基于Hilbert-Huang变换的建筑物强震记录分析方法研究

建筑物在强震中可能受到损伤,通过对结构瞬时频率的分析可以诊断出结构的损伤发展过程。本文探讨了基于H ilbert-Huang变换的结构物损伤诊断方法,研究了如何从结构地震响应信号中提取模态响应、1阶模态振型和损伤发展规律。本文采用HHT法分析了Northridge地震中某超高层建筑物的强震记录,分析结果表明:带有间歇检验准则的经验模态分解法能够提取结构的模态振动响应;通过分析不同楼层的相对H ilbert边际谱能够识别出结构的1阶模态振型;分析结构振动中瞬时频率的时变特点,可以直观地掌握振动中结构的损伤发展规律。     

利用三分量地震计检测自然载荷下桥梁结构响应特征

基于环境激励信号的桥梁结构响应在线检测系统,利用高灵敏度三分量宽频带地震计,连续监测北京市四座典型在役桥梁在自然荷载作用下的微弱振动信号,分别利用峰值法和互相关函数法获得了在役桥梁结构不同方向上的频谱特征及其结构响应特征。结果表明:(1)三分量地震计能够准确可靠地连续记录宽频带范围内的环境激励的微弱振动信号,非常适用于构建新型的桥梁结构响应检测系统;(2)峰值法和互相关函数法都能够可靠地识别多阶桥梁模态频率,互相关函数法的识别结果更为稳定;(3)桥梁的模态频率受桥梁结构、材料、环境温度等多种因素影响,桥梁不同方向的固有振动频率不同,不同类型的桥梁的结构响应也存在显著差异。该桥梁结构响应检测技术为在役桥梁实时健康诊断打下了基础。     

强震作用下超高层建筑结构MSCSS的响应特性研究

笔者根据超高层巨型建筑结构体系的构造特点,论述了将结构振动控制原理融入巨型结构本身构造之中的构造新结构体系的方法,并采用这一方法提出了巨子型有控结构体系MSCSS(Mega-sub controlled structural system),分析了MSCSS的构造原则及控制理论背景,研究了MSCSS在罕遇地震及超罕遇地震(加速度峰值达到1000g)时的结构响应控制特性、塑性铰发生规律及结构灾变情况。通过与巨型框架结构的灾变情况相比,表明了MSCSS抵御地震作用的高可靠性及良好的经济性,也表明了将结构振动控制原理融入结构自身的构造之中、通过结构自身的功能单元实现结构响应控制的方法是合适的,是研究超高层建筑结构新体系的有效途径之一。     

超高层建筑风致振动的现场实测与数值模拟

通过采用现场实测和数值模拟方法,对某超高层建筑的风致振动特性进行研究。在建筑物顶部布置结构振动监测系统,对常态风和台风作用下的结构振动响应进行测量,分析加速度、位移幅值和结构的自振特性。以实测动力特性为基础,建立超高层建筑的等效气动弹性模型,采用平均风剖面入口,联合ANSYS和CFX对风场与建筑物的流固耦合振动进行数值模拟,得到不同顶部风速下,建筑物不同高度处的位移时程、气动力系数时程及频谱分析、尾流旋涡脱落模式。将数值模拟结果与现有的实测结果进行对比分析,表明该方法模拟流固耦合振动是可行的,并可为实际超高层建筑的抗风设计和舒适性计算提供技术依据。     

云南漾濞地震大理某高层建筑结构地震响应观测数据初步分析

2021年5月21日21时21分至22时32分,云南漾濞先后发生了M5.6级、M6.4级、M5.0级和M5.2级地震,位于大理的某高层建筑结构地震反应观测台阵获取了这4次地震的结构动力响应,观测数据同步性好,数据质量高。该高层建筑为框架剪力墙结构,地上26层,地下1层,三分量加速度测点共8个分别位于建筑的第1层、4层、7层、10层、13层、17层、20层和25层,数据实时传输至中国地震局工程力学研究所燕郊数据中心。本文对结构台阵的观测记录进行了初步分析,绘制建筑结构观测楼层的三向绝对加速度及其傅里叶幅值谱,检验数据同步性和质量,通过滤波和积分得到相对速度和相对位移,利用功率谱方法分析得到频率响应函数,并利用复模态指数函数方法得到两水平方向前三阶模态频率和振型。通过4次地震结构模态频率和振型的初步对比结果表明:主体结构基本完好,这与现场调查结果吻合。该结构台阵获取的前震、主震和余震反应记录,为后续开展深入的模态参数分析、地震损伤识别以及研究框架剪力墙结构的振动特性和抗震性能提供了宝贵数据。     

