湖北省襄荆高速公路与汉十高速公路膨胀土特性的对比研究

膨胀土的膨胀性是襄荆高速公路与汉十高速公路面临的重要工程地质问题，通过X射线衍射分析和颗粒分析试验，发现襄荆高速公路膨胀土体的蒙脱石和伊利石质量分数相对较高，而石英、长石和绿泥石质量分数较低。两条高速公路的膨胀性为弱至中等，但是粘土矿物质量分数的差异导致了襄荆高速公路比汉十高速公路膨胀土体的膨胀性要高；汉十高速公路膨胀土在50kPa压力下饱水后的压缩沉降量基本上大于其膨胀量。     

离子土壤固化剂改性膨胀土的试验研究

利用离子土壤固化剂（ionic soil stabilizer,简称ISS）对河南安阳地区膨胀土进行化学改性试验研究,通过不同配比的自由膨胀率试验结果,结合施工成本,得出ISS溶液改良膨胀土的最优配合比为1:350。对ISS溶液最优配合比改性后土体进行收缩试验、膨胀性试验、固结快剪、高压固结及水浸泡试验。试验结果表明,改性土线缩率减小,膨胀性指标降低,抗剪强度增大,土体由亲水性变成憎水性,且能达到较好的水稳定性,即膨胀土经化学改性为非膨胀土。ISS改性膨胀土的机制可解释为,通过ISS溶液与土粒离子进行强烈的交换作用,打开土粒与水分子之间的“电化键”,降低土颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度,包裹在黏粒颗粒表面的疏水基团覆盖膜使土对水的敏感性减弱,从根本上减少了土体吸水性和膨胀性。     

ISS对不同初始含水率膨胀土的改良效果研究

离子固化剂(ISS)对膨胀土改良后,膨胀土稳定性会改善。为了分析研究不同初始含水率的膨胀土经过ISS改良效果,进行了膨胀土改良前后的剪切试验、界限含水率试验和自由膨胀率试验。通过改良前、后土体的抗剪强度、塑限、液限、塑限指数、自由膨胀率的变化规律研究,得出膨胀土的初始含水率在11%～30%区间时,改良后土体的膨胀性得到了消除,抗剪强度得到了明显提高; 初始含水率不在11%～30%区间时土样改良后仍具有一定膨胀性,抗剪强度提高不明显。这是因为,当膨胀土烘干时,靠毛细吸力吸附的固化剂量不能与所有黏土颗粒进行反应; 当膨胀土饱和时,靠溶液渗透到膨胀土表面的固化剂也不能与所有黏土颗粒进行反应。该试验结果对膨胀土现场改良时含水率的确定具有重要的指导意义。     

引江济淮试验工程膨胀土电导率特征实验研究

南水北调中线工程实践研究表明,膨胀土的电导率与自由膨胀率呈现线性关系。引江济淮试验工程为开发膨胀土判别快速方法以及提出针对江淮地区土质的电导率法判别适用标准,开展膨胀土电导率特征实验研究。工程现场取多组土样进行基本性质、膨胀性和不同含水率下的电导率实验,寻求该地区膨胀土电导率与含水率和自由膨胀率的关系。研究表明,电导率随土体含水率增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,土体处于液限含水率附近状态下,具有最强的导电性,电导率具有峰值特征。相同含水率条件下,土体的膨胀性越强电导率越大;电导率和自由膨胀率总体上线性相关,试样在液限含水率附近时相关性最大;线性经验模型的精度由相关性水平控制,本试验提出的江淮地区弱膨胀土电导率经验模型的精度控制标准为R2=0.78,可以达到自由膨胀率实测值的精度水平,具有实用价值。     

