近8kaBP来云南洱海地区气候演化的有机碳稳定同位素记录

根据洱海湖泊沉积有机碳稳定同位素记录,结合硅藻分析资料,恢复了近８ｋａ来云南洱海地区的气候演化序列。结果表明：８．１ｋａＢ．Ｐ．来的气候演化分为９个阶段,伴随湖泊水位波动变化。     

若尔盖盆地RM孔自生碳酸盐δ~(18)Ο、δ~(13)C记录所揭示的环境演化特征

利用湖泊自生碳酸盐δ１８Ο、δ１３Ｃ指标，研究了青藏高原东部边缘若尔盖盆地９０万年来的环境演化特征，划分了２３个气候阶段，并与黄土记录及深海记录进行了比较。结果显示，各记录９０万年来气候演化阶段及变化趋势具有较好的可比性，但环境特点也存在较大的差异。表明９０万年来若尔盖地区气候变化具有全球一致性的同时也存在有明显的区域特征。ＲＭ孔记录显示在２３、１７、１２等阶段暖而不湿，而１８、１６等阶段冷而不干，钻孔记录揭示的６阶段环境特征也是不同于其它任何记录。另外，在７００—４８０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．时段气候以冷湿暖干为主，明显不同于此时段前后各期的气候特征，也与黄土高原黄土—古土壤系列所揭示的冷干暖湿型气候格局形成鲜明的对照，显示了明显的区域特征。     

中更新世以来新疆罗布泊地区气候演化过程

综合罗布泊LS2孔的碳酸盐含量、总有机碳、总氮和碳氮比的多指标分析,重建了该地区中更新世以来的沉积环境和气候环境的演化过程。结果表明,中更新世以来罗布泊地区沉积环境经历了中更新世的浅湖相沉积(厚度为12m)—滨湖相沉积(厚度约为46m)—浅湖相沉积(厚度为11m)—滨湖相沉积(厚度为28m)—晚更新世至今的滨湖相向风成相沉积(厚度约为18m)环境的演变过程;气候演化过程可以分为7个阶段:阶段Ⅰ(深度115～103m)气候由暖干向冷干气候转变;阶段Ⅱ(深度103～82m)冷湿和暖干交替变化;阶段Ⅲ(深度82～67m)气候相对暖干;阶段Ⅳ(深度67～57m)气候冷湿;阶段Ⅴ(深度57～46m.)气候温暖且偏干;阶段Ⅵ(深度46～18m)气候主要在冷湿背景下夹有3次暖干的气候波动;阶段Ⅶ(深度18～0m)气候干旱化加剧。该研究表明,中更新世时期罗布泊地区沉积环境以浅湖相—滨湖相为主,并在晚更新世发展为以风成相堆积为主;气候变化的水热组合形式主要遵循着"冷湿—暖干"的变化模式。     

全新世大暖期云南洱海环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

根据高分辨率湖泊沉积的有机碳稳定同位素记录、硅藻等环境指标分析结果,将洱海全新世大暖期（８．１－３．０ＫaＢ．Ｐ）的环境演化为７个阶段,环境变化序列以温（暖）湿 －暖（温）干为主,其中存在的明显冷干（湿）事件,冷事件出现在７．２ＫaＢ．Ｐ、５．３ＫaＢ．Ｐ和３．７ＫaＢ．Ｐ。全新世大暖期洱海湖面波动与气候变化具有明显的一致性。洱海湖泊沉积记录的环境演化主要受亚洲季风强弱转换和时空迁移的影响,冷事件与亚     

云南中甸纳帕海湖泊记录指示的57ka环境演化

根据沉积环境，总有机碳，氢指数，有机碳同位素，磁化率和粒度等替代性指标以及和陆地，深海气候记录的对比，重建了纳帕海57kaBP以来的湖面变化和主要气候演化阶段，57-32kaBP主要为低湖面和频繁的湖面波动，与气候的暖偏干/凉偏湿交替有关。32-15kaBP湖面大幅度上升，出现相对高湖面，气温下降，有效湿度增加，全新世湖盆的萎缩与持续的暖偏干气候有关，这种冷湿-暖干气候与滇西北特殊的地形地貌造成大气环流的独特性有关。     

