榴子石可以分为早晚两期:早期石榴子石为钙铝榴石和钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石系列,而晚期石榴子石则主要为钙铁榴石,不同阶段石榴子石成分的变化暗示从早到晚流体氧化性增强。晚期石榴子石相比早期石榴子石富含大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土元素。早期石榴子石中钙铝榴石强烈富集HREE,稀土配分模式为左倾型;而钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石系列则轻重稀土元素分异相对较小。不同的晚期石榴子石样品之间REE含量、δEu和轻重稀土分异程度差异较大,甚至个别石榴子石颗粒不同部位的差异也较大,暗示其形成过程中流体性质发生了剧烈的变化,可能与含膏盐地层的加入有关。石榴子石原位微区分析研究暗示含膏盐地层加入金山店铁矿成矿体系可能具有不均一性和阶段性。     

安徽安庆铜铁矿床矽卡岩岩相学和矿物学特征及意义

安庆铜铁矿床系长江中下游铁铜成矿带中一典型矽卡岩型矿床.矿体产于月山岩体与下三叠统南陵湖组碳酸盐岩之间的接触带,外接触带矽卡岩中透辉石富集,以铁铜矿化为主;内接触带矽卡岩中石榴子石富集,以铜矿化为主.岩相学研究表明研究区含铜矽卡岩演化经历了矽卡岩期和热液蚀变期,其中,矽卡岩期包括早期矽卡岩阶段、磁铁矿阶段和晚期矽卡岩阶段;热液蚀变期包括早期热液交代阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段.大规模的黄铜矿化发生于石英-硫化物阶段.矿物学研究表明,石榴子石均为钙铁榴石,早期矽卡岩阶段的粒状石榴子石发育韵律环带,其FeO和Al2O3含量表现为振荡变化.与粒状石榴子石相比,晚期矽卡岩阶段脉状石榴子石的And组分更高.早期矽卡岩阶段的粒状辉石为透辉石,具有环带结构,由核部到边部MgO含量减少,FeO含量增加;晚期矽卡岩阶段的脉状辉石为钙铁辉石.空间上,从外接触带到内接触带,辉石的MgO含量与石榴子石的Al2O3含量分别减少,而FeO含量均分别增加.岩相学、矿物学,结合已有地球化学研究成果综合表明,安庆铜铁矿矽卡岩为岩浆热液接触交代成因,Mg来自碳酸盐岩,由外带向内带迁移;Fe来自岩浆热液,由内带向外带迁移,由于磁铁矿阶段的温压条件改变,Fe在外接触带以磁铁矿的形式沉淀富集.     

安徽贵池铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床蚀变矿化分带特征及其成因

铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床产于长江中下游铁铜成矿带中的安庆—贵池矿集区。研究区矽卡岩化与矿化发生于碳酸盐岩地层与花岗闪长斑岩间的接触带中,蚀变及矿化具有水平与垂向分带特征。水平方向上,靠近岩体的矽卡岩中石榴子石含量较高,远离岩体的矽卡岩中透辉石含量较高;靠近大理岩带发育钙铁辉石矽卡岩,远离大理岩带的灰岩硅化较强。垂向上,从上到下依次为角岩带、钙质矽卡岩带和镁质矽卡岩带。矿物成分研究表明,靠近岩体处氧化性较强,石榴子石的钙铁榴石端员含量高;铜多富集于含石英脉的岩体、距岩体略远的矽卡岩、角岩或大理岩中,而锌多富集于硅化灰岩及远离岩体的矽卡岩中。研究表明,该矿床中蚀变矿化经历了进变期和退变期,包括接触热变质阶段、进化交代阶段和早退化蚀变阶段、晚退化蚀变阶段。其中,大规模的黄铜矿化主要发生于早退化蚀变阶段,且在岩浆演化晚期进一步富集于斑岩石英脉中。     

