蓟县地震台重力仪观测数据质量与水文响应分析

对天津蓟县地震台2套相对重力仪2018—2019年观测数据进行潮汐分析和提取非潮汐重力残差处理,研究水文变化所引起的重力响应.结果表明,蓟县地震台2套重力仪精度较高;GS-15重力仪重力残差与水文变化间存在较好的相关性,具体表现为降水时重力减少,降水结束后重力增大,水位下降时重力减少,水位上升时重力增大,但其间都存在延...     

溧阳地震台gPhone连续重力仪观测数据处理与分析

选取溧阳重力连续观测台站gPhone连续重力仪2011年1月1日至2018年7月31日整点值观测数据进行预处理,对于连续性较好的2017年重力观测数据,分析其固体潮汐变化M_2波潮汐因子及非潮汐变化的残差曲线特征,并以Δ3 500 km、M_S 5.0地震事件为例,检验gPhone重力仪的地震记录能力。分析认为,溧阳台gPhone重力仪观测数据日趋稳定,潮汐信号可靠,非潮汐变化的残差曲线对地震有一定程度的反应,可记录到一定范围内MS≥5.0地震的同震信号,信号记录特征与震中距及震级相关。     

攀枝花南山地震台连续重力仪观测资料分析

选取南山地震台GS150702相对重力仪2008-01-01至2016-05-31期间的连续观测资料,对其年变化时间序列、观测值非潮汐残差曲线、M2波潮汐因子及几次地震前后的分钟观测曲线进行了分析。结果显示,南山地震台GS15重力仪器数据稳定,非潮汐观测曲线、M2波潮汐因子对几次地震都有一定的反映。     

银川地震台数字化重力资料映震情况分析

介绍了银川地震臼重力观测情况。应用调和分析、潮汐变化、非潮汐变化及滤波等分析方法,对银川台GS15-NO215型重力仪2003～2007年的观测资料进行了处理,分析了银川台数字化重力资料的观测质量及年变周期的特点。总结了银川台重力数字化资料与周边地区地震活动的对应关系及其映震情况。     

热带气旋对琼中台重力非潮汐变化影响研究

应用重力潮汐数据处理软件Tsoft对琼中台连续重力观测数据进行潮汐改正、零漂改正和气压改正,获取重力非潮汐变化数据;然后选取有代表性的4次台风——"纳莎"、"海燕"、"威马逊"和"海鸥",分析其登陆海南岛陆前后琼中台重力非潮汐值的变化,以研究热带气旋对琼中台重力非潮汐变化产生的影响及影响幅度。研究结果显示,热带气旋登陆海南岛陆前后,琼中台重力非潮汐变化值有所增大,其增大的幅度量级为10×10~(-8) m·s~(-2)左右,和风速、风力及台风中心与重力仪的距离相关。     

三峡水库首区重力固体潮观测资料分析

介绍了中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所的LCR-ET20重力仪和中国地震局地震研究所的DZW-9重力仪在三峡水库首区的重力固体潮比对观测.获得了该地区高精度的重力固体潮潮汐参数,估算了DZW-9重力仪的格值,其值为（-756.06plusmn;0.05）times;10-8（mbull;s-2）/v. 分析了相应仪器的重力观测残差, 数值结果表明DZW-9重力仪的长期漂移具有线性特征, 观测精度与LCR-ET20重力仪在同一量级. 本文提供的相关结果可为该地区地表和空间大地测量观测提供有效的重力潮汐改正模型.      

滇西试验场重力潮汐观测及其地震响应特征的研究

本文使用Ｎａｋａｉ预处理、Ｖｅｎｅｄｉｋｏｖ调和分析和滑动滤波等方法，对滇西地震实验场下关台ＧＳ１５－２２７重力仪１９８７－１９９２年 观测资料进行了系统分析，，确定了该地区最佳重力潮汐参数及潮汐和非潮汐动态变化背景，并对观察期间的６个震例进行清理，分析了重力异常变化与地震的关系，获得了该地区重力潮汐和非潮汐信息的地震响应特征。     

PET重力仪与CTS-1EF地震计地震波记录特征分析

收集苍梧M 5.2、九寨沟M 7.0和智利M 8.2地震期间琼中基准地震台PET重力仪和CTS-1EF地震计观测数据,对重力资料进行潮汐和零漂改正获得重力残差数据,并对地震计数据求导得到加速度值。对重力残差数据和地震计加速度数据波形及频谱曲线进行对比分析,认为2种观测仪器记录的地震波震相和频谱分析显示的地震波分布频率具有一致性,但九寨沟M 7.0地震和智利M 8.2地震的地震波频率分布存在差异。     