膨胀试验指标间不协调性问题分析

具有膨胀土工程地质性质的粘性土,膨胀试验指标有时会表现为不协调性,膨胀率(δep)、膨胀力(Pe)、自由膨胀率(δef)指标显示不出膨胀性能的一致性。从土的物理、力学、水理性质及土的膨胀机理上,结合具体土工试验个案,笔者分析和讨论了产生膨胀试验指标间不协调性问题原因的多种可能性。其主要原因可能在于:土的天然含水率(w0)较高;土的渗透系数(K)较小;土体内部粘粒含量较高;土体内部矿物颗粒体积且已完成相对膨胀变形;且当试验样品被一定荷重压缩以后,土的天然结构发生改变,实际上,试验水已不易或极不易进入粘性土试样(V=60cm3)的有限孔隙空间的通道,土体内的粘土矿物颗粒,此时已不可能与水起膨胀性水化作用,膨胀率(δep)、膨胀力(Pe)指标故此显示不出它的膨胀性能。这样,就发生了膨胀试验指标间所谓不协调性的问题。作为膨胀土的地基,在地基技术处理工程造价上,有别于非膨胀土地基。如何判断膨胀土与非膨胀土,划分膨胀土的膨胀等级,提高膨胀土地基变形控制设计的精度,加强膨胀土地基的稳定性是工程地质勘察与工程建筑设计中一个较为重大的课题。因此,膨胀试验指标的正确获取和分析,显得非常重要。     

多级荷载下弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性试验研究

为研究压实弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性,对取自高淳某边坡的弱膨胀土进行固结及浸水膨胀变形试验,研究了在300,200,150,100,75,50,25和12.5 kPa共8种上覆压力下不同初始干密度及初始含水率土体的固结及膨胀变形特征。试验结果表明:初始含水率及初始干密度对弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性均存在一定的影响,在其余条件相同的情况下,膨胀土的膨胀变形量随着初始干密度的增大而增大,随着初始含水率的增大而减小。分析了膨胀土固结及膨胀变形过程的典型曲线特点,研究了不同初始干密度及初始含水率下土体固结与膨胀曲线膨胀区与压缩区分界点特征,得出在初始含水率相同时,分界点的上覆压力与分界点孔隙比及土体的初始干密度均呈正比关系。通过对土体试验数据的分析拟合,结合土体变形过程中的孔隙比与初始状态关系的推导,提出了弱膨胀土的膨胀变形量计算方法,结合工程包边法路堤填筑的荷载分布,采用分层总和法推导了工程包边法膨胀土路堤填筑的膨胀变形量计算方法,并用于路堤膨胀量的预估中。     

南阳膨胀土的工程地质特征和填筑适宜性

施工阶段的工程地质调查发现,宁（南京）西（西安）铁路内乡-镇平段南阳膨胀土成因类型上不仅有第四系冲积洪积粘土,而且发育上第三系湖相沉积粘土。不同成因的膨胀土具有不同的空间分布特征和工程性质,X射线衍射测试表明,南阳膨胀土的主要膨胀性粘土矿物是伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物。物质组成和物理化学性质差异导致击实土在含水量变化条件下膨胀力和膨胀变形有明显的差别;对同一种膨胀土材料,其击实含水量越小,膨胀性越强,甚至含水量降低1 %～2 %,膨胀力就可以增加到200 %以上;击实膨胀土的直剪强度受到钙质结核含量的影响,对于膨胀势为高或强的膨胀土,结核含量小于15 % 时,经过干湿循环后直剪强度衰减量为40 %～65 %,结核含量为25 %～30 % 的强膨胀土直剪强度衰减量则低于30 %;对膨胀土的地质特征、工程性质、击实土的膨胀性和直剪试验结果进行分析,探讨其用于填筑铁路路基的适宜性,进行了填筑适宜性分级。依据研究成果制定的路基施工工艺取得了比较理想的工程效果     

膨胀土膨胀模型及其反演

对膨胀土膨胀性这一难题,目前通用的做法是施加一个膨胀力,但是无法给出一个合理的解释,膨胀力的大小也是根据经验来施加的,本文提出了膨胀土的膨胀模型(ESEM)并根据土坡的位移采用反演方法来确定了膨胀土的膨胀力;采用公式推导的方式,指出给膨胀土施加膨胀力和施加膨胀变形是一致的;结合降雨分析,运用Drucker-Prager模型编制了有限元程序,选用2范数进行反演运算;计算过程显示,膨胀土膨胀参数与2范数是单值连续具有凹点的,采用牛顿迭代法迭代,计算得出膨胀土膨胀参数;最终的计算结果,确定了膨胀土边坡的膨胀参数以及膨胀力公式。     