唐山古冶5.1级地震北京地区建筑结构地震反应观测记录初步分析

建筑结构地震反应观测是获取不同建筑结构在地震中的反应状态与特征的有效手段。河北省唐山古冶5.1级地震触发北京地区既有的建筑结构观测台阵,获得了丰富的建筑结构地震反应记录。开展台阵记录的初步分析,确定结构动力放大倍数和仪器烈度分布。分析发现,不同类型结构的动力放大倍数差异较大,钢结构较砌体结构的动力放大倍数更大。震中距较小的台阵的仪器烈度较大,最大达到2.5度。以第十九中学教学楼为例,开展单个观测台阵的地震记录分析,得到结构各楼层的水平向加速度分布,互功率谱分析得到结构振动的卓越频率。初步分析表明,基于观测记录数据分析能得到地震动特性和建筑结构动力特性参数,为了解区域建筑结构特性奠定有效数据基础。     

佛开高速九江大桥振动监测数据初步分析

佛开高速九江大桥全长1819.16m,主桥采用六孔一联、最大跨度160m的变截面预应力砼连续箱梁。为实时监测桥梁结构振动状况和记录大型桥梁真实地震反应,在九江大桥主桥上架设了总计23通道的强震动监测系统。简要介绍了该监测系统的测点布置、系统构成和技术特点,并对系统试运行期间的加速度记录进行了峰值、频谱和模态分析,得到了箱梁前六阶模态频率变化曲线,并与现场实测模态参数进行了比较验证。研究识别出的模态频率的长期变化可以为桥梁结构的健康监测和损伤评估提供参考依据。     

炸药震源的地震安全性野外实验研究

选定一块场地,针对相同井深、不同药量的情况,进行炸药震源的地震安全性野外实验,用Etna数字强震动加速度仪记录每次爆破时房屋振动的加速度.在选定房屋结构的地基、窗台、屋顶等3个位置分别布设了仪器,记录结构响应的加速度波形.为了与《爆破安全规程》的参考标准对应,将加速度值转换成速度值,并对位于屋顶的结构响应速度峰值进行分析.通过对结构响应、安全距离、频率的研究,分析建筑物结构对每次爆破的响应,并对其安全性进行讨论.     

基于陈列柜边界条件的馆藏文物地震滑移响应试验

为保护馆藏浮放文物,采用振动台试验方法研究了地震作用下基于不同陈列柜边界条件下的文物滑移响应.根据展柜原型制作了1∶1比例模型,分别考虑陈列柜底部浮放及固定于振动台面,进行了振动台试验.通过白噪声激励获得了两种边界条件下陈列柜的基频;通过对模型分别输入不同类型及不同强度的地震波,研究了地震作用下陈列柜及文物的震害形式,对比分析了两种边界条件下典型节点位移、加速度响应及动力放大系数.结果表明:无论陈列柜处于固定还是浮放状态,其基频远大于地震波卓越频率,因此震害较轻;对浮放文物而言,当地震波强度较小时,不同条件下文物的滑移响应为陈列柜浮放＞陈列柜固定条件;当地震波强度较大时,由于陈列柜与振动台面的摩擦减震作用,文物的滑移响应为陈列柜浮放＜陈列柜固定条件.为减小文物的滑移响应,陈列柜宜以浮放形式为主,并保持适当的间距.     

不同模式自组织介质中声波传播特性的比较研究

中型和大型尺度结构构造分区性, 使得地球内部介质地震波速度表征出大尺度的确定性模型, 而小尺度上微孔和裂隙的存在会导致地震波速度分布的随机扰动, 即自组织模型. 目前地震学中常用的6种模式自组织模型为: 高斯型、指数型、自相似型、白噪声、Flicker噪声和Brown 噪声. 我们从其滤波因子入手, 比较了不同模式的自组织模型特征, 结合有限差分法地震记录模拟及地震波特征分析, 对比了上述6种模式自组织介质中声波传播特性. 结果表明：地震波对不同模式的自组织介质的地震响应不同, 如波形、能量、振幅等. 由此我们可以通过分析实际地震记录的复杂性特征来鉴别其自组织类型, 从而更好地解释实际地震资料.     

Damping estimation of high-rise buildings considering structural modal directions

One widespread problem in damping estimation of high-rise buildings is the neglect of structural modal directions, which may induce beating in measured dynamic responses along building geometric axes and thereby induce errors in damping estimations to some extent. Based on a proposed two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) simulation model, the effects of neglecting the modal directions on damping estimate are systematically investigated. The results show that the angular differences between the modal directions and the building geometric axes, as well as the frequency difference between the involved modes, both have significant effects on the damping estimate of high-rise buildings. This paper proposes a spectral method to determine the modal directions of high-rise buildings and further validate this method by an analysis of full-scale measurements from four skyscrapers. The damping ratios estimated based on the responses along the identified modal directions are more accurate than those based on those measured along the building geometric axes. Furthermore, an empirical prediction model for damping ratio of high-rise buildings with heights over 200 m is proposed based on the field measured damping results of several buildings with consideration of the modal directions. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of damping estimation of high-rise buildings and therefore provide useful information for the structural design of future skyscrapers.     

