粤北晚泥盆世天子岭组遗迹组构及其环境解释

遗迹组构是由生物成因改造的沉积岩组构,它是物理过程和生物过程相互作用的产物。本文在广东韶关晚泥盆世天子岭组碳酸盐岩沉积中建立了4个遗迹组构,即反映局限台地或封闭海湾环境的Planolies montanus遗迹组构,反映台地潮下低能环境的Thalassinoides—Planolites遗迹组构,反映潮上-潮间环境的．Skolithos遗迹组构和受固底底质控制的Thalassinoides遗迹组构。对遗迹化石和生物扰动构造进行阶层分析,从中识别出受固底底质控制的遗迹化石Thalassinoides.sp,这类遗迹化石常常代表层序地层学中的重要界面。     

遗迹化石与潮控滨线海泛面的识别及准层序相组合──以塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组为例

塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组主要由潮坪沉积组成。根据遗迹化石与沉积特征,固底控制的遗迹化石Ｇｙｒｏｌｉｔｈｅｓ常常与沉积性不连续面（海泛面）有关,潮控滨线中的准层序由三类岩相组成,其中含砾砂岩相（相Ａ）为潮道沉积,未见遗迹化石;含交错层理细砂岩相（相Ｂ）为砂坪沉积,仅见少量的遗迹化石Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ;强生物扰动粉砂岩、泥岩相（相Ｃ）为砂、泥混合坪沉积,发育有丰富的遗迹化石,代表Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ－Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ混合遗迹相。     

山西省河东煤田保德地区晚古生代生物成因构造及其环境意义

应用生物成因构造、特征遗迹化石对沉积速率、含氧量、能量级别、底质和含盐度等环境指标的解释，分析了山西省河东煤田保德地区晚古生代沉积环境，认为保德地区晚古生代沉积环境以河流沉积体系、泻湖相浅海相为主，当时沉积底质为半硬到软底，水体含氧量丰富，含盐度比其相邻地区偏低。     

黔南泥盆系的风暴遗迹相

风暴沉积岩在黔南泥盆系地层中比较常见，其中的遗迹化石也较为丰富，为研究风暴遗迹相提供了良好的场所。风暴作用的强度和持续时间影响了沉积环境的水能量、含氧量等物化条件，遗迹化石群也随之有所变化。本文研究了发生在Ｇｌｏｓｓｉｆｕｎｇｉｔｅｓ，Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ，Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ和Ｚｏｏｐｈｙｃｏｓ等不同遗迹相环境中的风暴沉积遗迹化石组合，把它们划分为三种类型：（１）单调型风暴遗迹相，风暴作用较弱，风暴沉积过程中的遗迹化石属种和数量较少，但仍与风暴前后的遗迹化石组合属于Ｓｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ（１９６７）的相同遗迹相；（２）混合型风暴遗迹相，风暴沉积形成新的遗迹相附加于较低能的遗迹相中；（３）多元混合型风暴遗迹相，随着强烈风暴作用强度的变化，在风暴沉积期出现两种以上遗迹相的沉积环境     

遗迹化石与潮控滨线海泛面的识别及准层序相组合：以塔里木盆地下志留统塔？

塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组主要由潮坪沉积组成,根据遗迹化石与学积特征,固底控制的遗迹化石Ｇｙｒｏｌｉｔｈｅｓ常常与沉积性不连续面有关,潮控滨线中的准层序由三类岩相组成,其中含砾砂岩相为潮道沉积,未见遗迹化石;含交错层理细砂岩相为砂坪沉积,仅见少量的遗迹化石Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ;强生物扰动粉砂岩,泥岩相为砂,泥混合坪沉积,发育有丰富的遗迹化石,代表Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ－Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ混合遗迹相。     