改性膨胀土路堤填筑含水量优化试验研究

在控制含水量的前提下,对分别掺入不同量石灰、不同量水泥改性膨胀土试件进行强度和膨胀量试验,得到不同含 水量及不同石灰(水泥)掺量对改性膨胀土强度和膨胀性的影响,通过对实验所得数据的分析,找出含水量和掺石灰(水泥)剂 量的最佳融合点,并据此对膨胀土路堤填料的改性施工提出了一些有益的建议。     

模拟日照条件下膨胀土的湿-热耦合性状及蒸发效应

利用长弧氙灯模拟太阳辐射,通过调节灯罩与土样间的高度产生不同的辐射强度,通过控制光照时间模仿自然环境中的日照状态,通过设定恒温、恒湿环境获得单因素的控制条件,对阳光辐射下原状膨胀土的湿-热耦合性状及降雨蒸发效应进行分析。研究结果表明：当太阳辐射、降雨等气象现象发生后,膨胀土水分迁移和温度变化呈现不同的状态,随着土体水分的往复迁移,浅层土体趋于破碎,疏松,在太阳辐射作用下,土体含水率变化幅度增加,从而进一步加剧土体裂隙的拓展。对于膨胀土,裂隙性和膨胀性是它内在的秉性,而大气作用是诱因,在大气与土壤之间的水分和能量交换过程中,膨胀土的工程性质逐渐发生改变。采用自制的太阳辐射模拟装置,针对大气作用下原状膨胀土的湿热耦合性状以及降雨蒸发效应展开分析,相关经验也可应用到其他土类的研究。针对膨胀土工程性质,可进一步开展太阳辐射对膨胀土水分迁移机制影响的量化分析。     

电石灰改良滨海地区盐渍土路基可行性研究

滨海盐渍土作为一种特殊土,具有溶陷、盐胀、腐蚀等不良的工程特性,而滨海地区用盐渍土作为路基填料是交通建设需要解决的重大岩土工程问题之一。为了解决滨海盐渍土的工程问题,分析了电石灰改良盐渍土路基填料的液塑限试 验、击实试验、室内CBR试验和不同条件的不固结、不排水三轴试验结果,从工程技术、降低造价和环境保护等方面对滨海高速公路路基填料改良利用的可行性进行了研究论证,研究成果对滨海地区盐渍土路基的修筑具有参考价值。     

皖中膨胀土的承载比(CBR)强度特性研究

针对皖中地区高速公路建设中遇到的膨胀土问题,选取合六叶高速公路典型土样开展了系统的承载比（CBR）特性试验研究,并在此基础上探讨了膨胀土作为路基填料的适用性。研究表明:（1）起始含水量对膨胀土CBR值影响显著,CBR最大值对应的含水量高于最佳含水量,且击实功越大,二者差值也越大;（2）CBR膨胀量随起始含水量增大而减小,起始含水量越低,CBR膨胀量就越大,路基的水稳性就越差;（3）当击实功较大时,膨胀土的最佳含水量较小,适合填筑的可变含水量范围较宽,建议现场施工控制采用重型击实标准;（4）在重型击实条件下,将弱膨胀土起始含水量控制在比最优含水量大2%4%范围内,能同时满足压实度和CBR值要求以用于填筑下路堤,中膨胀土作为路基填料时必须经过改性处理。研究结果对于在膨胀土地区进行公路建设具有参考意义。     

Evaluation and Prediction of the Swelling Characteristics of Nigerian Black Clays

The swelling characteristics of black clays from two major areas of occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria, were investigated in the laboratory. Clay samples derived from lagoonal clay deposits showed high swelling tendencies while those samples derived from Olivine basalts showed medium to high swelling tendencies. Although interparticle swelling was the dominant swelling mechanism, soil samples with higher clay contents exhibited higher swelling tendencies. The developed predictive models show that the free swell percentage as well as the swelling pressure can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity, specific gravity, clay content and plasticity index. On the other hand, swell percent can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity and specific gravity only.     

