Remote sensing of cirrus optical and microphysical properties from ground-based infrared radiometric Measurements-part II: retrievals from CRYSTAL-FACE measurements

The ground-based infrared radiance measurements acquired on July 14, 20, and 28, 2002 during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) campaign have been used for simultaneously retrieving the optical thickness and effective particle size on the basis of the retrieval algorithm reported in the preceding counterpart of this paper. The corresponding ice water path is derived from the retrieved optical thickness and effective particle size. Specifically, the data used for the retrieval include: 1) the infrared radiance spectrum observed by an atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer at the surface; 2) the sky condition and cloud height determined from a sky imager and a micropulse lidar; and 3) the sounding data for the profiles of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. For these three case studies, the retrieved cirrus optical thickness, effective particle size, and ice water path are in the range of 0.2-1.5, 18-42 /spl mu/m, and 2-15 g /spl middot/ m/sup -2/, respectively. Furthermore, error analyses show that the retrieval uncertainties of the optical thickness and effective particle size are less than 15% if the uncertainty of water vapor vertical profile is within 5%. The retrieval errors are within 10% if the uncertainty of cloud temperature is within 7 K.     

AMSR-E/2观测辐射值反演水成物参数

基于先进的微波扫描辐射计AMSR-E/2观测的辐射值,利用-维变分算法(1D-Var)反演各类水成物(云水、雨水和云冰)的垂直廓线,并对其反演结果进行检验。以2014年8月台风"夏浪"为例,分两步对变分反演的云微物理参数进行了检验。首先,将反演的各类水成物含量补充到辐射传输模式的输入场,观测算子模拟的AMSR-2各通道亮温与实况观测相比非常接近,可以很好地模拟出台风外形、强度及螺旋结构。其次,将反演的水成物廓线与载在Cloud Sat上的云雷达CPR同时段观测的雷达反射率因子进行对比,发现反演出的云水、雨水含量大值区与毫米波云雷达观测的雷达反射率因子高值区一一对应,进一步说明1D-Var反演的水成物参数精度很高。然而,由于星载AMSR-E/2观测通道少且空间分辨率低,对尺度较小、较薄的云不敏感,同时对云层较厚的密闭云区和多层云区反演能力也有限。     

一种反演雷达波束内不均匀反射率场的方法

本文从原始雷达方程出发,提出了一种雷达加密观测方案和退卷积的数据反演方法,以实现雷达天线波束内的反射率不均匀结构信息的提取。反演方法的数值试验表明,此反演方法比常规测量方法在角分辨率方面提高约３倍,对波束内尺度为０．５８－２．０ＨＷ（ＨＷ是天线３ｄＢ波束宽度）的反射率变化有明显的反演能力。观测数据的测量误差对反演质量的影响也进行了计算和分析。本文还讨论了反演方法对雷达观测中的一些技术参数的要求。这些结果对于提高雷达尤其是星载微波主被动遥感器在测量降水量和云中含水量等参数中的精度有重要作用和现实意义。     

应用于O2-A波段云检测的阈值选取方法

云污染直接决定了卫星数据用于反演的可行性,云检测是温室气体反演流程中的必要环节,阈值的选取决定了在O₂-A波段利用阈值法对卫星数据进行云检测的效果,如何获取最优阈值成为关键,目前的阈值选取大多数是经验法,缺乏系统考虑。提出了一种半经验阈值选取方法,根据晴空涵盖率和误判率构建优选函数,通过求取优选函数的极值实现了最优阈值的选取。利用GOSAT卫星数据进行算法验证的结果显示,相比于传统的经验统计法,该方法所选取的阈值应用于O₂-A波段云检测时,云判定的准确率提高近10%。     

中国陆地区域陆表温度业务化遥感反演算法及产品运行系统

地表温度反演的裂窗算法已成功应用于NOAA系列卫星热红外遥感数据。目前，裂窗算法中应用较为广泛的一种是Becker等人于1990年提出的局地裂窗算法，主要是通过辐射传输模型模拟不同地表条件和大气状况下，地表温度和发射率对红外辐射亮温的影响，从而发展出一个利用AVHRR4，5通道亮温数据反演地表温度的线性模型。在晴空无云和地表比辐射率能精确估算的情况下，Becker算法反演地表温度的精度在1K以内。Becker算法用Lowtran程序模拟计算地表辐射量，且模型中参数主要针对NOAA-9传感器特性得到。本文在Becker算法的基础上，针对NOAA-16／17传感器热红外通道光谱响应函数特性，利用最新的、计算光谱分辨率更高的MODTRAN程序模拟不同大气状况下，不同地表温度和发射率对NOAAAVHRR4，5通道辐射亮温响应特性的影响，改进Becker算法中模型参数，使之能适用于NOAA-16／17热红外数据。同时，本文利用植被指数NDVI，在中国陆地区域lkm分辨率最新地表分类数据的基础上，得到模型中需要的地表比辐射率参数，将改进的模型应用于1km分辨率NOAA17数据，得到了旬合成中国陆地区域范围地表温度，通过地面气象台站实测数据对比验证．取得了较好的结果。     