一个露头层序地层划分模型——以桂中北泥盆纪盆地为例

以海蚀面（下界）与沟蚀面或陆蚀面（上界）所限之滨相地层厘定为海退体系域（ＦＳＳＴ）为依据，建立以海退体系域之上的沟蚀面为底界所构成的Ⅲ型层序边界面类型，即区别于Ｉ型层序，又不同于Ⅱ型层序，并能更客观地反映桂中北泥盆纪沉积盆地露头层序地层特征。这一露头层序地层模型研究的关键在于识别与判断层序中一些具特殊成因意义的界面，这些界面包括陆蚀面、海蚀面、沟蚀面、暴露面等；其次是研究露头剖面相序，不同的沉积体     

桂林泥盆纪碳酸盐台地礁组合的层序地层研究

桂林的泥盆系以发育碳酸盐台地和礁组合沉积为特征，岩相多样，地层对比和时代确定的难度较大。本文应用层序地层学原理，结合生物地层和岩石地层特征，研究桂林泥盆系露头的相结构及碳酸盐台地礁组合不同亚相的９个剖面中的不整合界面，识别出该区中、晚泥盆世地层的５个层序界面：（１）牙形刺下ｖａｒｃｕｓ亚带和中ｖａｒｃｕｓ亚带之间；（２）牙形刺ｈｅｒｍｍａｎｉ－ｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｓ带和ｄｉｓｐａｒｉｌｉｓ带之间；（３）牙形刺下ｒｈｅｎａｎｅ亚带和上ｒｈｅｎａｎｅ亚带之间；（４）牙形刺ｅｘｐａｎｓａ带内部；（５）牙形刺ｐｒａｅｓｕｌｃａｔａ带和ｓｕｌｃａｔａ带之间。这些层序界面在岩石学上的特征为具有生物铸模溶孔的白云岩和不同规模的暴露溶蚀面。比较明显的大的海泛面有２次：（１）牙形刺ｅｎｓｅｎｓｉｓ带和ｖａｒｃｕｓ带之间；（２）牙形刺ｌｉｎｇｕｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ带和下ｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ亚带之间。     

西秦岭北带泥盆纪Nereites遗迹相及其环境分析

西秦岭北带泥盆系舒家坝组下一中上部的巨厚陆源碎屑岩系中含有极丰富的遗迹化石,它们可为解释该组沉积环境提供重要信息:（1）由大量典型深水遗迹化石组成的Nereites遗迹相,可与世界各地浊积岩系和复理石相中的Nereites遗迹相进行对比,该遗迹相主要发育在浊流沉积区直至深海平原,其沉积水深最大可超过2000m;（2）舒家坝组的遗迹群落中,除大量属深水型分子外,还见有典型的浅水分子,两种水深性质不同的遗迹组合共生在一个沉积剖面,正是浊积岩系和复理石相才具有的独特分布特征;（3）根据沉积层序和遗迹组合的对比确认舒家坝组不存在风暴岩。     

中国遗迹学研究十年进展

近十年来,中国遗迹学的研究取得许多新进展和新认识,重要成果概述如下: (1)在显生宙海相和过渡相沉积中新识别出84个遗迹属和211个遗迹种,新建28种遗迹组合及26种遗迹组构;在中生代和新生代陆相冲积扇、河流与湖泊沉积中识别出44个遗迹属和107个遗迹种,新建22种遗迹组合及10种遗迹组构;(2)论述了寒武纪底质革命对早期底栖生物的进化和生态效应的影响;(3)提出了3种古氧相(常氧相、贫氧相和厌氧相)的遗迹化石响应关系及其形成的沉积背景;(4)在华北下二叠统太原组灰岩中发现了大量成因与微生物相关的碳酸盐岩微形体,在动藻迹(Zoophycos)潜穴充填物中识别出球状、杆状、簇状、网状、瓶状和似脑球状6种微形体,描述了由造迹者与共生微生物一起进行一系列生命活动行为所形成的复杂精美的生物成因构造;(5)揭示了复杂遗迹化石动藻迹(Zoophycos)从浅阶层迁移至深阶层与从浅海迁移至半深海-深海同步的演化规律;(6)提出了滨-浅海和湖泊环境中风暴与浊流事件沉积序列中以及P/Tr界线附近遗迹化石的组成与分布特征,并论证了P-Tr事件前后遗迹化石及其造迹生物生态系统的演变规律,为晚二叠世末生物大灭绝后的生态系统复苏过程提供了可靠的遗迹学信息;(7)在华东、华北和西部地区多处新发现侏罗纪和白垩纪大量兽脚类、蜥脚类和鸟脚类恐龙足迹群;(8)在华北地台中元古界和上二叠统-下三叠统碎屑岩中识别出多种微生物成因沉积构造;(9)详细分析了碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩储集层中的生物扰动作用和遗迹组构及其对储集层物性的影响,建立了生物扰动变化三维地质模型,并提出了生物扰动型储集层的表征与研究方法。上述研究成果极大地促进了中国在遗迹分类学、遗迹相、遗迹组构、地微生物以及遗迹学在事件沉积和油气储层应用研究等方面的发展和进步。     

