USE OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC METHOD IN THE STUDY OF CHANNEL PROCESSES

A second paper on floodplain and channel mapping describes how the “cartographic method” (the use of maps to derive information about the world not readily available through other means of investigation) is applied through the use of special maps depicting the sizes and types of river channels, the character of floodplains and of channel deformation, and the general conditions responsible for channel evolution. The uses, strengths, and limitations of channel maps at small, intermediate, and large scales are discussed, as well as methods of cartographic presentation that have proven most effective. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 3, pp. 99-108.     

THE MAPPING OF FLOODPLAIN VEGETATION ON A LANDSCAPE BASIS

A “genetic” principle for the identification of morphological units on a floodplain landscape is applied to the mapping of vegetation and, more specifically, to a study of the spatial distribution of forest vegetation within the Ob' River floodplain. Aspects of the problem which are discussed include the identification and ranking of floodplain units and their components and appropriate scales for image interpretation and mapping. The principles and procedures outlined are applicable to the mapping of other floodplains. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1989, No. 2, pp. 78–84.     

消费级无人机在大比例尺测图中应用与精度评价

以分别搭载大视场角普通相机和鱼眼相机的消费级无人机为例,在对相机的高精度标定基础上,选取典型丘陵和山地实验区分别对两种消费级无人机大比例尺测图能力进行实验和精度评价,结果证明消费级无人机在合理的航测方式下,其测图结果的空三精度、分辨率及高程精度均可满足国家1∶500大比例尺地形测图的精度要求,可以推广应用到小范围大比例尺测图和修测任务中。     

无人机PPK技术支持下的河道测量与精度分析

针对河道带状复杂地形布设控制点困难的问题及高精度的测量要求,本文探讨了一种结合PPK技术的无人机免像控河道测量方法。以DJI Phantom 4 RTK无人机为研究对象,分析了基于PPK的高精度POS辅助空三测量、相机镜头畸变纠正和航线设计等影响航测精度的关键技术,利用UAV-PPK软件对地面基站与无人机POS数据进行事后差分解算,获取高精度POS数据辅助空中三角测量。结合安徽省庄墓河河道治理工程进行试验,结果表明,基于PPK的免像控无人机航测获取了更高精度POS数据且成图精度满足河道1：500大比例尺测图要求。PPK辅助无人机航测提高了复杂地形测绘精度,为后续河道整治工作提供了更加精准的地形数据。     

面向Z-5无人直升机航测的测绘质量检查体系及实证

基于无人直升机开展应急测绘具有重要意义,但目前缺乏针对无人直升机航摄系统的测绘质量检查体系及量化指标。本文提出基于Z-5无人直升机及配套航摄系统的测绘质量检查体系,包含数字航空摄影成果检查、空三加密成果检查和数字正射影像成果检查,并明确重要指标的量化数据。通过实际飞行验证,结果表明,Z-5无人直升机航摄系统能够满足应急测绘精度要求,其中4项内容可以进一步提高量化指标阈值,满足更为精准的无人机测绘要求。     

Satellite remote sensing of forest type and landcover in the subalpine forest region,Kananaskis Valley,Alberta

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Kananaskis Valley in southwestern Alberta have been used to separate three forest types and eight landcover classes with mapping accuracies up to 76% overall. Image transformations based on a principal components analysis (PCA) were used to distinguish vegetation type and separate surface features in visual interpretations, and to reduce the 10 channel data set (TM 1–7, elevation, slope and incidence) to a more manageable 7 channel data set (PCA 1–4, elevation, slope and incidence). The DEM was shown to be critical in providing explanation of surface cover variability even though the original model was produced from medium scale aerial photography on a relatively coarse 100 metre grid. Discrimination increased up to 50% for pure stands of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and Englemann Spruce (Picea englemanii Parry) based on analysis of 100 pixels in test areas. Overall increases in map accuracy were between 2 and 11%. Success at this level of classification is required prior to detailed ecological study and modelling of mountain vegetation productivity at the community level using current satellite and aerial remote sensing technology.     