O2-O2云反演算法及其在TROPOMI上的应用

利用遥感技术对大气环境污染进行监测时，云是影响痕量气体反演精度的重要因素，因此在痕量气体反演中需要对云的影响进行校正，通常使用的云参数主要是有效云量和云压。本文基于O₂-O₂ 477 nm吸收波段构建了O₂-O₂云反演算法：首先，根据有效云量和云高与连续反射率和O₂-O₂斜柱浓度之间的对应关系，结合假定的云模型利用VLIDORT辐射传输模型建立关于有效云量和云压的查找表；然后，通过差分吸收光谱技术拟合卫星载荷观测的大气层顶辐射，获得O₂-O₂斜柱浓度并计算连续反射率；最后，结合辅助数据，根据查找表进行插值反演获得有效云量和云压。通过将算法应用到OMI观测数据，将反演结果与OMCLDO2产品进行对比验证，有效云量和云压空间分布一致，相关系数R均超过0.97；并还将该算法应用于下一代大气成分监测仪器TROPOMI，与FRESCO+产品对比，有效云量和云压空间分布基本一致，当地表类型为海洋时，有效云量相关系数R大于0.97，云压相关系数R大于0.94，云压反演结果存在一定的区别；通过将O₂-O₂云反演算法和FRESCO+云压反演结果与CALIOP Cloud Layer产品进行对比，结果表明，在低云情况下，O₂-O₂云反演算法线性回归方程斜率为0.782，截距为198.0 hPa，相关系数R为0.850，算法表现优于FRESCO+。而在高云情况下，FRESCO+反演结果更接近CALIOP云压结果。在OMI和TROPOMI上的应用表明O₂-O₂云反演算法在大气云反演中具有较高的准确性和可行性，可以为大气痕量气体反演的校正提供云参数，并为中国同类型卫星载荷的云反演算法提供算法参考。     

风云三号卫星被动微波反演海洋上空云液态水含量

云液态水含量是气候和水循环研究的重要云微物理参数，也是目前气候变化研究中的最不确定因素之一。通过极轨气象卫星被动微波观测的光谱和极化特征能够实现对云液态水含量的直接测量，本文介绍了一种基于风云三号卫星微波成像仪（MWRI）观测亮温的全天候云液态水含量反演算法，利用快速辐射传输模式、云模型和大气廓线库建立MWRI模拟亮温库并训练反演系数的宽气候态物理算法可以保证算法系数在不同季节和不同地区的适应性。同时提出了一种基于观测增量（O-B）筛选晴空像元并对算法系数及比例因子进行订正的方法。利用统计直方图方法和卫星间交叉比对方法对反演产品精度进行了检验，统计直方图方法检验结果表明，FY-3C云水反演误差为0.028 mm，FY-3D为0.025 mm，与国外同类产品的精度相当；与低轨卫星微波辐射计GMI云水产品的交叉比对结果表明，两者具有较高一致性，均方根误差为0.0325 mm。FY-3C/3D CLW产品目前已经投入业务应用，上下午星组网能够一天内基本覆盖全球，实现全球云水分布监测。     

对流层NO2柱浓度卫星遥感反演综述

NO2是主要的大气痕量气体, 对流层NO2垂直柱密度分布图已经用于诸如污染排放和污染物分布的科学应用研究。就NO2柱浓度的卫星差分光谱吸收反演算法(DOAS)进行了评述, 包括误差分析、验证和发展趋势。对DOAS算法中的主要技术环节进行了详细的阐述, 如ring效应算法、平流层NO2浓度算法和大气质量因子(AMF)问题。论文描述了影响卫星反演NO2浓度, 如云、NO2廓线的先验数据和气溶胶等不确定性因素。针对NO2反演应用需求提出了今后应该加强的内容, 如进一步加强NO2算法研究、发展空气质量探测的静止卫星、重视基于地基多轴被动DOAS和机载平台成像DAOS观测对卫星反演结果的验证。     