鄂东南铜绿山矿床石榴子石显微结构及微区成分对成矿过程的指示

鄂东南矿集区铜绿山矿床是典型的矽卡岩型铜铁多金属矿床,矿体产出在铜绿山岩体与三叠系碳酸盐地层的接触带。尽管本矿床的研究程度很高,但对早期成矿流体的成分与演化及矿质富集沉淀等过程的精细制约依然比较欠缺。石榴子石在铜绿山矿床中分布广泛,本文对不同产状的石榴子石利用SEM显微结构、EPMA主量元素和LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,去探讨石榴子石的生长动力学及其对成矿过程的指示。大理岩和镁质外矽卡岩中的石榴子石均以钙铝榴石为主,端元成分比较均一,∑REE含量低(3. 01×10~(-6)～14. 34×10~(-6)),具有弱的Eu异常、轻微富集LREE的模式。钙质外矽卡岩和内矽卡岩中的石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主,端元成分变化较大,单颗粒从核部到边部Fe含量具有增加的趋势,其∑REE含量较高(22. 71×10~(-6)～806. 8×10~(-6)),具有明显的正Eu异常、极度富集LREE亏损HREE的模式。大理岩中的钙铝榴石环带不发育,表明在晶体生长过程中,界面反应速率很慢且物质迁移以扩散为主;而镁质外矽卡岩中的钙铝榴石可见振荡环带,表明界面反应速率比以扩散为主要方式的物质迁移快,这与白云石相对于方解石具有较低的反应吉布斯自由能,因此较难被热液消耗有关;钙质外矽卡岩中的钙铁榴石振荡环带清晰,该类石榴子石只有在界面反应速率较快且物质迁移方式以对流为主的情况下才能形成;内矽卡岩中的钙铁榴石的环带杂乱,尽管其形成的动力学模式与钙质外矽卡岩中的类似,但由于其距离岩体更近,热量迁移困难,在结晶生长受阻的同时由于对流提供的充足物质使得原先的环带发生溶解再沉淀进而形成结构混乱的再吸收环带。上述生长动力学模式也能够很好的对应Nb、Ta含量的脱耦和轻重稀土分异的特征。铜绿山不同产状的石榴子石中,外矽卡岩带中钙铁榴石Eu含量最高,而Eu~(2+)与成矿金属元素一样可被Cl-络合的,其含量的高低可能指示了对应的成矿元素在成矿热液中的浓度。石榴子石环带自核部向边部Fe含量具有逐渐增加的趋势,反应干矽卡岩阶段从早到晚,热液中的金属成矿元素含量增加。     

湘南黄沙坪多金属矿床石榴子石地球化学特征及其对Cu与W-Sn复合成矿机理的指示

黄沙坪矿床位于钦杭成矿带与南岭成矿带的交汇部位,是湘南地区矽卡岩-热液脉型Cu多金属与矽卡岩型W-Sn多金属复合成矿作用的典型代表。为厘清区内Cu与W-Sn成矿物理化学条件以及成矿流体的性质,本文对黄沙坪矿床两类矽卡岩中的石榴子石开展电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位微区主微量元素研究。结果表明,成W-Sn矿矽卡岩中石榴子石为钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石(平均And71. 3-Gro23. 8)固溶体系列,具有一致的稀土元素配分模式,轻重稀土分异不明显,负Eu异常显著,明显亏损La,∑REE含量与Fe~(3+)/(Fe~(3+)+Al)具有负相关关系,具有较高的U含量,表明石榴子石可能是在相对还原的环境下缓慢结晶形成的。石榴子石中W和Sn的含量随石榴子石中钙铝榴石的比例增加而减少,有利于W-Sn在晚期热液中富集成矿。与Cu矿有关矽卡岩中的石榴子石几乎为纯的钙铁榴石(平均And90. 1-Gro9. 2),具有低的U、∑REE含量,轻重稀土元素分异明显,相对富集轻稀土,具有明显正Eu异常,表明石榴子石具有较快的生长速度,成矿流体具有相对较高的氧逸度和Cl的含量,这种环境有利于Cu在岩浆热液中迁移和富集成矿。因此,早期成矿流体成分以及氧化还原条件的差异可能是导致黄沙坪矿床W-Sn与Cu成矿差异的重要原因。     