遗迹化石--复理石中重要的示底构造

复理石相中丰富的原生生物沉积构造－遗迹化石是该地层的良好示底构造。（１）典型的遗迹化石如Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ,Ｇｒａｎｕｌａｒｉａ本身是工的极好生物成因构造,（２）浊流事件前的Ｎｅｒｅｉｔｅｓ相遗迹化石占复理相中遗迹化石总量的大多数,主要保存于浊积砂岩底面且主要为下凸良形成雕画迹,指示岩层底面,（３）泥岩层面遗迹化石以凹状、填平补状刘为主,内部纹饰较发育,指示岩层顶面,加强贵迹化石示底标志的研究应是今后值得重视的研究内容。     

Trace fossils as diagnostic indicators of deep-marine environments, Middle Eocene Ainsa-Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees

A quantitative study of trace fossil abundance in the Middle Eocene deep-marine clastic systems, Ainsa-Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees, shows that they are powerful discriminators of submarine fan and related environments. Sixteen fan and related environments are recognized from upper-slope gully to the distal basin-floor. For each environment, the degree of bioturbation (density), trace-fossil diversity, number of pre-depositional and post-depositional trace fossils, as well as the number of graphoglyptid ichnospecies were quantified. In the more laterally confined and channel-dominated Ainsa basin, there is a trend of increasing bioturbation intensity and trace-fossil diversity away from channel-axis to off-axis environments. In the more unconfined and distal Jaca basin, there is a trend of increasing trace-fossil diversity and number of pre-depositional trace fossils including graphoglyptids from the channel-lobe transition to the fan-fringe. The trace-fossil assemblages of the Ainsa-Jaca basin are characteristic of a number of sub-ichnofacies of the Nereites ichnofacies. In the distal Jaca basin, the Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies occurs in the lobe-fringe and fan-fringe, whereas the distal basin-floor has a trace-fossil assemblage typical of the Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies, but with a high proportion of post-depositional fodinichnia . Trace-fossil assemblages of proximal basin, axial, environments are characteristic of the Ophiomorpha rudis sub-ichnofacies, whilst proximal off-axis environments, have a mixed Paleodictyon-Ophiomorpha rudis sub-ichnofacies trace-fossil assemblage.     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区下二叠统寿山沟组 遗迹化石的发现及意义

内蒙古西乌旗地区寿山沟组化石稀少,沉积环境不明.在内蒙古西乌旗塔宾庙林场剖面识别出了一套海相碎屑岩沉积,发育有泥岩与砂岩韵律性互层,在该剖面的16～18层暗色粉砂岩、粉砂质板岩及泥灰岩透镜体中发育有大量的遗迹化石.这些主要遗迹属有Zoophycos,Sc olic ia,Planolites,Taenidium,Chondrites,Helminthoida,Helminthopsis.分析其形态、习性,将其划分为Zoophycos和Helminthopsis 2个遗迹化石组合,这2个组合均属Zoophycos遗迹相,反映了半深海环境的大陆斜坡沉积,为西乌旗地区沉积环境的研究提供了新的依据.     