末次盛冰期新疆的湖泊记录及其气候环境意义

以新疆地区所开展的湖泊研究工作为基础,结合黄土和冰川记录,讨论了新疆地区末次盛冰期气候环境状况。迄今为止,新疆具有LGM记录的湖泊并不多。乌伦古湖、博斯腾湖和巴里坤湖等湖泊钻孔岩心的地层显示,在末次盛冰期期间,这些湖泊岩心的岩性普遍出现砂—粉砂质沉积类型特征、粒度相对较粗;巴里坤湖的孢粉组合以黎科和代表极端环境的菊科为主,孢粉总量较低。结果表明:在末次盛冰期期间新疆地区湖面较低、湖泊萎缩、气候环境极端干旱,不存在之前研究所认为的末次盛冰期期间气候冷湿、湖面上升的状况。对新疆末次盛冰期气候环境的状况及其机制需要重新认识。     

试论青藏高原第四纪沉积地球化学演化与环境变迁

本文扼要介绍最近几年青藏高原第四纪沉积物的元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、有机地球化学和矿物学及其与气候环境关系研究的一些新进展。青藏高原第四纪沉积地球化学信息综合分析，初步建立了长、短期时间尺度的气候曲线。揭示了青藏高原强烈隆升引起的气候环境配制的改变，即在３．４０－０．７３ＭａＢ，Ｐ．高原强烈隆升，亚洲季风稳定形成，气候以干冷、湿暖型波动为主；０．７３ＭａＢ．Ｐ．以来高原再次强烈隆升，气候环境愈趋干旱；进入全新世以来，出现凉干、暖干、暖湿和冷湿的多种气候波动模式。在空间格局上划分二个地球化学沉积区，即西藏和新疆为富镁区；青海为富钾区。还揭示了青藏高原湖泊沉积地球化学的分带性，其分带规律与高原隆起的差异性是一致的。此外，青藏地区风化壳和古土壤的地球化学演化与高原古气候变迁也有紧密联系。     

南疆博斯腾湖近12.OkaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化

对南疆博斯腾湖湖相沉积物多手段的综合研究，揭示了近12.0kaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化过程与特征。结果表明，其气候的演化特征具有明显的西风型环境演变特征。研究还发现气候于12.0ka、10.0ka、4.0ka和1.5kaB.P.存在显著的阶梯式增暖变干特征，其中暖峰主要出现于11.5—11.0ka、9.4ka、7.5—7.0ka、6.5—6.0ka、3.0ka和2.0kaB.P.，气候特征以干暖为主，湖泊水文特征总体表现为盐度增加、水位下降、湖面缩小；而冷峰主要出现于11.0—10.0ka、8.8ka、5.0—4.5ka、3.3ka和1.5kaB.P.，此时湖泊膨胀淡化，湖面上升。在7.0—5.0kaB.P.期间出现的相对暖湿环境特征可能是全新世大暖期最盛期暖湿气候特征的反映，可能与此时西南夏季风势力增强有关，湖泊水文状况明显变好。     

论新疆巴里坤湖沉积地球化学指标的累积规律

于１９８９年８月，在新疆巴里坤湖区进行多次野外调查和钻孔取样，将１１６块岩芯样用等离子发射光谱对各种微量元素和氧化物进行全面分析，以研究古气候与古环境的演变关系。研究得知，本区多数微量元素以碎屑形式机械迁移为主，因此，在地表径流较丰富的凉湿或冷湿环境，湖底沉积的元素相对富集；反之，在地表径流减少的暖干环境，元素富集减少。这种元素的迁移规律，表明干旱区内陆确存在冷湿暖干型的气候特征，不同于东部季风区     

南疆博斯腾湖近12.0kaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化

对南疆博斯腾湖相沉积物多手段的综合研究，揭示了近12．0KaB.P，以来古气候与古水文状况的变化与特征。结果表明，其气候的演化特征具有明显的西风型环境演变特征。研究还发现气候120ka、10.0ka、4.0ka和1.5kaB.P.存在显著的阶梯式增暖变干特征，其中暖峰主要出现于11．5－11．0ka、9.4ka、7.5-7.0ka、6.5-6.0ka、3.0ka和2.0kaB.P.,气候特征以干暖为主，湖泊水文特征总体表现为盐度增加、水位下降、湖面缩小；而冷峰主要出现于11．0－10．0ka、8．8ka5．0－4．5ka和1．5kaB.P.,此时湖泊膨胀淡化，湖面上升。在7．0－5．0kaB.P.期间出现的相对暖湿环境特征可能是全新世大暖期最盛期暖湿气候特征的反映，可能与此时西南夏季风势力增强有关，湖泊水文状况明显变好。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,