Influence of lateral-load-resisting system on the earthquake response of structures—a system identification study

Analysis and comparison of the dynamic responses of three well instrumented (with accelerographs) high-rise buildings shaken during the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake are presented. The buildings examined in the present work are (i) the Town Park Towers Apartment building, a 10-storey, concrete shear wall building; (ii) the Great Western Savings and Loan building, a 10-storey building with concrete frames and shear walls; and (iii) the Santa Clara County Office building, a 13-storey, moment-resistant steel frame building. The structures are located within 2 km of each other and, as may be confirmed by visual inspection of the recorded seismograms, experienced similar ground motions. One-dimensional and three-dimensional linear structural models are fitted to the observations using the modal minimization method' for structural identification, in order to determine optimal estimates of the parameters of the dominant modes of the buildings. The time-varying character of these parameters over the duration of the response is also investigated. Comparison of the recorded earthquake response of the structures reveals that the type of lateral-load-resisting system has an important effect on the dynamic behaviour of the structures because it controls the spacing of the characteristic modes on the frequency axis. The Santa Clara County Office building has closely spaced natural frequencies and exhibits strong torsional response and modal coupling. Its dynamic behaviour is contrasted with that of the Great Western Savings and Loan building which has well separated natural frequencies and exhibits small torsional response and no modal coupling. Strong modal coupling causes a beating-type phenomenon and makes earthquake response of structures different from that envisioned by codes.     

Monitoring the response and the back-radiated energy of a building subjected to ambient vibration and impulsive action: the Falkenhof Tower (Potsdam,Germany)

The response of the soil-structure system near the Falkenhof Tower, Potsdam, Germany, has been monitored during the controlled explosion of a bomb dating to World War II. We installed eight 3-component velocimetric stations within the building and three in the surrounding area. We recorded several hours of seismic noise before and after the explosion, allowing the dynamic characterization of the structure both with ambient noise and forced vibration. We then compared the frequencies values and modal shapes of the structural modes evaluated both by analysing in the frequency domain the transfer functions and in the time-domain the different signals. Moreover, we carried out an interferometric analysis of the recorded signals in order to study the structural behaviour and to characterize the soil-structure interaction. Furthermore, we used normalized Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) for the continuous monitoring of the structural response, in order to highlight possible frequency variations of the structural mode of vibration, and therefore of the structure’s behaviour. To assess structural frequencies and to compare them with those evaluated by transfer functions, we used azimuth-dependent Fourier spectra. We also verified the suitability of the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) for estimating the dynamic characteristics of buildings when only single station seismic noise measurements are available. Regarding the structure-soil interaction, we identified the presence of a wave field back-radiated from the structure within the low amplitude seismic noise signal. In fact, in the free-field seismic noise recording spectra, peaks at frequencies consistent with those of the first two modes of the structure were recognized.     

Empirical formula for fundamental vibration periods of reinforced concrete buildings in Taiwan

More than 30 buildings around Taiwan have been selected to monitor the floor responses under seismic excitation. The structural array monitoring system in each building controls at most 27 channels of accelerometers distributed in several floors. Those buildings were triggered by many events during the past five years of operation. In each building, the records at the basement can be considered as the ground excitation, and the others at the upper floors are the structural responses. The frequency transfer functions of those buildings can be identified by ARX models, and then the fundamental vibration periods are estimated. The identified fundamental vibration periods using different events are compared in order to ensure the reliability of system identification. An empirical formula in predicting the fundamental vibration period is presented through the regression analysis to the identified fundamental vibration periods of 21 reinforced concrete (RC) moment‐resisting frame (MRF) buildings. It is found that the height of a building plays an important role in predicting the fundamental vibration period, compared with the length, width, and time after completion of the building. It is also found that the RC MRF buildings in Taiwan tend to be stiffer than those in the U.S. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolution of modal characteristics of a mid-rise cold-formed steel building during construction and earthquake testing

Vibration-based structural identification is an essential technique for assessing structural conditions by inferring information from the dynamic characteristics of structures. However, the robustness of such techniques in monitoring the progressive damage of real structures has been validated with only a handful of research efforts, largely due to the paucity of monitoring data recorded from damaged structures. In a recent experimental program, a mid-rise cold-formed steel building was constructed at full scale atop a large shake table and subsequently subjected to a unique multi-hazard scenario including earthquake, post-earthquake fire, and finally post-fire earthquake loading. Complementing the simulated hazard events, low-amplitude vibration tests, including ambient vibrations and white noise base excitation tests, were conducted throughout the construction and the test phases. Using the vibration data collected during the multi-hazard test program, this paper focuses on understanding the modal characteristics of the cold-formed steel building in correlation with the construction and the structural damage progressively induced by the simulated hazard events. The modal parameters of the building (i.e., natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes) are estimated using two input–output and two output-only time-domain system identification techniques. Agreement between the evolution of modal parameters and the observations of the progression of physical damage demonstrates the effectiveness of the vibration-based system identification techniques for structural condition monitoring and damage assessment.     