PARASOL/POLDER3卫星数据的海洋上空云检测

在卫星海洋遥感中,云作为海气耦合系统最重要的调节器之一,其检测结果对海洋上空云微物理特性的反演精度有较大影响。因此,快速而准确识别海洋上空的云像元是卫星遥感数据处理过程中首要解决的关键问题。以PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar)卫星搭载的POLDER3载荷遥感数据为研究对象,提出一种改进的海洋上空云检测方法。首先剔除海洋耀光;接着利用有云与晴空区近红外反射率差异检验识别有云像元,并利用偏振反射率检验进一步识别低反射率的云像元;然后利用近红外与可见光反射率比值检验识别晴空像元;最后建立多角度云检测结果空间融合规则,重新标记有云、晴空和未定像元。以印度洋海区为例进行实验分析,将云检测结果与Buriez方法进行对比,发现检测精度基本相当,而有云像元的识别速度却平均提高约3倍。结果表明:该方法能有效的检测出海洋上空的云像元,满足业务化数据处理的高精度及时效性要求,为后续云微物理特性反演提供可靠的数据源。     

Cloud bottom altitude determination from a satellite

The letter is devoted to the introduction of a new technique to derive the cloud bottom height (CBH) from satellite measurements of the cloud reflectance in the oxygen A-band. The information on the cloud top height needed in the retrieval of the CBH must be obtained from separate measurements to insure small biases in the retrieved CBH. Such measurements can be performed by a space-based lidar.     

应用MODIS数据对新疆北部大雾地面能见度和微物理参数的反演

大雾区域地面能见度、垂直总水汽含量、雾滴有效半径等因子是对大雾进行有效监测的重要参数。以MOD IS探测器的卫星遥感数据资料为主要数据源,定量反演了这些大雾参数。能见度参数反演结果和气象地面观测能见度信息数据的对比表明其效果良好。所得垂直总水汽含量、雾滴有效半径也与以前国内外相关多年研究的结果趋势一致。此方法在这里成功的应用,说明其在遥感大雾监测中的潜在应用价值。     

Improved Fraunhofer Line Discrimination Method for Vegetation Fluorescence Quantification

This letter presents a modification to the established Fraunhofer line discrimination (FLD) method for improving the accuracy of the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (ChF) retrieval over terrestrial vegetation. The FLD method relies on the decoupling of reflected and ChF emitted radiation by the evaluation of measurements inside and outside the absorption bands. The improved FLD method introduces two correction coefficients that relate the values of the fluorescence and the reflectance inside and outside the absorption band. The new method uses the full spectral information around the absorption band to derive these coefficients. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the impact of the correction coefficients on the accuracy of the ChF estimation. The new formulation has been tested for the $hbox{O}_{2}$ A-band on synthetic data obtaining lower errors in comparison to the standard FLD and has been successfully applied to real measurements at canopy level.      

A new method for generating a clear-sky Landsat composite for cropland from cloud-contaminated Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 images

A new method was developed in this study for producing a clear-sky Landsat composite for cropland from cloud-contaminated Landsat images acquired in a short time period. It used Thiel–Sen regression to normalize all Landsat scenes to a MODIS image to make all Landsat images radiometrically consistent and comparable. Pixel selection criteria combining the modified maximum vegetation index and the modified minimum visible reflectance selection methods were designed to enhance the pixel selection of land/water over cloud/shadow in the image compositing. The advantages of the method include (1) avoiding complicated atmospheric corrections but with reliable surface reflectance results, (2) being insensitive to errors induced by image co-registration uncertainties between Landsat and MODIS images, (3) avoiding the lack of samples for the regression analysis using the full Landsat scenes (rather than overlay regions), and (4) enhancing cloud/shadow detection. The composite image has MODIS-like surface reflectance, thus making MODIS algorithms applicable for retrieving biophysical parameters. The method was automatically implemented on a set of 13 cloud-contaminated (>39%) Landsat-7 (Scan-Line Corrector-Off) and Landsat-8 scenes acquired during peak growing season in a crop region of Manitoba, Canada. The result was a 95.8% cloud-free image. The method can also substantially increase the usage of cloud-contaminated Landsat data.     

利用暗目标法从高分一号卫星16 m相机数据反演气溶胶光学厚度

针对高分一号卫星(GF-1)的16 m宽覆盖相机数据,探讨了暗目标法的应用。首先,利用地面观测的植被光谱数据,结合模拟计算,发现利用红蓝波段线性关系能更好地去除地表影响,而利用反演的气溶胶光学厚度AOD进行大气校正能很好地去除伪暗目标;然后,以天津地区和北京地区为试验区进行了反演试验。结果表明,利用本算法能较好地观测气溶胶分布,与地面观测结果均有较好的相关性(R0.8),但反演结果整体偏高,可能是云像元的影响。误差分析表明,整景图像采用统一的观测天顶角会带来较大误差,最大误差为0.3;绝对辐射定标精度在3%以下,反演精度能控制在10%,城市型气溶胶会对反演带来较大误差。     

