The anisotropy of loess magnetic susceptibility in the northeastern fringe of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau as an indicator of palaeowind direction

Estimates of the palaeo-subaerial wind direction were studied systematically for the first time by using the anisotropy of loess magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements in the northwestern China. One hundred and forty undisturbed oriented aeolian loess samples were collected from Lanzhou, Linxia and Wudu areas for AMS measurements, which indicated the subaerial wind directions were not the same while the loess deposited. From the Early Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene till Late Pleistocene, the wind direction experienced an anticlockwise rotation in the studied area. We suggested this change was related to the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the adjustment of current and landform effects.     

黄土高原晚更新世的植被与气候环境

在被认为孢粉贫乏的黄土中分析出了大量孢粉,首次作出了黄土地层的孢粉浓度图式。根据１０余个剖面上孢粉组合的变化,阐明了晚更新世的植被与气候在时间上演替与空间上分布的规律,证明了各地植被在时间上的演变韵律十分相似,说明它们同受全球气候变化的控制,但同一时期在空间上各地植被不尽相同,此乃局地自然环境差异所致。根据植被变化重建了古气温曲线。     

Luminescence chronology and age model application for the upper part of the Chumbur-Kosa loess sequence in the Sea of Azov,Russia

A reliable chronology is essentially critical for correlating loess records with other paleoenvironmental time series, as well as for continuing improvements in the reconstruction of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate changes. It is exactly that the scarcity of chronologies across the Sea of Azov has limited the interpretation of climatic and environmental information in the East European Plain. In view of this, this paper conducted an exploratory study to investigate whether the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of mediumgrained quartz could be used to obtain a set of chronologies and the age models could be used to establish an independent time scale since the Late Pleistocene for the Sea of Azov loess. The results showed that an internally consistent set of optical ages for the Azov loess deposited up to ~76 ka. In addition, the ages developed based on magnetic susceptibility and grain size ages models showed good comparability with independent OSL ages at an acceptable range, suggesting that it might be practicable to establish an independent time scale using age models at the Sea of Azov loess, at least for the uppermost part of the Chumbur-Kosa section. Comparison with the ages based on two age models, the grain size ages using fine-grain fractions may provide a more reliable chronological sequence at the Azov loess since the Late Pleistocene. With the help of absolute ages and climate proxies (magnetic susceptibility and grain size), paleoclimatic change in the Sea of Azov have been traced for the Late Pleistocene.     

LOESS IN THE LONGXI BASIN OF GANSU PROVINCE

The Nuanquangou loess section in the Longxi Basin has been examined in terms of stratigraphic investigation,. including 14C dating, paleomagnetic polarity, spore-pollen diagram, and mineral and chemical analyses. The results indicate that the section is one of the ancient loess sections with a continuous sedimentation and composed of homogeneous materials with abundant carbonate. The Brunhes / Matuyama boundary and the Jaramillo event were recorded in the section. Stratigraphically,this section can be divided into the Holocene and the Pleistocene loess. The latter includes Malan, Lishi and Wucheng loess in descending order. They were developed at about 1.2 Ma ago, whereas the Nuanquangou loess section possesses some local characteristics different from those observed in other areas.     

秦岭太白盆地黄土地层发育时的古环境

太白盆地黄土地层厚１６ｍ左右．发育有两层红褐色古土壤。化学分析与微结构鉴定表明该盆地黄土中的古土壤为ＦｅＯ３与Ａｌ２Ｏ３迁移深度大但无聚集的棕壤．并已成为明显的风化无，发育时的年平均降水量在１０００ｍｍ以上．太白盆地黄土中ＣａＣＯ３含量少，发育有淀积型的光性定向粘土．表明黄土地层发育时的降水量也在６００ｍｍ以上。该盆地黄土地层发育在距今约２０多万年前．指示从这一时期开始，中国黄土搬运高度已超过２０００ｍ。微结构的观察还表明，光性定向粘土不仅可用于降水量的研究，也可用于指示温度的相对高低．     

Probe into the origin, development and evolution model of shelf desertizational environment in the last stage of Late Pleistocene

MPmMARYDEVELOPMENTOFMDESERTIZATIONCONCEPTAubrevil(l949)definedthenewterm"desertification"asthetransforrnationfromtropicalandsubtropicalforestintospaxsegrasslands.Manydesertenvirorirnentresearchersbelievethatdesertandthedesertfficationenvironmentarenotonlytheresultofmodernen-vironmentdeterioraion,butwerealsopresentingeo1ogicalPeriodsheforetheoriginofInankind.Thewords`'desertification'and'desertiZaion'linEnglishlangUageliteraure,arecOllectivelycalled"ShaMoHua"inChinese-Thef…     