Swelling behaviour of expansive soil treated with fly ash–GGBS based binder

In this article, the potential of a binder developed by admixing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilise expansive soils is evaluated. Laboratory tests included determination of free swell index, swell potential and swelling pressure tests of the soil/binder mixtures at different mixing ratio. The test results showed decrease in the swelling behaviour of the soil with increase in binder content. The percent swell–time relationship was observed to fit the hyperbolic curves enabling us to predict the ultimate percent swell from few initial test results. Addition of 1% of lime to the binder showed further improvement in reducing swelling. A good linear relationship is established between percent oedometer swell and modified free swell index (MFSI) for soil/binder mixtures without lime but the same has not been observed in the presence of lime. The compressibility characteristics of the soil/binder mixtures reduced nominally with increase in binder content but in the presence of lime, the compressibility reduced significantly. Binder used in this study has been found to be effective and economic to stabilise expansive soils with lesser amount of chemical additives such as lime.     

A nanoscopic hydro-thermo-mechanical model for nuclear waste shale/clay repositories

Shales or highly compacted engineered clay layers are being used as buffers in deep surface nuclear waste repositories. Due to the complex natural structure and fabric of clay and non-clay minerals associated with high in situ stresses, high temperatures, and the practical difficulties in the replication of the field stress and temperature conditions in the lab testing facilities, swell potential from the macro and micro investigations does not provide reliable and universally applicable results. In this study, a comprehensive molecular-level simulation-based volume change constitutive model has been developed for clay minerals incorporating the effects of cation exchange capacity, density, water content, in situ stress state, temperature, exchangeable-cations type and proportion, pore fluids, and the dissolved salts. The molecular simulations were performed using molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Comparing the model predictions with the results of the lab tests, the model has been proven to be quite precise in the prediction of the swell potential of these strata under various overburden pressures and temperatures. There is several fold increase in swelling of clay samples at 80 °C as compared to the equivalent specimen tested at 25 °C. The effect of higher temperature is lesser at lower initial water content (higher density) while at higher water content (lower density) the structure has been found to be more vulnerable at higher temperatures. About 100 times higher confining pressure results in the same swell at 80 °C as in its counterpart specimen at 25 °C, the corresponding swell increase factor in case of 50 °C specimens is about 45. A sharp increase in swelling with a drop in in situ pressure emphasizes the probability of higher swell as a result of an accidental reduction in in situ pressure such as the higher concentration of nuclear reactions. In this study, the cohesive energy density (CED) was found to be highly sensitive to various volume change variables, such as water content, density, CEC, type, and percentage of exchangeable and non-exchangeable cations. Contrary to all the previous models, CED-based model developed in this study is universal in nature and can be adopted for any case with minimal basic material input parameters. The good agreement found between the predicted and real values for the swell potential of the undisturbed samples suggests that the model presented here can effectively be used for the assessment of the swelling potential of shale/clay deposits to be used as buffers to the nuclear waste storage.     

蒙皂石含量与膨胀土膨胀势指标相关关系研究

对沿南水北调中线工程邯郸永年、南阳、平顶山等地区及襄樊、荆门钟祥地区采集的各类地表、近地表膨胀土样品5 6件 ,运用现代XRD定量方法和有机染料吸附方法测量了粘土矿物成分和蒙皂石含量 ,同时测定了它们的液限、塑限、自由膨胀率、比表面积、粘粒、胶粒含量等指标。蒙皂石含量与各种膨胀势判别指标研究表明 ,蒙皂石含量是各种膨胀势的主要控制因素。当然 ,各种测量误差 (主要是蒙皂石含量的测量误差 )也是影响膨胀势判别的因素。Seed膨胀势较本文采用的推荐方案划分结果高 1～ 2个级次。蒙皂石含量与各参量之间呈线性、对数、指数关系 ,与粘土矿物的诊断吸收特性一起 ,这为膨胀土遥感提供了基础.     