Characterization, lateral variability and lateral extent of discontinuity surfaces on a Carbonate Platform (Barremian to Lower Aptian, Oman)

Hiati of various duration in carbonates are commonly expressed as discontinuity surfaces. The understanding of processes that form and affect these surfaces leads to an improved sequence-stratigraphic interpretation, a reliable outcrop correlation, and better models for reservoir compartmentalization. Various intraformational discontinuities were analysed and interpreted in a well-exposed study window, 2·5 km in lateral length and 60 m in height comprising the Barremian-Aptian Qishn Formation (Haushi-Huqf area, central Oman). This study focuses on the lateral extent and morphology of the surfaces, the petrography of the underlying rocks, and the facies changes and geochemical trends across these discontinuities. Furthermore, the lateral variability of discontinuity surfaces was documented. Three genetic types of discontinuities are differentiated: (i) erosion surfaces; (ii) omission surfaces (hard- and firmgrounds); and (iii) composite surfaces with evidence for both subaerial exposure and submarine boring. Field observations, combined with petrographic and geochemical data, suggest that 17 surfaces are laterally extensive for at least 20 km and record relative sea-level fluctuations of regional scale. In contrast, a large number of laterally limited surfaces (<1 km) are related to locally active processes such as waves and current erosion. The lateral variability along extensive surfaces is the result of the depositional environment below the discontinuity, the sea-floor topography, waves and currents and differential erosion. The most pronounced lateral variability is present along six laterally extensive composite surfaces that record terrestrial exposure and subsequent flooding of a tidal flat environment. This variability is caused by spatial variability in the tidal flat environment, meteoric alteration and differential erosion. This study emphasizes the spatial and temporal complexity of processes that form and modify discontinuity surfaces. This variability must be kept in mind when interpretations and correlations are based on one-dimensional sections or cores.     

The ichnology of carbonate drifts

Carbonate drifts have so far not been as intensely investigated as their siliciclastic equivalents, especially from an ichnological perspective. The aim of this work is therefore to provide an overview of the different bioturbation styles in carbonate drifts for ichnologists and sedimentologists working in such deposits. Different types of carbonate drifts from the Maldives were studied to address this objective. The cores recovered during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 359 were examined to provide the sedimentological and ichnological data for a detailed analysis of the ichnology of carbonate drifts. The ichnological characteristics of the Maldives drifts are compared to other carbonate drifts in order to discuss similarities and differences, and thus provide an overview of the general characteristics of carbonate drift ichnology. These drifts are located in the Santaren Channel which lines Great Bahama Bank, along the Marion Plateau in Australia, in the Limassol and Larnaca basins in Cyprus and in the Danish Basin in Denmark. The common characteristics of bioturbation in carbonate drifts are: (i) the complete bioturbation of the sediment with bioturbation indexes between four and six; (ii) the occurrence of distinctive trace fossils limited to facies contacts or condensed intervals; (iii) a typical ichnoassemblage consisting of Thalassinoides, Scolicia, Planolites, Zoophycos, Chondrites, Phycosiphon and Palaeophycus; (iv) the contiguous occurrence of ichnogenera from different tiers, with only Zoophycos and Chondrites as deep tiers; and (v) distinct infills of the traces including particulate organic matter, pyrite, silica and celestine. In addition, the main ichnofacies of carbonate drifts is the Zoophycos ichnofacies. Ichnofabrics grade from coarse‐grained and completely bioturbated to ichnofabrics with present to rare trace fossils and preserved sedimentary structures. The type and intensity of the bioturbation is controlled by the amount of organic matter and the oxygenation at the sea floor that is determined by the action of bottom currents and the sea‐level fluctuations affecting the carbonate factory in carbonate platforms bordering the basins where the carbonate drifts form. The study of the bioturbation in core and outcrop provides palaeoenvironmental information about carbonate‐drift deposits that complement the classical sedimentological data.     