山东省第四纪地质研究新进展

近年来山东省第四纪岩石地层划分对比取得了新进展，更新世中—晚期形成的厚层黄土堆积，分别划为羊栏河组和大站组；全新世早期发育有古湖沼沉积，划为黑土湖组。在探讨岩石地层单位的时代归属、穿时现象及第四纪地质发展史等方面，也获得了新的认识。     

Runnel development on granitic boulders on the foothills of Mount Kinabalu (Pinosuk Gravel Formation,Sabah, N Borneo)

Runnels are characteristic erosional features on karstified soluble rocks and can occasionally develop on less soluble rocks (i.e. sandstones and granites) but are poorly reported in Malaysia. This research summarizes boulder distribution, size, petrology and runnel morphology in a Pleistocene post-glacial mudflow on Mount Kinabalu. The goal is to investigate the runnel formation on granites. Colonization of boulders by cyanobacteria, mosses, lichens and higher plants is observed and related to rock surface meso-scale and micro-scale features. The coarse porphyritic texture of the granite contributes to the fragmentation and mechanical weathering of large K-feldspar crystals in the runnels. The damp runnel micro-environment is preferentially covered with mosses further enhancing weathering and erosion. As runnels deepen, the remnant protruding fins of rock weaken and may break off. The runnels are subaerial pseudokarst features, not the result of dissolution.     

Desertization of the continental shelf of China in the later stage of Late Pleistocene

In the later stage of Late Pleistocene, global climate entered into the climax period of Würm when temperature decreased remarkably and glaciers developed. Information from the East China Sea also confirm that the sea level fell by at least 130 m at that time (Emery, 1968). The Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea at the climax period were totally exposed, while the East China Sea and South China Sea shelf regions were exposed partly. The exposed shelf area exceeded 1 million km² and became a salty desert where land plants could not survive. Such were the conditions which led to the desertization of the shelf region. Eolation was the major exogenetic force not only on land but also on the shelf region in the ice age. At the climax period of Würm, the northern part of China developed thick layers of loess deposits. The shelf region at that time had similar climatic conditions and sediments. Because the shelf region was not protected by vegetation in the ice age, intensive wind storms remoulded the primarily deposited strata to produce new sedimentary differentiation and new series of land sediments. Shallow-layer profiler records indicated the existence of many land sediment types, including dunes, dune-chains, desert bodies, thick layers of repose angle sediments and desertization derivatives. New data available show the shelf region adjoining China can be divided into six regions of desertization and its derivatives. Contribution No. 1846, from the Institute of Oceanology, Acadernia Sinica. Project sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Centrifuge model test of an irrigation-induced loess landslide in the Heifangtai loess platform,Northwest China

The Heifangtai platform in Northwest China is famous for irrigation-induced loess landslides. This study conducted a centrifuge model test with reference to an irrigation-induced loess landslide that occurred in Heifangtai in 2011. The loess slope model was constructed by whittling a cubic loess block obtaining from the landslide site. The irrigation water was simulated by applying continuous infiltration from back of the slope. The deformation, earth pressure, and pore pressure were investigated during test by a series of transducers. For this particular study, the results showed that the failure processes were characterized by retrogressive landslides and cracks. The time dependent reductions of cohesion and internal friction angle at basal layer with increasing pore-water pressure were responsible for these failures. The foot part of slope is very important for slope instability and hazard prevention in the study area, where concentration of earth pressure and generation of high pore-water pressures would form before failures. The measurements of earth pressure and pore-water pressure might be effective for early warning in the study area.     

Numerical simulation and preliminary analysis of typhoon waves during three typhoons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

In this study, typhoon waves generated during three typhoons(Damrey(1210), Fung-wong(1416), and Chan-hom(1509)) in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were simulated in a simulating waves nearshore(SWAN) model, and the wind forcing was constructed by combining reanalyzed wind data with a Holland typhoon wind model. Various parameters, such as the Holland fitting parameter(B) and the maximum wind radius(R), were investigated in sensitivity experiments in the Holland model that affect the wind field construction. Six different formulations were considered and the parameters determined by comparing the simulated wind results with in-situ wind measurements. The key factors affecting wave growth and dissipation processes from deep to shallow waters were studied, including wind input, whitecapping, and bottom friction. Comparison with in-situ wave measurements suggested that the KOMEN scheme(wind input exponential growth and whitecapping energy dissipation) and the JONSWAP scheme(dissipation of bottom friction) resulted in good reproduction of the significant wave height of typhoon waves. A preliminary analysis of the wave characteristics in terms of wind-sea and swell wave revealed that swell waves dominated with the distance of R to the eye of the typhoon, while wind-sea prevailed in the outer region up to six to eight times the R values despite a clear misalignment between wind and waves. The results support the hypothesis that nonlinear wave-wave interactions may play a key role in the formation of wave characteristics.     

ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION OF ORDOS DESERT IN CHINA SINCE 1.1MA B. P. AS INDICATED BY YULIN STRATIGRAPHICAL SECTION AND ITS GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS RESULTS

1INTRODUCTIONOrdosDesertisageneral appellationof Qubqi Desert onthe north, Hedong Sandy Landonthesouthwest and MuUs Desert on the southeast (Fig. 1). It is situated on atransitional zone from arid desert steppe to semi-aridsteppe between ariddesertinNorth…     

基于LiDAR数据特征的湖相层三维地理信息提取

泥河湾盆地的化石和旧石器遗址与泥河湾古湖、古河道有极强的相关性,如果发现了湖滨相和河流阶地的沉积地层,那么下一步很可能发现古人类活动留下来的化石和旧石器遗址。本文按照广义DEM的定义,将DEM的表达对象“地形表面”改为“泥河湾更新世湖相沉积层”称为湖相层DEM,泥河湾更新世湖相层DEM的建立可以大大推进泥河湾地区的古人类活动及古地理环境的研究。本文通过提取湖相层的三维地理信息,以禾尧庄剖面为例,研究了露头信息的泥河湾更新世湖相层三维地理信息提取方法。采用三维激光扫描仪采集剖面的三维地理信息,基于LiDAR点云的数据特征设计滤波方法,针对剖面采集点的距离近似相等,采用回波强度进行区分植被及土质,得到了一定的效果。在回波强度滤波后的结果基础上,进一步利用RGB信息设置阈值,区分植被和土质,得到了较好的效果。最后,经过手动去噪,得到干净、地层信息完整的剖面三维地理信息数据,可以做为湖相层DEM建模的基础数据。     

从老灌河阶地看黑沟大断裂的新近活动

通过对老灌河河流阶地水平错断幅度和垂直错断幅度的测量 ,证实自晚更新世中期以来黑沟大断裂的构造活动十分强烈 ,主要表现为水平方向上的大规模左旋走滑活动 ,在垂直方向上的活动相对来说比较微弱。不管是水平方向还是垂直方向的活动 ,都表现有加速的趋势。     

甘肃通渭县黄土堆积区全新世环境变迁

通过对甘肃通渭县四家庙全新世黄土剖面的粒度和磁化率分析。并依据前人研究成果对年均气温和年均降水量的相应恢复，揭示了该区全新世期间气候演化的特点和规律。分析认为，研究区全新世以来的环境变化是不稳定的，无论古土壤发育期还是黄土堆积期，气候都具有频繁的次级波动。尤其在全新世中期。两层古土壤间的黄土夹层，反映该区在全新世大暖期经历过一次历时千年之久的气候显著恶化事件。     

陕西彬县地区湿陷性黄土纵向分布特征及湿陷性计算

通过对陕西彬县地区黄土进行物性指标及湿陷性试验,探讨了该地区物理性质指标及湿陷性的纵向分布规律,根据分布特征结合数理统计的方法对湿陷性的关键因素进行研究,拟合其相应经验公式,进一步总结出该地区黄土的一些特征,对该地区黄土的研究及工程勘察设计提供参考依据。     

Multitemporal UAV-based photogrammetry for landslide detection and monitoring in a large area:a case study in the Heifangtai terrace in the Loess Plateau of China

With high spatial resolution,on-demand-flying ability,and the capacity for obtaining threedimensional measurements,unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) photogrammetry is widely used for detailed investigations of single landslides,but its effectiveness for landslide detection and monitoring in a large area needs to be investigated.The Heifangtai terrace in the Loess Plateau of China is a loess terrace that is extremely susceptible to irrigation-induced loess landslides.This paper used UAV-based photogrammetry for a series of highresolution images spanning over 30 months for landslide detection and monitoring of the terrace with an area of 32 km~2.Dense and evenly distributed ground control points were established and measured to ensure the high accuracy of the photogrammetry results.The structure-from-motion(Sf M) technique was used to convert overlapping images into orthographic images,3D point clouds,digital surface models(DSMs) and mesh models.Using multitemporal differential mesh models,landslide vertical movements and potential landslides were detected and monitored.The results indicate that a combination of UAV-based orthophotos and differential mesh models can be used for flexible and accurate detection and monitoring of potential loess landslides in a large area.     