Swell pressure prediction by suction methods

Soil suction is the most relevant soil parameter for characterization of the swell behavior. An attempt was made to predict swell pressures from soil suction measurements. In this study, Na-bentonite was mixed with kaolinite in the ratios of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of dry kaolinite weight to obtain soils in a wide range of plasticity indices (i.e. 30, 50, 68, 84 and 97%). Suction measurements using thermocouple psychrometer technique were made on statically compacted specimens. The dependence of soil suction on water content, dry density and bentonite content was examined. Soil suction was correlated to the soil properties, namely, water content, plasticity index, dry density, cation exchange capacity and specific surface area using multiple regression analyses. The correlations revealed a simple regression equation for a quick prediction of soil suctions from easily determined soil properties. In order to investigate soil suction versus swell pressure behavior, the results of standard constant volume swell tests (ASTM, 1990) performed on statically compacted samples of these clay mixtures were used. A linear relationship was established between the logarithm soil suction and the swell pressure. It was also found that an experimental relationship which would directly relate the initial soil suction to the swell pressure can be established.     

Active Soils of the Niger Delta in Road Pavement Design and Construction

Active soils existing to irreplaceable extents (both laterally and vertically) within the freshwater zone of the Niger delta are known and have been shown to be highly undesirable in their natural forms for road construction. This is because they swell extensively in the rainy season and shrink proportionately in the dry months together with any structure including road pavement constructed with or placed on them. In this paper, four samples of these soils collected from across the Niger delta were subjected to chemical stabilization with slaked-lime and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) to reduce swelling potential while resulting mixtures (corresponding to tolerable swelling limits) were stabilized with Portland cement to improve strength. First, swell indicator (i.e. 24-h free swell index) was found to diminish with increasing stabilizer content while for combined plot (independent of location/percentage fines), about 10.7% and 6% slaked-lime and CaCl₂ were found to be required to achieve the minimum (2.5% free swell) tolerable, normal or non-swell soil condition. Under this condition and for individual soil materials, addition of cement was found to enhance continual increase in MDD, soaked-CBR and durability index such that the soil becomes better compactible, stronger and more durable with increasing cement content. About 2.6% and 14.6% cement contents were found needed to respectively produce sub-base and base-course materials in roadworks with the latter much more durable than the former. The graphs so obtain could also constitute a complete graphical model for preparing deltaic active soils for use as road pavement materials.     

竹城公路高液限土与红粘土路用性能的试验研究

通过详尽的室内试验,揭示了竹城公路高液限土与红粘土特殊的路用特性。针对其特点,采用石灰进行高液限土的改性试验,研究其物理力学性质和强度变化规律。研究结果表明,经石灰改性处理的高液限土,液限与塑性指数均降低,膨胀性显著减弱,CBR大幅提升,可用作高等级公路的路基填料。另外探讨了《公路路基设计规范》中关于高液限土与红粘土规定得不够严密的相关内容,为合理有效地利用高液限土与红粘土和补充或修订相应的技术规范做了必要的工作。     

滨海相软土中搅拌桩强度特征分析

连临高速江苏段路基地层为滨海相软土,该软土层具有含水量、含盐量高及压缩性大的特点,路基采用水泥土搅拌桩进行加固。针对这一问题,对滨海相软土中水泥土搅拌桩的强度特征进行了研究。室内试验结果表明,该路基中水泥土强度随水泥掺量的增加而增大。在饱水状态下,28 d内水泥土强度有所增大,28 d后几乎不变,但水泥土强度随含水量的增大而减小,由于下部土层中含水量和含盐量高,导致桩身水泥土波速和强度具有上部大、下部小的特点,试验结果与现场钻探取样试验结果一致。