湖南宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床矿物学特征及其地质意义

宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床位于我国南岭成矿带中段北缘,是南岭成矿带中的重要类型之一。宝山矿床具有明显的水平分带性,即以花岗闪长斑岩为中心的铜钼矿化,周边是铅锌银矿化。本文通过对宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床中的石榴子石、透辉石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿等矿物进行矿物学研究及电子探针测试分析,归纳总结出：宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床成矿期次为矽卡岩阶段、退变质与氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段;矿床石榴石端员组分总体以钙铁榴石（23.48%~90.39%）为主,其次为钙铝榴石（5.81%~71.27%）;辉石的成分端员以透辉石（Di_61-95）为主,石榴子石成分和透辉石组分与世界上典型矽卡岩型铜矿的石榴子石和透辉石组分十分相似,属于典型的矽卡岩型铜矿床。从宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床硫化物中黄铁矿、闪锌矿矿物成分组成可以看出,该矿床硫化物为岩浆热液成因,并呈现出北东向比南西向成矿温度高的特征。     

新疆北部喇嘛苏铜矿床成矿时代与构造背景：来自石榴子石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年的证据

石榴子石是矽卡岩型矿床中最常见的蚀变矿物,石榴子石U-Pb定年技术的发展应用为准确限定矽卡岩成矿作用时代提供了新手段。我国西天山地区发育大量矽卡岩型铜矿床,由于缺乏精确的成矿年代学数据,制约了矿床成因和成矿动力学背景认识的深入。为了精确厘定西天山地区矽卡岩型铜矿化时代,本文选取代表性的喇嘛苏大型铜矿床矽卡岩带中石榴子石为研究对象,利用电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位U-Pb定年技术开展了矿物成分和年代学分析。根据喇嘛苏矿床石榴子石的岩相学特征,将其分为红棕色石榴子石、浅棕色石榴子石和黄绿色石榴子石三类。电子探针分析显示,三类石榴子石的端元组分均主要为钙铁榴石(56.96%～85.09%),其次为钙铝榴石(14.33%～43.85%),属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列。U-Pb定年获得3件石榴子石的加权平均年龄介于(389.1±2.0)～(387.0±2.3)Ma之间,表明成矿时间为中泥盆世。结合区域构造演化史,喇嘛苏矽卡岩型铜矿床形成于北天山洋壳的俯冲环境。     

Rare Earth Elements as an Indicator to Origins of Skarn Deposits: Examples of the Kamioka Zn-Pb and Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(–Fe) Deposits in Japan

Abstract: Systematic data of rare earth elements (REEs) are presented in order to put some constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids responsible for two contrastive skarn deposits in Japan; the Kamioka Zn-Pb and Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits. Carbon and oxygen isotopic studies have demonstrated that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits are of meteoric water origin whereas those for the Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits are of magmatic water origin. The REE abundances of epidote skarn derived from aluminous rocks, garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn derived from limestone, and interstitial calcite associated with sulfide minerals were determined for these contrastive skarn deposits by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A significant difference in the REE concentrations is not found between epidote skarn and aluminous original rock (plagioclase-clinopyroxene rock, called Inishi rock) from the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits, indicating that the REEs are generally immobile during the formation of epidote skarn, and that the REE concentrations of the hydrothermal fluid are considerably low relative to the aluminous original rock. In contrast, the epidote skarn exhibits enrichment of Eu with increasing total REE concentrations relative to the aluminous original rock (quartz diorite) in the Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits, implying a contribution of magmatic fluid derived from granitoids during the skarn formation. Limestone generally has much lower REE concentrations related to surrounding aluminous rocks, and thus the REE concentrations of garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn, originated from limestone, are variable due to the interaction with the hydrothermal fluids. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of garnet, clinopyroxene, and interstitial calcite exactly provide useful information on origins of hydrothermal fluids. The REE patterns of these minerals from the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits show lower (Pr/Yb)cn ratios, and negative Ce and Eu anomalies inherited from limestone with the decrease of This suggests that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits were depleted in REEs, and were not magmatic water in origin, but presumably meteoric one. In striking contrast, the REE patterns of exoskarn minerals and calcite from the Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits exhibit a positive Eu anomaly, and high (Pr/Yb)cn ratios with the considerable increase of σREE and the disappearance of negative Ce anomaly, implying that the fluids were dominantly of magmatic origin. The REE indices are very likely to be an excellent indicator to origins of the skarn deposits.     