粒度端元记录的靖边地区MIS 3以来的气候变化

黄土作为典型的多物源沉积物，粒度分布常呈现多峰分布。端元分析可以从复杂的沉积物粒度中分离出代表不同沉积物源和沉积动力的端元组分，在黄土研究中得到了广泛应用。利用Paterson参数化端元模型对处于毛乌素沙漠东南缘的靖边三道沟剖面粒度进行端元分离与解释，并讨论其代表的环境意义。靖边三道沟黄土可分为4个端元:EM1（众数粒径8.93 μm）为背景粉尘；EM2（众数粒径25.18 μm）为与季风环流有关的组分；EM3（众数粒径39.91 μm）和EM4（众数粒径56.37 μm）都是与冬季风有关的组分，其中EM3为黄土高原黄土主要组分，EM4与现代沙尘暴的粒级大致相同。通过对各端元组分随年龄变化的曲线进行分析，得到以下结论:该剖面记录了靖边地区自MIS 3以来经历了MIS 3（32.8~29.8 ka BP）、LGM（29.8~22.8 ka BP）、冰消期（22.8~11.3 ka BP）和全新世（8.7~1.7 ka BP）共4个气候时期。端元组分还记录了冰消期H 1事件（16.2~13.8 ka BP）、B/A事件（13.8~12.8 ka BP）、YD事件（12.8~11.3 ka BP）共3次气候快速变化事件和D-O旋回。该剖面还记录了毛乌素沙漠末次冰期经历的3次主要的扩张-收缩旋回以及全新世8.7~8.2，6.0~5.0，3.5~2.5 ka共3次干旱沙进事件。      

汉江郧阳段河流阶地发育特征及新构造运动意义

在野外调查的基础上,分析汉江郧阳段河流阶地的发育特征。结合地质、地貌及第四纪测年学资料,推断汉江T1~T5阶地形成的时代分别为全新世-晚更新世末期（约25 ka BP）、晚更新世（约67 ka BP）、晚更新世早期-中更新世末期（约128 ka BP）、中更新世早期-早更新世晚期（约1 344 ka BP）、不晚于早更新世。阶地的横向对比显示,两陨断裂的活动导致汉江五峰段、青曲段、郧阳盆地段T3、T2阶地在垂向上构造隆升的差异性,结合T3、T2阶地的形成时代,推测断裂活动的时代为中更新世末期-晚更新世早期。近似地推算汉江郧阳段更新世早期以来的平均隆升速率约为0.052 mm/a,显示抬升速率及幅度较秦岭弱,可能由于汉江郧阳段处于秦岭东南缘余脉,并非秦岭隆升的中心地域。     

Chaos particle swarm optimization combined with circular median filtering for geophysical parameters retrieval from Windsat

This paper established a geophysical retrieval algorithm for sea surface wind vector, sea surface temperature, columnar atmospheric water vapor, and columnar cloud liquid water from WindSat, using the measured brightness temperatures and a matchup database. To retrieve the wind vector, a chaotic particle swarm approach was used to determine a set of possible wind vector solutions which minimize the difference between the forward model and the WindSat observations. An adjusted circular median filtering function was adopted to remove wind direction ambiguity. The validation of the wind speed, wind direction, sea surface temperature, columnar atmospheric water vapor, and columnar liquid cloud water indicates that this algorithm is feasible and reasonable and can be used to retrieve these atmospheric and oceanic parameters. Compared with moored buoy data, the RMS errors for wind speed and sea surface temperature were 0.92 m s~(-1) and 0.88℃, respectively. The RMS errors for columnar atmospheric water vapor and columnar liquid cloud water were 0.62 mm and 0.01 mm, respectively, compared with F17 SSMIS results. In addition, monthly average results indicated that these parameters are in good agreement with AMSR-E results. Wind direction retrieval was studied under various wind speed conditions and validated by comparing to the Quik SCAT measurements, and the RMS error was 13.3?. This paper offers a new approach to the study of ocean wind vector retrieval using a polarimetric microwave radiometer.