昆明高(超高)层建筑环境振动特性实测与统计分析

对昆明16栋典型钢筋混凝土高层建筑物的振动特征(包括建筑物的固有频率、振型和阻尼比)进行观测与分析,对地震响应数值模拟研究,获取实测高层建筑物第一至第三振型及结构,计算第一至第二振型自振周期结果,采用数学线性回归方法,模拟得到昆明高(超高)层建筑结构实测第一至三振型和计算第一至第二振型周期公式,为类似建筑结构的设计提供经验和依据。     

地震作用下钢框架高层结构的抗震性能研究

钢框架高层建筑结构是当前高层建筑设计中使用最为广泛的技术,为提升其抗震性能,本文研究将调谐质量阻尼器安装在钢框架高层建筑结构顶部,考虑到建筑空间需求、防止集中荷载和提升控制效果等因素,在相同楼层或同顶部接近楼层中设置数个较小的、频率一致的子控制装置,通过设置调谐质量阻尼器受控结构等效阻尼比求极值的方法,获取最优刚度与最优阻尼系数;将获取的结果在有限元软件中进行模态分析获取模态质量,实现钢框架高层建筑结构扭转振动的减振控制。实验结果表明,地震荷载下,该方法使得建筑结构顶层角位移峰值和角加速度峰值分别降低50%和30%左右,建筑结构响应下降19%～26%,提高了高层建筑结构的稳定性。     

Identification of modal parameters of a 600-m-high skyscraper from field vibration tests

Accurate prediction of the dynamic responses of a high-rise building subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquake and wind excitations requires the information of its structural dynamic properties such as modal parameters including natural frequencies and damping ratios. This paper presents the identification results of the modal parameters based on field vibration tests on a 600-m high skyscraper. A set of tests, including ambient vibration test (AVT) and free vibration test (FVT), were conducted on the skyscraper to identify its modal parameters. Firstly, this paper presents and discusses the modal parameters of the skyscraper assessed by several identification methods applied to the AVT measurements. These methods include the wavelet transform (WT) method, the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method, and the random decrement technique (RDT). Secondly, an active mass damper (AMD) system with total mass 1000 tons equipped into the skyscraper was used to excite the building for estimation of the modal parameters by FVT. Thirdly, this paper presents observations on the structural dynamic behavior of the skyscraper with the operation of the AMD system during a typhoon event. The field measurement results show that the AMD system functioned efficiently for suppression of the wind-induced vibrations of the skyscraper during the typhoon. This paper aims to further understand the structural dynamic properties of super-tall buildings and provide useful information for structural design and vibration control of future skyscrapers.     

强震后高层建筑结构变形监测精度提高的研究

为解决强震作用后倾斜高层建筑结构监测存在的精度低、用时长等问题,提出高精度强震作用后倾斜高层建筑结构形变监测方法。通过确定回归平面强震后倾斜高层建筑结构的法线倾斜值、倾斜角与倾斜方向,来确定强震作用后倾斜高层建筑结构形变情况,完成强震作用后倾斜高层建筑结构的形变监测。使用BXJC 1.0软件进行建筑高层建筑形变模拟实验,在建筑高层附近设定四个基准点,基于建筑高层的底部每个立柱中近似等高方位设定16个形变监测结构点,实验发现:所提方法监测误差小精度高,监测误差最大值为0.05%,且监测用时较短,证明此方法进行监测的可行性。     

Response of tall buildings to weak long distance earthquakes

In the last decade, two tall buildings in Singapore were instrumented with accelerometers and anemometers for the original purpose of identifying the characteristics and effects of wind loading. During the monitoring it became clear that the largest acceleration responses should result from ground motions due to earthquakes having magnitudes between 6 and 8 and epicentres at least 350 km distant. The paper describes the strategy for identifying and capturing the signals from distant tremors, which depends on tracking the RMS response levels in the second vibration mode. Characteristics of some recorded signals are given. While response levels are generally small, the frequency content coincides with the range of fundamental mode frequencies for high rise residential buildings. The validity of using a tall building as a ‘weak‐motion’ seismograph is discussed by considering the mode shape of the building and the measured transfer function between basement and roof responses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.