Optimum temperature for the growth performance of juvenile orange-spotted grouper （Epinephelus coioides H.）

Effects of water temperature （17, 21, 25, 30 and 35℃） and body size （14.75-281.41 g initial body weight） on food consumption, growth, feed conversion, and dry matter content in orange-spotted grouper fed to satiation were investigated. The combined effect of temperature （T, ℃） and body weight （W, g） on maximum food consumption （Cmax, g/day） was described as： InCmax=-7.411＋0.828 InW＋0.317T4）.004 7T2, and the optimum feeding temperature was 33.9℃. The combined effect of temperature and body weight on growth （G） was described as： lnG=-4.461-0.2081nW＋0.394T-0.006 3T^2. The optimum growth temperature was 31.4℃, whereas overall growth rates were high at 25, 30 and 35 ℃. Feed conversion efficiencies （FCE, %）, increasing first and then decreasing with increasing temperature, averaged from 1.8 to 2.1 in terms of dry weight of food fish. The optimum temperature for FCE tended to be lower than that for growth or feeding. Dry matter content increased with both increasing water temperature （17, 25, 30 and 35℃） and body weight, and the combined effect of temperature and body weight on dry matter content （DM, %） was described as： lnDM =3.232＋0.01 4 lnW-0.004 4T＋0.001 2TInW.     

Starvation metabolism of two common species of chironomids in Biandantang Lake

1 INTRODUCTION Chironomid larvae are main groups in most aquatic ecosystems, playing a crucial ecological role in decomposition of detritus and material ex- changes between water column and the sediment (Liang et al., 1995a, b; Chen, et al., 1982). They a…     

Effects of Body Weight and Water Temperature on Maximum Food Consumption of Juvenile Sebastodes fuscescens （Houttuyn）

Maximum rate of food consumption ( Cmax ) was determined for juvenile Sebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn) at water temperature of 10, 15, 20 and 25℃. The relationships of Cmax to the body weight (W) at each temperature were described by a power equation: lnCmax = a b lnW. Covariance analysis revealed significant interaction of the temperature and body weight. The relationship of adjusted Cmax to water temperature (T) was described by a quadratic equation: Cmax = -0.369 0.456T - 0.0117T^2. The optimal feeding temperature calculated from this equation was 19.5 ℃. The coefficients of the multiple regression estimation relating Cmax to body weight (W) and water temperature (T) were given in the Table 2.     

RELATION OF BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION TO METABOLIC RATE OF JUVENILE JAPANESE SEA BASS, LATEOLABRAX JAPONICUS

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＪａｐａｎｅｓｅｓｅａｂａｓｓ (ＬａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓＣ＆Ｖ)ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｃｏａｓｔａｌｗａｔｅｒｓａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅＢｏｈａｉＳｅａ ,ＹｅｌｌｏｗＳｅａ ,ＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ,ａｎｄＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ .Ａｓａｃａｒｎｉｖｏｒｏｕｓｆｉｓｈ ,ｉｔｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｓｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｔｈｅｍａｒｉｎｅｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｈａｓａｄａｐｔｅｄｔｏｖａｒｉｏｕｓｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｒ…     

Carbon budget of bastard halibut<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> in relation to body weight and temperature

The effects of body weight and temperature on the carbon budget of the juvenile bastard halibut ,Paralichthys olivaceus ,were studied at temperature 13.5,18,21.5 and 24℃,respectively.The carbon intake,faecal and growth carbon were measured ,and the carbon respiration was calculated using the carbon budget equation (Cc=Gc Fc Rc),The combined relationship between different components of the carbon budgent,body weight and temperature could be described by regression equations:Cc=1.0206 W^0.8126E^0.1483T;Gc=0.0042w^1.4096(-5.11 T^3 285.90T^2-5173.72T 30314.03);Fc=0.0485W^0.7711e^0.1624T;Uc=1.4333W^0.6715e^0.1487t,Body weight had no significant effect on the carbon absorption efficiency and the conversion efficiency.     

Energy flow in Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta: tubificidae) in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake, Biandantang Lake

The energy flow ofBranchiura sowerbyi was studied for the first time in China in a shallow macrophytic lake, Biandantang Lake, Hubei Province. The energy flow was calculated from the measurement of flesh production (12.5241kJ/m²a), egestion (517.7302kJ/m²a), metabolism (38.3273 kJ/m²a), and excretion (4.3798kJ/m²a). The net growth efficiency of the species is about 22.7%, which accords well with the generally reported value for oligochaetes. In addition, the relationship between starvation respiration (R, mgO₂/ind·d), wet weight (Ww, mg) and temperature (T, °C) were also measured, with the regression function beingR=0.008Ww^0.736 e^0.050T. Project supported by NSFC (30270278, 3960019), the foundation of the government of Hubei Province (No. 2000J109), and the foundation of Ecological Station, CAS in the Institute of Hydrobiology.     