论中国斑岩、矽卡岩型铜、钼矿床的形成与地壳演化的关系

根据中国120个斑岩、矽卡岩型铜、钼矿床的研究表明:中国斑岩、矽卡岩钢、钼矿床形成于地壳发展的一定阶段,一定构造单元。即形成于吕梁期之后的地槽褶皱区和印支期之后的地洼区,特别是后者,它是中国斑岩、矽卡岩铜、钼矿床发育最盛时期。它们分别占中国该类铜、钼矿床总量的84.7％,96.6％斑岩、矽卡岩铜、钼矿床的形成主要是由于地洼或地槽褶皱时期构造、岩浆活动改造或活化、迁移、富集原地层中的成矿物质或矿源层、层状铜(钼)矿的结果。     

Garnetization as a ground preparation process for copper mineralization: evidence from the Mazraeh skarn deposit, Iran

The Mazraeh Cu–Fe skarn deposit, NW Iran is the result of the intrusion of an Oligocene–Miocene granitic pluton into Cretaceous calcareous rocks. The pluton ranges in composition from monzonite to quartz monzonite, monzogranite, tonalite and granodiorite with I-type, calc-alkaline, and weakly peraluminous characteristics. The Mazraeh pluton was emplaced in a volcanic arc setting in an active continental margin at a depth of ~8 km. Pyroxene skarn, garnet skarn, and epidote skarn zones were formed during the intrusive phase. The garnet skarn developed as exoskarn and endoskarn from the calcareous wall rocks and the pluton, respectively, prior to mineralization. Garnet skarn from the exoskarn zone is identified by relict layering inherited from the precursor calcareous lithologies. Mass balance calculation of garnet skarn in the endoskarn zone indicates that hydrothermal fluids originating from the cooling magma introduced Si, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, P, Ag, Cu, Zn, La, Pb, Cd, Mo, and Y. The main mass loss in the garnet skarn was due to destruction of feldspars in the Mazraeh plutonic rocks and leaching of K₂O and Na₂O. Released Ca has been fixed in the andraditic garnet. Garnetization of the Mazraeh pluton was accompanied by mass and volume increase. The magnitude of these changes depends mainly on the degree of alteration and composition of the precursor. The brittle behavior of the endoskarn zone was increased due to formation of massive garnet which subsequently fractured. These fractures not only facilitated movement of hydrothermal fluids but also provided new locations for Cu mineralization. Therefore locating strongly garnetized zones may be a vector to ore in skarn deposits.     

Skarn mineralogy and its geological significance for the Tayuan (Cu–Mo)–Pb–Zn deposit,northern Daxinganling metallogenic belt

The Tayuan (Cu–Mo)–Pb–Zn deposit is located in the northern part of Daxinganling, NE China. Lenticular ore body occurs in the skarn zone. The skarn minerals mainly include garnet, pyroxene, epidote and wollastonite. Electron microprobe analysis shows that the end member of garnet is mainly andradite (Ad_62–97Gr_11–45), the pyroxene is mainly diopside, and epidote is mainly clinozoisite. These characteristics indicate that the Tayuan polymetallic skarn deposit is mainly calcareous skarn. Sometimes the content zonation can be observed in garnets. With one garnet crystal, content is shifty from the core to the rim. In general, the iron content in the core is higher than in the edge. The content in the garnet shows that the garnet in the Tayuan deposit formed from weak oxidation in alkaline environment with the oxygen fugacity increasing, suggesting that the hydrothermal fluid evolved from an acidic to a slight alkaline state. In the Tayuan polymetallic deposit, the ratio of Mn/Fe in pyroxene is about 1.3, and of Mg/Fe, it is about 2. The components of garnet in the Tayuan deposit plot in the field of the typical skarn Zn, Cu, Mo deposits in the world.     