华南泥盆纪Chondrites的特征及其对古氧相的示踪

系统描述了发育于广西六景、贵州独山、贵阳乌当泥盆纪3个浅海沉积区Cruziana遗迹相Chondrites的产出特征,结合华南泥盆纪其他5个浅海沉积区Cruziana遗迹相的Chondrites资料,对Chondtites的寄主岩系颜色分级、遗迹组构、潜穴直径、遗迹属种的综合研究表明,只有寄主岩系为深灰色-黑色,岩性为灰岩、泥灰岩,潜穴直径小于1 mm,无其他遗迹化石共生时,Chondrites才是贫氧环境标志性遗迹化石的新认识,而个体粗大的Chondrites常发育在常氧环境中.     

四川省壤塘县金木达晚三叠世深水沉积中的遗迹化石及沉积环境分析

四川壤塘金木达日基沟晚三叠世地层中首次发现了大量的遗迹化石,经鉴定有 38个遗迹属、6 3个遗迹种。根据不同遗迹属在不同层位的相对丰度,建立了 5个遗迹组合 全部遗迹组合均属于Nereites遗迹相。同时应用遗迹化石的生态习性分类、特征遗迹化石和遗迹相来进行沉积环境的分析,认为金木达晚三叠世中晚期的沉积环境经历了大陆斜坡下部-深海盆地边缘-大陆斜坡中下部-深海盆地-大陆斜坡下部的演变。     

东濮凹陷沙河街组痕迹相及其对应的测井图型

东濮凹陷老第三系沙河街组有八类痕迹化石组合：①Cylindricum Scoyenia,②Ancorichnus Cylindricum,③Tigillites A型植物根迹,④Ophiomorpha Ancorichnus,⑤Thalassinoides Palaeophycus,⑥Arenicolites Polykladichnus,⑦Teichichnus Anconichnus,⑧Squamodictyon Protopalaeodictyon的环境意义及其对应的测井曲线图型。
剖面上重复出现的痕迹相及与其对应的测井图型的反复再现,表明在东濮凹陷利用直接观察到的岩心、痕迹化石证据和间接测得的曲线图型资料可以识别和预测出无岩心段的岩相及其变化。同时说明,沙河街组既有陆相、非海相沉积,亦有海相沉积,从而廓清了东濮凹陷老第三系是否存在海相沉积之迷雾。更为重要的是,它为在本区进行高精度地层对比和预测下切谷型储层相（如河口湾砂岩）和超覆型储层相（如潮坪砂岩相和海滩砂岩）的时空分布提供了研究途径。     

试论湖相高频旋回水下间断面的成因:揭示湖盆短期沉降过程的突破口

在湖相条件下,常发育沉积水体单一向上变浅的高频旋回,旋回底部为水下间断面,间断面之上的古水深迅速增大。在陆相层序地层学研究中,常将这类间断面直接归为古气候变化引起湖泛和物源后退形成的水下无沉积作用面。但这种认识目前还难以得到圆满的解释,而如果将其归为盆地短周期的间歇性构造沉降成因似乎显得更为合理。针对湖相高频旋回水下间断面的成因研究,不仅可以进一步探讨盆地短周期的构造活动方式及其对湖相高频旋回沉积过程的影响,也为在湖相条件下更好地应用米兰柯维奇旋回理论提供研究基础。     

岐口凹陷新近系生物-遗迹相及环境解释

岐口凹陷新近系包括明化镇组和馆陶组.通过新近系中的孢粉、介形虫和遗迹组构的系统研究, 识别出孢粉53个属种, 并建立了两个孢粉组合, 分别为Magnastites (粗肋孢) -Ulmus (榆粉) -Taxodiaceae pollenites (杉粉) 组合和Polygonaceae-Chenopodiaceae组合; 发现介形虫12个属种, 介形类以金星介科分子为主, 少数湖花介科分子, 以壳形单一、壳壁薄、表面光滑的类型为主, 表现了典型的非海相淡水介形类面貌; 划分出4种遗迹组构类型, 分别为Scoyenia遗迹组构、Skolithos遗迹组构、Palaeophycus遗迹组构和强扰动组构.在此基础上, 探索了生物与环境的关系, 划分了A、B、C、D、E5种生物-遗迹相带, 分别代表泛滥平原、蓄水注地或泛滥平原小型湖、河道及水下分流河道边部、滨浅湖和前三角洲沉积环境.