ENERGY FLOW OF BELIAMYA AERUGINOSA IN A SHALLOW ALGAL LAKE, HOUHU LAKE （WUHAN, CHINA）

The energy budget ofBellamya earuginosa in a shallow algal lake, Houhu Lake (Wuhan, China) was investigated by the measurement of flesh production (32.8 kJ/(m²·a)), egestion (337.7 kJ/(m²·a)), metabolism (246.7 kJ/(m²·a)), and estimation of excretion (21.4kJ/(m²·a)). The net growth efficiency of the species is about 10.9%, which accords with the generally reported value for gastropods. In addition, the relationships between starvation respiration (R, mgO₂/(Ind·d)), body weight (Wd, mg in dry wt) and temperature (T, °C) were also determined. The regression equationR=0.044Wd ^0.537 e ^0.061T was obtained by the least square method, The measured SDA of the species is 26.51% of its gross metabolism. Project No. 3960019 and 39430101 supported by NSFC and also a granted for the East Lake Ecological Experimental Station, CAS, Wuhan.     

Effect of temperature under unfavourable conditions on oxygen uptake of larval herring,Clupea harengus

Oxygen uptake under starvation and short periods of sudden temperature change was measured for larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) reared at average temperature of 7.3, 11 and 12.9°C. Larval stages between first feeding and premetamorphosis were used. For comparison, the routine oxygen uptake (ROU) was also investigated and followed the relationshipQ=0.974+0.174tW ^−0.210, whereQ is in μg/(mg·h),W is dry body weight in mg andt is temperature in °C. The oxygen uptake under starvation (SOU, deprived of food for 24 h) was different from the routine when the larval dry weight was less than 0.6–0.8 mg; it increased with temperature and body weight giving the relationshipQ=1.568+0.110tW ^0.380; if the larval dry weight was more than 0.6–0.8 mg, it reverted to the norm (Q=1.704+0.078tW ^−0.349). The oxygen uptake was tested in short periods (3 h) of sudden temperature changes in six groups: 7.3 to 11, 7.3 to 12.9, 11 to 7.3, 11 to 12.9, 12.9 to 7.3 and 1.29 to 11°C. The oxygen uptake in the 7.3 to 12.9 and 12.9 to 7.3°C groups varied in a way similar to that of the larvae under starvation. The other four groups' oxygen uptake were more or less normal.     

A study on the age and growth of Lake Anchovy (Coilia ectenes taihuensis Yuen et Tin) in Taihu Lake

Scales of the Lake Anchovy in Taihu Lake are used as a basis for its age determination. Annual variation of scale edge growth rate (α) indicates that the annulus forms once a year, mainly in April–June. The relationship formula for body length and scale diameter is L=18.658+118.06R, that for body length and weight isW♀=7.588×10⁻⁶ L ^2.8301;W♂=5.584×10⁻⁶ L ^2.8781. The fish before age II have a higher relative growth rate in body length and weight and a higher growth index. Growth is consistent with the growth equation by Von Bertalanffy. The turning point of the body weight growth curve is located between age II and III; the exact position is atW=0.292W _∞. Variation specificity of the growth course can be reflected by the growth rate and its acceleration curves. Time for capture of the fish should preferably be after age II, when they have reached a body length of 170 mm. That is one of the key measures to increase Lake Anchovy production in Taihu Lake.     

Study on gametophyte vegetative growth ofUndaria pinnatifida and its applications

When cultured under certain environmental conditions (25°C, light intensity 80 μmol/m²·s, LD 12/12, in enriched seawater medium with 7×10⁻⁴ mol/L NO₃−N, 1.56×10⁻⁴ mol/L, PO₄−P and supplements of other elements like Mn, Fe, I, etc.), male and female gametophytes ofU. pinnatifida kept growing vegetatively and propagated fast at average daily fresh weight increase rate of about 20%. The empirical formulaG _m=G _o·3^m was established to estimate the output of vegetative gametophytes. Vigorous vegetative gametophyte cells began to form reproductive structures (oogonium and spermatangium, when the temperature was lower than 25°C and other environmental factors were kept optimal. The sufficient supply of gametophyte cells provided enough seeds for raisingUndaria sporelings on production scale. Controlled cross-breeding experiments using selected male and female gametophyte clones which increase their cell number by mitosis instead of meiosis were also carried out in vitro. Juvenile sporophytes from the cross-breeding had almost the same length and width increase rates as those of the control. The fact that vegetative gametophytes can be purposely selected, propagated quickly, cross-bred, with the resulting sporophytes having almost the same characteristics leads to a new way to select desiredUndaria strains for long time use without losing the desired economic characteristics. Contribution No. 2696 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