安徽沿江地区中生代原地和异地矽卡岩岩浆－热液成矿作用

在安徽沿江地区,既分布有大量接触交代成因和叠加复合成因的矽卡岩矿床,也分布有岩浆成因的矽卡岩矿床。本文给出了不同类型岩浆矽卡岩及其矿床的定义,论述了安徽沿江地区中生代岩浆矽卡岩及其矿床的特征,并在此基础上分析了区域中生代矽卡岩岩浆－热液成矿作用。根据矽卡岩岩浆就位位置的不同可将岩浆矽卡岩分成原地矽卡岩和异地矽卡岩两类,相应地将岩浆矽卡岩矿床分成原地矽卡岩矿床和异地矽卡岩矿床两大类。两类矽卡岩及其矿床具有明显不同的特征。在地质产状上,原地矽卡岩岩体常与壳幔同熔岩浆侵入体紧密伴生而分布在壳幔同熔岩浆侵入体与碳酸盐围岩的接触带上,在矽卡岩岩体边缘一般没有冷凝边和烘烤边,但常能见到因同化混染作用不彻底而留下的围岩残留体（多已变质成角岩或大理岩）。与此明显不同的是,异地矽卡岩岩体常分布在断裂带或地层虚脱带中,附近一般没有壳幔同熔岩浆侵入体与其紧密伴生,在矽卡岩岩体边缘一般有冷凝边和烘烤边,有时能见到气孔构造以及石榴石或透辉石堆积岩,但见不到围岩残留体。同时,原地矽卡岩和异地矽卡岩均具有明显的水平分带,但两者明显不同。原地矽卡岩的水平分带常表现为从侵入岩体经矽卡岩往碳酸盐围岩方向依次出现侵入岩→同化混染侵入岩→富铁矽卡岩→富钙矽卡岩→同化混染碳酸盐岩→碳酸盐岩,反映同化混染作用逐渐减弱,而异地矽卡岩的水平分带常表现为从矽卡岩体中央往两边依次出现中粗粒矽卡岩－中细粒矽卡岩,反映随降温速度逐渐增加结晶速度逐渐降低。在矿物组成上,原地矽卡岩中的石榴石包含钙铁榴石、钙铁铝榴石和钙铝榴石,辉石主要为透辉石和钙铁辉石,而异地矽卡岩中的石榴石几乎全是钙铁榴石,辉石全是钙铁辉石。在地球化学方面,相对于原地矽卡岩,异地矽卡岩明显富集W、F、Rb、Be、Fe,而亏损Al、Sr、Ba、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni等元素。在岩相学上,原地矽卡岩和异地矽卡岩大多具有自形等粒结构,其中大多能见到熔融包裹体,但原地矽卡岩中的石榴石和辉石更为自形且常发育良好环带,熔融包裹体的均一温度明显高于异地矽卡岩中熔融包裹体的均一温度。在矿床类型上,原地矽卡岩一般为铜矿床,矿石矿物主要是铜铁硫化物,而异地矽卡岩一般为铁矿床,矿石矿物主要是铁氧化物。通过综合分析,认为原地矽卡岩和异地矽卡岩是由矽卡岩岩浆在原地或异地发生冷却结晶作用形成的,而原地矽卡岩矿床和异地矽卡岩矿床是由原地矽卡岩岩浆和异地矽卡岩岩浆发生熔离作用和结晶分异作用,熔离出的矿浆和分异出的热液发生冷却结晶和交代蚀变作用形成的。     

层控夕卡岩及有关矿床形成过程的稀土元素行为——以安徽冬瓜山矿床为例

对安徽省冬瓜山层控夕卡岩型铜（金）矿床中穿层方向上不同蚀变程度的大理岩，顺层方向上距岩体远近不同但垂向深度的块状石榴子石夕卡岩及其主矿物石榴子石，不同演化阶段的石英及矿石等到的REE特征进行了系统研究，结果显示，在穿层方向上，大理岩被交代的程度愈深其稀土总量（∑REE）愈高，Eu负异常愈显著，尽管，夕卡岩全岩的RE分布模式与原岩（大理岩）相似，但前者的稀土总量（∑REE）远高于后者，且Eu异常更为显著，显然不是继续承原岩的REE特征所致，而是受控于其主矿物石榴子石的REE特征，后者又由参与交代作用的岩浆热液REE所决定，热液中的REE具有缓和右倾型分布模式，LREE富集，较显著的Eu负异常等基本特征，石榴子石晶体基本承袭了热液的REE特征，REE的空间变化特征结果地层的构造特征可以揭示夕卡岩及相关矿体形成过程中流体的输运径及输运方式，REE的研究有助于深化对层控夕卡岩及其相关矿床形成过程的认识。     