On the Use of CloudSat and MODIS Data for Estimating Hurricane Intensity

This letter presents preliminary results concerning the use of new observations from the A-Train Constellation for testing a new technique of remotely sensing hurricane intensity from space based on modeling a hurricane as a balanced, convectively neutral vortex. The key observational requirements are simultaneous, accurate measurements of cloud-top height, cloudtop temperature, and cloud profiling information across the center of the storm, although there are ways to bypass the need for cloud-top temperature. In this letter, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard Aqua provides an estimation of the cloud-top temperature, and the near-simultaneous CloudSat observations provide the essential cloud-top height and cloud profiling information. Initial results indicate that the new technique is a promising method for estimating storm intensity when compared post facto to the best track database. Potential uncertainties and room for further refinement of the technique are discussed.     

基于偏差原则和正则化方法反演晴空地表BRDF和反照率

提出一种反演晴空地表反照率快速稳健的新算法——混合算法。该方法首先利用双参数模型函数确定正则参数的初始值,然后由基于Morozov偏差原则的高阶收敛算法确定正则参数,继而通过Tikhonov正则化手段来反演BRDF模型。从POLDER-3/PARASOL BRDF数据库中任意挑选不同覆盖的地表像元测量数据,与MODIS全反演法结果作比较,对比较结果给予了讨论;最后选择天津市地区的卫星图像进行反演实验,并就反演结果给出了误差分析和算法模型的评价。     

The determination of cloud altitudes using SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT

This letter shows first results for the application of a recently developed semianalytical cloud retrieval algorithm for the determination of cloud top heights from space. The technique is based on the measurements of the top-of-atmosphere reflectance in the oxygen A-band. The depth of the band depends on the cloud top height and its geometrical thickness. The data obtained are compared to ground-based measurements of the cloud top height using a cloud-profiling radar.     

Height Assignment Improvement in Kalpana-1 Atmospheric Motion Vectors

The real-time operational use of atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) at numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers in India are being adversely affected due to inaccurate height assignment of cloud tracers, especially in thin semi-transparent clouds. In India, the operational derivation of AMVs from the Indian geostationary satellite Kalpana-1 began few years ago. A statistical empirical method (SEM) of height assignment, based on a genetic algorithm, is currently used to estimate the height of the retrieved vectors from Kalpana-1. This method has many limitations. In this paper, attempts have been made to implement the widely used and well tested height assignment methods such as the infrared window (WIN) technique, the H₂O intercept, and the cloud base method in the Kalpana-1 AMV retrieval algorithm. The new height assignment algorithm significantly improves the statistics of the retrieved winds when compared to radiosondes, especially in high and mid levels winds.     

A radiance-based split-window algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval: Theory and application to MODIS data

The split-window algorithm is the most commonly used method for land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from satellite data. Simplification of the Planck’s function, as an important step in developing the SWA, allows us to directly relate the radiance to the temperature toward solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE) set. In this study, Planck’s radiance relationship between two adjacent thermal infrared channels was modeled to solve the RTE set instead of simplification of the Planck’s function. A radiance-based split-window algorithm (RBSWA) was developed and applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The performance of the RBSWA was assessed and compared with three most common brightness temperature-based split-window algorithms (BTBSWAs) by using the simulated data and satellite measurements. Simulation analysis showed that the LST retrieval using RBSWA had a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.5 K and achieved an improvement of 0.3 K compared with three BTBSWAs, and the LST retrieval accuracy using RBSWA was better than 1.5 K considering uncertainties in input parameters based on the sensitivity analysis. For application of RBSWA to MODIS data, the results showed that: 1) comparison between LST from MODIS LST product and LST retrieved using RBSWA showed a mean RMSE of 1.33 K for 108 groups of MODIS image covering continental US, which indicates RBSWA is reliable and robust; 2) when using the measurements from US surface radiation budget network as real values the RMSE of the RBSWA algorithm was 2.55 K and was slightly better than MODIS LST product; and 3) through the cross validation using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer LST product, the RMSE of the RBSWA algorithm was 2.23 K and was 0.28 K less than that of MODIS LST product. We conclude that the RBSWA for LST retrieval from MODIS data can attain a better accuracy than the BTBSWA.     

地基多波段遥感大气可降水量研究

利用自动观测多波段CE 318太阳分光光度计，首先结合地面资料求出瑞利散射光学厚度，再用870 nm和1 020 nm非吸收通道内插出936 nm通道的气溶胶光学厚度。通过辐射传输模型MODTRAN模拟不同大气模式和观测角下的大气可降水量和透过率关系，利用改进的Langley 法计算出大气可降水量，分析了影响结果的误差源。