银川站同址gPhone型与GS-15型重力仪观测资料对比分析全文替换

基于银川站同址gPhone和GS-15重力仪两年的观测资料,进行潮汐分析和提取重力非潮汐残差处理,从潮汐参数精度、记震能力、抗干扰能力、映震能力等方面进行了对比分析。利用VAV调和分析计算了气压改正前后两台仪器的潮汐参数,发现该站gPhone各波群潮汐参数精度均低于GS-15这一现象,即GS-15运行更为稳定。气压改正后显示GS-15有3种波群潮汐参数变化较大,而gPhone只有S1波较明显。非潮汐残差显示gPhone受抽水影响较GS-15严重,两次地震前有扰动现象。     

重力仪高频信息与地震前兆

在观测重力随时间变化时,重力仪输出端可得到三种信息,即重力场缓慢变化、重力潮汐及叠加在潮汐曲线上的高频信息。在流动重力测量中,为求得重力非潮汐变化,需将后两者作为噪声去掉。在重力固体潮观测中,为求得重力潮汐变化,需将叠加在其上的高频信息作为噪声而滤去。高频信息与地震前兆的关系,国内外早已注意到。1964年3月28日美国阿拉斯加地震和1964年6月14日日本新潟地震,在震前几天日本东京气象研究所GS型重力仪的潮汐记录图上,出现高频扰动并一直延续到地震的发生。我国的一     

Long-term and seasonal gravity changes at the Strasbourg station and their relation to crustal deformation and hydrology

The time-varying gravity is observed at the Strasbourg station with super-conducting gravimeters (SG) since 1987, with a first record from 1987 to 1996 (GWR T005) and a second one in continuity from 1996 till now (GWR C026). The long-term behaviour of the SG is constrained by regular absolute gravity (AG) measurements, which are performed in parallel since 1989, first with the JILAg-5 instrument and later on with the FG5#206. Moreover, a permanent GPS station, which belongs to the French geodetic network, has been installed at the end of 1999. We will show that the AG measurements suggest that the gravity is slowly increasing in time at a rate of about 1.6 μGal/year, and besides, exhibits a quasi-annual component of several μGal variable amplitude. We present an analysis of the GPS data obtained at the SG station in the Rhine graben as well as at another regional station in the Vosges mountains distant by about 40 km in order to constrain the gravity contribution due to the vertical displacement of the station in the earth's gravity field (geometrical part). The tectonic context of the region is described and our first results from our two data sets of limited duration suggest a small subsidence of our station in the graben; however, this fact needs further confirmation when more geodetic data will be available. We also analyze the water table changes beneath the station (local scale) and in the Alsatian Plain (regional scale) to estimate the hydrological contributions from ground water to the gravity residual signal, and we show that some similarities exist between the gravity residuals and the hydrological contributions, especially for the seasonal terms. Other missing contributions of annual period (air mass motion in the atmosphere, ocean circulation, continental hydrology) have to be considered.     

Time series of superconducting gravimeters and water storage variations from the global hydrology model WGHM

The gravimetric time series achieved from the combination of superconducting and absolute gravimeters are characterized by highest precision and long-term stability. If the effects of Earth and ocean tides, atmosphere and polar motion are removed, the residual curve is dominated by hydrological mass variations. A major source of these variations is water storage changes in the vicinity of the sensor. However, global variations contribute to the signal significantly. For three stations of superconducting gravimeters, a comparison of the principal components obtained from the residual gravity curve on the one hand and continental water storage from the WaterGAP Global Hydrological Model (WGHM) on the other hand is carried out. The results demonstrate a coherence of seasonal variations but a difference in the contribution of the local zone at the individual stations, which point out the need for a careful and site-specific examination of local effects.     

The role of gravity in the WEGENER project

Variations in the gravity field are introduced by mass or density redistribution in the vicinity of the measuring point as well as far field or global effects but also any crustal process which involves a height variation has a direct implication on the temporal variation of the gravity field.The measuring techniques involved in the WEGENER project include absolute and high precision relative gravity measurements and stationary measurements with superconducting gravity meters. The state of the art for both techniques is discussed and shown that systematic errors or the measurement of their changes can be detected by inter-comparison with other absolute gravimeters and frequently repeated measurements at a reference station monitored by a superconducting gravimeter. In the combination of the available gravity techniques it is possible to achieve a precision at the micro-Gal level for secular trends and a higher accuracy for period events which enable improvements in the modelling of environmental effects induced by ocean, atmospheric and ground water loading effects from the long term processes.     

