世界资源格局与展望

本文阐释了人均能源消费、人均矿产资源消费与人均GDP“S”形规律的内涵, 指出发达国家(OECD)能源与重要矿产资源消费已经或正在进入零增长期, 资源需求将趋稳或呈缓慢下降趋势, 发展中国家已经成为资源消费主体, 全球能源与矿产资源需求重心正在向亚洲转移; 以石油为例, 阐述了国际资源市场体系的演变及其脆弱性, 强调发展中国家经济发展的资源成本将呈不断上升态势, 低碳经济将推动全球新能源及相关产业快速发展, 提出了发展中国家应对国际资源格局变化的相关对策和建议。     

中国能源消费“零增长”何时到来

本文总结了发达国家能源消费“零增长”区域经济社会及能源消费指标的特征, 结合中国实际, 运用人均能源消费“S”形规律, 综合各部门未来能源需求趋势的判断, 全面预测了中国未来25年的能源需求。指出中国能源消费“零增长”将在2030-2035年间到来, “零增长”点的能源需求总量将达43.6亿吨油当量, 人均能源消费量2.98吨油当量。     

能源和矿产资源消费增长的极限与周期

本文以能源和大宗矿产资源消费与经济发展的"S"形规律为基础,总结并讨论了发达国家经济社会发展过程中,人均能源和矿产资源消费增长的极限及其与基础设施建设、城市化水平、社会财富积累以及经济结构变化的关系;指出人类对美好生活的物质追求是推动能源和矿产资源消费增长的原动力,从农业社会、工业社会到后工业化社会,随着经济发展,即人均收入或人均GDP的不断提高,城市化率、基础设施建设和社会财富积累水平持续提升,大宗商品或资源性产品消费将陆续进入准近饱和状态,消费结构的改变,致使铁、铜、铝等大宗矿产在工业化中期开始陆续到达人均消费极限值,并引起产业结构调整升级,推动经济结构变迁;进入后工业化发展阶段,以服务业为主体的国民经济体系逐渐使人均能源消费增长到达极限值;强调国家集团或大国资源消费增长极限的到来是导致全球性矿产资源消费增长周期结束的根本原因。     

印度未来能源需求对中国获取境外能源的影响初探

印度拥有全球18%的人口,消费全球约5%的一次能源,创造了全球8%左右GDP,是全球发展最快的国家之一,探讨印度未来能源需求对中国获取境外能源的影响具有重要的战略意义。本文在分析印度社会经济发展和能源消费的基础上,利用人均能源消费"S"形模型对2030年印度一次能源需求进行了预测并探讨了其对中国获取境外能源的影响。研究认为2030年以前,印度未来能源需求不会对中国境外获取天然气和铀矿资源产生较大影响。而由于中印两国石油进口量较大且与所有的增长都存在叠加,将影响全球石油的供需格局。同时鉴于两国石油进口来源地具有高度重叠性,印度未来能源需求的增加,将对中国境外获取石油资源产生重要的影响。     

铅消费规律探索及中国需求预测

本文以全球发达国家近100年的铅消费历史为研究基础,剖析了美国、英国、日本等典型国家的铅消费轨迹,拟合了典型国家人均铅消费量的曲线方程,发现其都具有"S"形消费规律。在此规律基础上,标定了铅消费三个关键点:起飞点、转折点、零增长点,并给出了各个关键点与产业结构、城市化、汽车工业发展之间的内涵解释。运用"S"形消费规律,对中国未来20年的铅需求进行预测,预测了中国铅需求峰值位置,及对应的铅需求量,预测结果显示:2022年前后中国铅需求达到峰值,届时铅需求量约为590万吨,人均铅需求量为4.13 kg,随后铅消费开始缓慢下降。本文在中长期尺度上对中国铅需求进行定量预测,为我国未来铅资源开发规模与冶炼产业结构调整提供宏观背景和依据。     

封面故事

正封面故事:能源和重要矿产资源消费与经济社会发展关系图。人均能源和重要矿产资源消费"S"形规律的发现,揭示了能源和矿产资源消费增长与经济社会发展内在的本质联系,提出了人类资源消费增长极限的理论问题。该理论认为随着经济社会发展,人类对能源和矿产资源的消费不会无限增长。如果能够有效控制人口数量的非理性增长,全球资源的消费或需求存在着极限值。这项由中国地质科学院全球矿产资源战     

钢、水泥需求“S”形规律的三个转变点剖析

本文剖析了人均钢、水泥消费“S”形轨迹的三个重要转变点, 论述了人均消费量和消费强度变化规律的影响因素和内在机制, 阐述了产业部门钢消费强度的倒“U”形轨迹, 在分析国内外经济结构演变趋势的基础上, 提出我国第二产业占GDP比例已经达到顶点, 指出钢、水泥消费强度顶点大小及到来的时间。     

典型国家部门石油消费轨迹及对中国的启示

本文通过分析发达国家部门石油消费历史, 系统揭示了各部门消费具有如下轨迹: 工业、商业和民用部门呈倒“U”形变化, 工业部门在人均GDP10000～13000美元到达消费顶点, 民用部门顶点出现在人均GDP 11000～15000美元, 商业则在人均15000～20000美元时到达消费峰值区。交通部门呈“S”形轨迹变化, 消费量已占石油总消费的60%, 消费顶点对应的人均GDP在 20000～22000美元之间; 工业-民用-商业-交通各部门消费顶点呈波次性出现。以发达国家石油部门消费轨迹为基础, 结合中国消费现状, 指出中国各部门石油消费仍沿着发达国家的消费轨迹呈上升趋势; 对交通部门的分析表明, 发达国家的石油消费模式对中国而言不可持续, 必须通过节能降耗、科技创新等有效手段, 从根本上转变消费模式, 积极走新型发展之路。     

矿产资源需求理论与模型预测

本文介绍了以人均矿产资源消费与人均GDP“S”形规律、矿产资源消费强度变化倒“U”形规律和矿产资源需求波次递进规律等为核心的能源和矿产资源需求理论, 以及以此为基础建立的能源与矿产资源需求综合预测模型; 系统预测了2010-2030年全球及中国一次能源、粗钢、铜、铝需求趋势, 并与其他预测方法和预测结果进行了对比, 论证了这一理论模型的先进性和预测结果的可靠性。     

铜、铝需求“S”形规律的三个转变点剖析

本文分析了铜、铝人均消费"S"形轨迹的三个重要转变点:找出了理论上铝的三个转变点出现时间,指出铜和铝人均消费的三个重要转变点出现的时间比较接近,铝略早于铜.以此为基础,分析了我国未来铜、铝需求趋势,发现,2020年前后,我国铜和铝将达到需求峰值,届时需求量均将比目前水平增长1倍.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)