THE DENSITIES OF CHANGJIANG ESTUARINE WATERS

The International Eq一lation of State of Seawater,1980 and the PraeticalSalinity Scale,1978 have been adoPted by theUNESCO江CES沼COR八APSOJoint Panel ono‘eanogral,hie Tables and Standards(JPOTS),and endorsed bythese organizati6ns(Miller‘〕and Poisson,1981;Uneseo,1981).Th已new equa-tion and the Praetieal Salinity Seale are to be used for all values Published fromJan .1,1982 .The new equation 15 aeeurate for use in all oeeanie surfaee waters,but eannot be aeeurately aPPlied to…     

Hyper-spectrum models for monitoring water quality in Dianshan Lake,China

The correlation between water quality parameters and hyper-spectral reflectance is studied with models established for each parameter and applied in Dianshan Lake, in the upstream of the Huangpu River running through Shanghai, China. Models are for dissolved oxygen (DO in mg/L): R720/R680 = 20.362×(R720/R680)2-31.438×(R720/R680)+19.156; for turbidity (NTU): R*714.5 = 206.07× (R*714.5)2-582.5×R*714.5 + 423.24; and for total phosphorus (TP in mg/L): R*509.5 = 16.661× (R*509.5)2-32.646×R*509.5+16.116. The R2 values are 0.770 8, 0.660 4 and 0.738 7, respectively, showing strong positive relationships. The models were then applied to assess water quality of different times. Results are quite satisfactory for some samples.     

Free radical scavenging abilities of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri

1 INTRODUCTION Active oxygen free radicals can damage cell structure, even kill the cells, causing aging and cer- tain serious diseases (Bors et al., 1989). Usually, the production and scavenging of active oxygen free radicals are in balance in healthy hu…     

DISCOVERY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN DEEP-SEA IRON COSMIC DUST

A great quartity of cosmic dust(spherules) was found in deep-sea sediments during May to July,1983manganese nodule investigations by the R/V“XIANGYANGHONG 16”in the area 7°-11°N,167°-178°Win the Pacific.Comprehensive study of the cosmic dust and determination with Laser Raman MolecularMicroprobe(LRMM) of the molecules in it showed that besides Fe-Fe,Fe~(3+)-O,Fe-Ni,Al-O,Fe-Obr-Si and Si-Onb,it also contained the organic molecules C-H-O and C-H-S-O,various no fixed form molecules of C,CH_2,CH_3 and volatile molecules CO_2,H_2O,OH~- and H_2S,etc…The study result has very important applications for exploring the origin of interplanetary dust parti-cles and life material.     

Studies on culture conditions of benthic diatoms for feeding abalone

Effects of salinity, pH, nitrogenous and phosphate nutrients on the growth rate of four species of benthic diatoms were studied by using the method of in situ optical density measurement. The optimal culture conditions for the four species of diatoms are as follows: forAmphora coffeaeformis, s 35; pH 8.5; NO₃ ⁻−N 1.54, NH₄ ⁺−N, 7.0; CO (NH₂)₂−N, 2.5 (mg/L); PO₄ ³⁻−P 1.13 (mg/L); forCocconeis scutellum varparva, s 30; pH 8.5; NO ₃ ⁻ −N 3.08, NH ₄ ⁺ −N 3.5, CO(NH₂)₂−N 5.0 (mg/L); pO ₄ ³⁻ −P 0.283 (mg/L); forNavicula corymbosa s 25; pH 8.0; NO ₃ ⁻ −N 1.54, NH ₄ ⁺ −N 3.5 CO(NH₂)₂−N 5.0 (mg/L); PO ₄ ³⁻ −P 0.565 (mg/L); forNavicula mollis. s 25; pH 8.0; NO ₃ ⁻ −N 1.54, NH ₄ ⁺ −N 1.75, CO(NH₂)₂−N 1.25 (mg/L); PO ₄ ³⁻ −P 0.141 (mg/L). Part of the results of this paper were exchanged in the Fourth Asian Aquaculture Forum. Oct. 16–20. 1995. Beijing, P. R. China.     