Hydro-gravimetry in West-Africa: First results from the Djougou (Benin) superconducting gravimeter

The increasing number of hydro-gravimetry studies proves the rising interest of the hydrology community toward this monitoring method. The accuracy of superconducting gravimeters (SG) potentially allows the retrieval of small water storage changes (WSC) down to a few millimeters of equivalent water thickness. However, the importance of corrections applied to SG data to achieve such a precision in gravity residuals should be recalled. The Djougou permanent gravity station presented in this paper and located in northern Benin, West-Africa, provides a good opportunity to review these considerations. This station is equipped since July 2010 with the superconducting gravimeter SG-060 aimed at deriving WSC at different time-scales, daily to inter-annual. In this area, WSC are (1) part of the control system for evapotranspiration (ET) process, a key variable of the West-African monsoon cycle and (2) the state variable for resource management, a critical issue in storage-poor hard rock basement contexts such as in northern Benin. The potential for deriving WSC from time-lapse gravity data partly depends on environmental features such as topography and the instrument shelter. Therefore, this issue is addressed first, with the background idea that such sensitivity analysis should be undertaken before setting up any new instrument. In Djougou, local topography is quite flat leading to a theoretical straightforward relationship between gravity changes and WSC, close to the standard Bouguer value. However, the shelter plays a significant masking role, which is the principal limitation to the retrieval of fast hydrological processes such as ET following a rain event. Several issues concerning classical gravity corrections are also addressed in the paper. These include gap-filling procedures during rain-events and drift estimates for short time series. Special attention is provided to atmospheric corrections, and different approaches are tested: a simple scalar admittance, a filtered scalar admittance, a frequency-dependent admittance and direct atmospheric loading calculations. It is shown that the physically based approach of direct loading calculations performs better in both residual minimization and ET retrieval. Moreover, non-local hydrological effects are investigated and account for about 20% of the gravity residuals. Finally, gravity residuals are briefly analyzed at two distinct time scales: rapid (up to a few days) and seasonal. At the rapid time-scale, it is shown that ET retrieval is hardly achievable given shelter size and state-of-the-art atmospheric corrections. Still, mean values retrieved from this study are in accordance with known values of potential ET and lateral flow. Direct comparison of gravity changes with hydrological data (neutron probe monitoring and water table levels) show some discrepancies, particularly for the hydrological year of 2011, for which all hydrological data show a deficit, but SG and FG5 data do not. This preliminary analysis both provides a basis and call for further hydro-gravity modeling, to comprehensively investigate the water-cycle at the Djougou station.     

Gravity change observed in a local gravity network and its implication to seasonal precipitation in Dali county,Yunnan province,China

This study investigates data-processing methods and examines the precipitation effect on gravity measurements at the Dali gravity network, established in 2005. High-quality gravity data were collected during four measurement campaigns. To use the gravity data validly, some geophysical corrections must be considered carefully. We first discuss data-processing methods using weighted least-squares adjustment with the constraint of the absolute gravity datum. Results indicate that the gravity precision can be improved if all absolute gravity data are used as constraints and if calibration functions of relative gravimeters are modeled within the observation function. Using this data-processing scheme, the mean point gravity precision is better than 12 μgal. After determining the best data-processing scheme, we then process the gravity data obtained in the four measurement campaigns, and obtain gravity changes in three time periods. Results show that the gravity has a remarkable change of more than 50 μgal in the first time period from Apr–May of 2005 to Aug–Sept of 2007. To interpret the large gravity change, a mean water mass change (0.6 m in height) is assumed in the ETOPO1 topographic model. Calculations of the precipitation effect on gravity show that it can reach the same order of the observed gravity change. It is regarded as a main source of the remarkable gravity change in the Dali gravity network, suggesting that the precipitation effect on gravity measurements must be considered carefully.     

Gravity field variations from superconducting gravimeters for GRACE validation

The network of superconducting gravimeters (SG) of the ‘Global Geodynamics Project’ (GGP) offers the unique opportunity to supplement and validate the gravity field variations derived from the GRACE satellite mission. Because of the different spatial and temporal resolutions of the gravity data a combination of all datasets can be used to retrieve a maximum of information regarding mass transfers especially related to hydrology which is deployable as constraint for hydrological modelling.For a consistent combination of the datasets the gap between terrestrial data of superconducting and absolute gravimeters (AG) and from satellite data has to be bridged. A successful combination of SG and AG data could be realized for several stations which resulted in time series of the highest accuracy and long-term stability.In principle, the same reductions applied to GRACE data have to be taken into account for the terrestrial data. The separation of local hydrological effects in SG observations is crucial for the comparison with satellite-derived gravity data. It is shown that even for stations with a hydrological challenging situation such as Moxa/Germany local hydrology-induced effects can be successfully modelled.Currently, the study focuses on Europe with its dense and long-term observation network. Regarding the consistency of the SG gravity variations they are representative for a larger region. From a comparison with GRACE-derived gravity field changes, and the variations due to hydrological models a principle good agreement emerges.     