Zircon U–Pb geochronological,trace element,and Hf isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Fe and Cu skarn deposits in the Qiman Tagh area,Qinghai Province,Eastern Kunlun Orogen,China

Fe and Cu skarn deposits are very important skarn types worldwide, but it is currently unclear whether the nature of intrusions related to Fe and Cu skarn deposits exerts a key influence on variations in metal associations between Fe and Cu skarn deposits. The Qiman Tagh area of Qinghai Province (QTQP), located in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen (EKO), provides a good opportunity to address this issue. Here, integrating new zircon U–Pb ages, trace elements and Hf isotopes from this study with published data, we constrain the sources of magma associated with Fe and Cu skarn deposits within the QTQP and discuss their role in controlling differences between Fe and Cu skarn deposits.Combined with published data, two discrete suites of the intrusions associated Fe and Cu skarn deposits have been recognized in the QTQP: (1) 245.1 ± 1.5 Ma granodiorite (related to a 245.5 ± 1.6 Ma Cu skarn deposit) has zircon εHf(t) values of −11.9 to −2.1; (2) 235–224 Ma monzonites, quartz monzonites, granodiorite porphyries, monzogranites, and granites associated with 234–225 Ma Fe skarn deposits are characterized by relatively high zircon εHf(t) values (−5.1 to +5.9). The Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data suggest that the intrusions of Suite 1 and 2 were dominantly derived by partial melting of a Mesoproterozoic juvenile mafic lower crust. Suite 2 intrusions associated with Fe skarn deposits have more mantle components in their magma sources than rocks of Suite 1 that are related to a Cu skarn deposit. Furthermore, zircon εHf(t) values of intrusions associated with Fe and Cu skarn deposits in the QTQP show a negative correlation between mantle components in the magma sources and the contents of Cu and Zn in these deposits. Zircon trace elements indicate that the intrusions associated with Fe skarn deposits are relatively less oxidized than the rock associated with Cu skarn deposit in the QTQP, reflecting a positive correlation between crustal components in the magma sources and oxygen fugacity of the magmas. This indicates that different proportions of mantle and crustal materials in the magma sources may affect oxygen fugacity and Fe contents of the magmas, which possibly leads to the variations in metal associations between Fe and Cu skarn deposits in the QTQP. Zircon U–Pb ages, trace elements and Hf isotopic compositions, combined with geological, geochronological, and geochemical evidence, indicates that having different proportions of mantle components in the magma sources of intrusions associated with Fe and Cu skarn deposits is one of the most critical factors controlling differences in metal association between Fe and Cu skarn deposits.     

Granite- and gabbrodiorite-associated skarn deposits of NW Iran

Field and laboratory studies show that there are two types of skarn deposits in NW Iran: granite-associated (type I) and gabbrodiorite-associated (type II). Granite-associated deposits are accompanied by Cu and Fe mineralisation, whereas Mn and Fe are the main ore metals in gabbrodiorite-associated skarn deposits. There are some differences in the mineralogy of these skarn deposits. Bixbyite, piemontite and Cr-bearing garnet are found only in gabbrodiorite-associated skarns, whereas idocrase occurs only in granite-associated deposits. Type II skarns show exoskarn features, whereas some type I skarns have developed endoskarn as well. Evidence of boiling of hydrothermal fluid can be seen in both types and seems to be a common mechanism of mineral deposition. Gabbrodiorite-associated skarns show higher fO₂ than granite-associated deposits. Based on mineralogical and textural evidence, mineralisation in both groups has started from about 550 °C. Early formed anhydrous minerals have begun to be replaced by hydrous minerals from about 400 °C.It seems that due to low fluid content in the gabbrodioritic magma, heated meteoritic water in the surrounding volcanoclastic and tuffaceous rocks was the main source of hydrothermal solution in the gabbrodiorite-associated skarn system.