Reproductive rate of a marine planktonic copepodLabidocera euchaet a Giesbrecht in Xiamen Harbor

Reproductive rate of a marine planktonic copepodLabidocera euchaeta Giesbrecht in Xiamen Harbor bor was studied during the period from April 1986 to August 1987. Results showed that rate of egg production (F, eggs/(♀, d)) was positively correlated with temperature (T,^oC) and body weight of spawning female (Wc, μgC) as:F=0.0637 (T−7)^0.7445 Wc. Each month a maximum rate of egg production occurred at one of the five experimental temperatures (10°, 15°, 25°, and 30°C) near the monthly mean field temperature. The available food density (P, μgC/ml) had significant effect on specific rate of egg production (Fc, %C ♀/d) as:Fc=0.1732 (P-0.0179)/P. The gross efficiency of egg production of ca 62% in carbon was independent of food density snd ingestion rate. Observations on in situ egg production and hatching rate demonstrated that this species reproduces continuously all the year round, with summer as its high reproductive season and winter a low one. Ten generations a year is also suggested based on the number of the peaks of average population egg production rate. This agreed well with the result obtained from the generation-time equations. Egg-laying pattern was also observed and discussed.     

Simulated thermal alteration of sterols and keto—Alcohols in marine sediments of the Okinawa Trough

Compositional data on the sterol and alcohol fractions isolated from deep-sea marine sediments from the Okinawa Trough were obtained to determine the relative contribution from marine and terrestrial inputs. Following extraction, the sterol plus alcohol fraction was isolated by layer chromatography, derivatized with BSTFA and then analysed by capillary GC and GC—MS. A suite of C₂₆−C₂₉ stenols and stanols and C₃₀−C₃₂ keto—alcohols were identified in the sediments. The thermal stability of the compounds in these sediments was studied by heating portions of the surface sediment in glass tubes for 16 hours at temperatures from 50°C to 200°C. The C₂₇ stanol/stenol ratio increased when temperatures went up to 175°C, but the distribution of C₃₀−C₃₂ Keto—alcohols remained unaffected. At 200°C most of the sterols and Keto—alcohols were destroyed. Supported by the National Natural Foundation of China.     

A new pullulan-producing yeast and medium optimization for its exopolysaccharide production

1　Introduction　Pullulanstandsforthewater solublehomopolysac charideproducedextracellularlybythe polymorphicmicromyceteAureobasidium pullulans (Yuenetal.,1974 ;Marketal.,1988) .Itisalinearα D glucan ,mademainlyofmaltotrioserepeatingunitsintercon nectedbyα 1,6 linkages.Theregularalternationofα 1,4andα 1,6bondsresultsintwodistinctiveprop ertiesofstructuralflexibilityandenhancedsolubility(Sanjeevetal.,2 0 0 1) .Thispolysaccharideisofeco nomicimportancewithincreasingapplicationinfood ,phar…     

GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND CONTAMINATION INDEX MAPPING IN CHANGCHUN CITY, CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONGroundwater in Changchun City assures about 45% of total water supply. Drinking water supply of Chang-chun City was mostly served by surface water from Shitoukoumen and Xinlicheng reservoirs located in the east and south of the city (ZHANG, 1993). However, with the development of urban construction the ground-water especially from deep boreholes is also used for drinking purpose in suburban areas. The urbanization process in Changchun City threatens the groundwater quali…     

Tolerance of ciliated protozoan Paramecium bursaria （Protozoa,Ciliophora） to ammonia and nitrites

The tolerance to ammonia and nitrites in freshwater ciliate Paramecium bursaria was measured in a conventional open system. The ciliate was exposed to different concentrations of ammonia and nitrites for 2h and 12h in order to determine the lethal concentrations. Linear regression analysis revealed that the 2h-LC50 value for ammonia was 95.94 mg/L and for nitrite 27.35 mg/L using probit scale method (with 95% confidence intervals). There was a linear correlation between the mortality probit scale and logarithmic concentration of ammonia which fit by a regression equation y=7.32x-9.51 (R^2=0.98; y, mortality probit scale; x, logarithmic concentration of ammonia), by which 2 h-LC50 value for ammonia was found to be 95.50 mg/L. A linear correlation between mortality probit scales and logarithmic concentration of nitrite is also followed the regression equation y=2.86x 0.89 (R^2=0.95; y, mortality probit scale; x, logarithmic concentration of nitrite). The regression analysis of toxicity curves showed that the linear correlation between exposed time of ammonia-N LC50 valueand ammonia-N LC50 value followed the regression equation y=2 862.85e-0.08x (R^2=0.95; y, duration of exposure to LC50 value; x, LC50 value), and that between exposed time of nitrite-N LC50 value and nitrite-N LC50 value followed the regression equation y = 127.15e-0.13x (R^2=0.91; y, exposed time of LC50 value; x, LC50 value). The results demonstrate that the tolerance to ammonia in P. bursaria is considerably higher than that of the larvae or juveniles of some metozoa, e.g. cultured prawns and oysters. In addition, ciliates, as bacterial predators, are likely to play a positive role in maintaining and improving water quality in aquatic environments with high-level ammonium, such as sewage treatment systems.