Noise limitations in the core-mode band of superconducting gravimeter data

In recent years, several claims of detection of weak harmonic signals in the sub-tidal band of frequencies of high-quality gravimeter data have been made. Here, we review our attempts at confirming Smylie's claim of detection of the Slichter mode of inner-core oscillation using the same four data sets he and his colleagues used. We further examine the homogeneous 2 year data sets obtained from the superconducting gravimeters sited in Strasbourg and at Cantley, Quebec. We show that the power spectra of tidal-reduced, pressure and slew-corrected gravity residuals from these data are indistinguishable from a random walk process except in narrow bands dominated by residual earth tides and by harmonics of the diurnal thermal-atmospheric tide. Such a random ‘brown’ residual could result from mechanical instabilities and electronic noise in the instruments themselves, from site-specific tectonic noise, from local hydrological variations and pier instabilities or it could derive from unaccounted for variability in the atmospheric pressure in the vicinity of the instruments. We argue that the homogeneous 2 year data sets show no evidence whatever of Slichter harmonics even though our preprocessing methods reduce ‘apparent noise levels’ in the core-mode band by almost an order magnitude in comparison with the four data sets originally employed by Smylie et al. and, in their first attempted confirmation of his claimed discovery, by Jensen et al.     

Tackling mass redistribution phenomena by time-dependent GRACE- and terrestrial gravity observations

Time variable gravity field models derived from the satellite mission GRACE have been demonstrated to be consistent with water mass variations in the global hydrological cycle. Independent observations are provided by terrestrial measurements. In order to achieve a maximum of reliability and information gain, ground-based gravity observations may be deployed for comparison with the gravity field variations derived from the GRACE satellite mission. In this context, the data of the network of superconducting gravimeters (SG) of the ‘Global Geodynamics Project’ (GGP) are of particular interest. This study is focused on the dense SG network in Central Europe with its long-term gravity observations. It is shown that after the separation and reduction of local hydrological effects in the SG observations especially for subsurface stations, the time-variable gravity signals from GRACE agree well with the terrestrial observations from the SG station cluster.Station stability of the SG sites with respect to vertical deformations was checked by GNSS based observations. Most of the variability can be explained by loading effects due to changes in continental water storage, and, in general, the stability of all stations has been confirmed.From comparisons based on correlation and coherence analyses in combination with the root mean square (RMS) variability of the time series emerges, that the maximum correspondence between the SG and GRACE time series is achieved when filtering the GRACE data with Gaussian filters of about 1000 km filter length, which is in accordance with previous publications.Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis was applied to the gravity time series in order to identify common characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. The high correspondence of the first modes for GRACE and SG data implies that the first EOF mode represents a large-scale (Central European) time-variable gravity signal seen by both the GRACE satellites and the SG cluster.     

武汉九峰站地下水变化对重力场观测的影响

本文从地下水渗透过程的物理机制出发,采用一维水动力学模拟,利用井水位和降雨数据模拟计算了武汉九峰站附近的土壤含水率变化,在此基础上估计了地下水变化导致的重力效应.其峰对峰变化幅度达到15.94μGal,说明当利用精密重力观测研究长周期效应时实施台站地下水改正的必要性;频域分析表明,地下水重力效应在周年频段上的振幅最大,说明地下水变化对重力的最大影响来自季节性变化.对比模拟计算的地下水重力效应和经过潮汐、大气、极移等改正后的高精度超导重力残差(峰对峰变化幅度为12.73μGal),发现两者在时域和频域均具有良好的一致性,说明超导重力残差信号主要来源于局部地区地下水的变化,同时也验证了本文使用的水动力学模拟方法的正确性.     

Combining relative and absolute gravity measurements to enhance volcano monitoring

To achieve a balance between uncertainty and efficiency in gravity measurements, we have investigated the applicability of combined measurements of absolute and relative gravity as a hybrid method for volcano monitoring. Between 2007 and 2009, three hybrid gravity surveys were conducted at Mt Etna volcano, in June 2007, July 2008, and July 2009. Absolute gravity data were collected with two absolute gravimeters, which represent the state of the art in recent advances in ballistic gravimeter technology: (1) the commercial instrument FG5#238 and (2) the prototype instrument IMGC-02. We carried out several field surveys and confirmed that both the absolute gravimeters can still achieve a 10 μGal or better uncertainty even when they are operated in severe environmental conditions. The use of absolute gravimeters in a field survey of the summit area of Mt Etna is unprecedented. The annual changes of the gravity measured over 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 provide unequivocal evidence that during the 2007–2009 period, two main phenomena of subsurface mass redistribution occurred in distinct sectors of the volcano, accompanying different eruptive episodes. From 2007 to 2008, a gravity change of ?60?μGal was concentrated around the North-East Rift. This coincided with a zone affected by strong extensional tectonics, and hence might have been related to the opening of new voids. Between 2008 and 2009, a North-South elongate feature with a maximum gravity change of +80?μGal was identified in the summit craters area. This is interpreted to indicate recharge of a deep-intermediate magma storage zone, which could have occurred when the 2008–2009 eruption was still ongoing.