Use of cartographic images by expert and novice field geologists in planning fieldwork routes

Topographic maps and aerial photographs are particularly useful when geoscientists are faced with fieldwork tasks such as selecting paths for observation, establishing sampling schemes, or defining field regions. These types of images are crucial in bedrock geologic mapping, a cognitively complex field-based problem-solving task. Geologic mapping requires the geologist to correctly identify rock types and three-dimensional bedrock structures from often partial or poor-quality outcrop data while navigating through unfamiliar terrain. This paper compares the walked routes of novice to expert geologists working in the field (n = 66) with the results of a route planning and navigation survey of a similar population of geologists (n = 77). Results show clearly that those geologists with previous mapping experience make quick and decisive determinations about field areas from available imagery and maps, regardless of whether they are or not physically present in the field area. Recognition of geologic features enabled experts to form and verbalize a specific plan for travel through a landscape based on those features. Novices were less likely to develop specific travel route plans and were less likely to identify critical landscape cues from aerial photographs.     

大载荷长航时无人机航空应急测绘系统设计与实现

无人机航空摄影是应急测绘保障的重要手段。近年来,大载荷长航时无人机已逐步进入民用领域。以往关于航空应急测绘系统的研究主要是针对轻小型无人机和有人机,缺少适用于大载荷长航时无人机性能和特点的系统设计方法。本文首先分析了不同固定翼无人机产品的性能差异,从无人机平台、任务传感器、遥感数据处理软件等的集成关系入手,提出了基于航测控制器的多载荷一体化集成的设计方案,以及涵盖航摄规划、视频实时处理、影像高精度处理的软件系统集成方案。采用该设计方案研制实现了CH-4航空应急测绘系统,并在四川广元某区域进行了试验,结果表明该系统不仅可以同时获取视频、光学影像和SAR数据,而且数据获取质量能够满足大比例尺测图的要求。     

基于无人机航摄影像的数字线划图生成方法

数字线划图(DLG)是国家与城市建设中重要的基础数据源,传统测绘作业数据作为DLG生产的基础,存在产品误差较大,产品质量得不到保证的缺点. 本文基于无人机航摄影像进行DLG产品制作研究,实施了一种快速生成DLG产品的方法,通过质量分析和结果检验,证明了该方法的可行性.      

Use of geomorphological units to improve drainage network extraction from a DEM : Comparison between automated extraction and photointerpretation methods in the Carraixet catchment (Valencia, Spain)

Drainage networks are one of the main elements characterizing basins, and network topology and geometry form the basis of many hydrological and geomorphological models (eg Geomorphological Unitary Hydrograph). The identification and manual delineation of channel networks from maps or aerial photographs requires much time and effort. In the last two decades, algorithms and procedures for automated extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data have been developed and implemented in many specialized software applications. Nevertheless, automatically delineated channel networks do not always show close agreement with manually delineated networks. This paper describes a comparative analysis between a drainage network automatically extracted from a gridded digital elevation model, and the drainage network delineated manually from stereographic pairs of aerial photographs. The analysis showed that the automatic extraction technique may be adequate for catchment headwaters, but is inappropriate in the middle and lower basins, especially for alluvial fans and calcareous platforms. The paper suggests improving the automatic extraction technique by adapting it to operate with different parameters for each of the geomorphological units within the catchment.     

市、县基础测绘规划中航空摄影规划及其数据采集方法

基础航空摄影产品是服务于社会各行各业的重要基础测绘成果,但多数市、县级基础测绘规划任务中缺少对基础航空摄影的规划。本文以测绘行业的相关法律法规为基础,探索了在市、县级基础测绘规划实施过程中,基础航空摄影的规划方案和基于基础航空摄影测量的数据采集方法,从而提高了基础测绘产品服务经济社会发展的水平和效率。     

无人机航测在长江岸线测绘中的应用

无人机航测是一项新兴的测绘技术,以其测图效率高、受地面约束小、自动化成图等优点深受测绘生产单位的青睐。本文利用拓普康天狼星Sirius Pro无人机对泰州的长江岸线进行了航测,生成了高分辨率影像图、数字高程模型、数字地表模型,经检验航测成果的精度满足大比例尺测图的要求,为长江岸线的测绘提供了新的测绘方法,对无人机航测实践具有很好的指导借鉴作用。     

基于嵩山定标场的无人机数据快速成图应用

无人机作为一个高效的测绘平台,越来越多地被应用到生产作业中。研究无人机数据快速成图的技术基础,基于GPU加速的同名点匹配技术,并根据嵩山定标场的测绘需求进行试验。采用无人机获取的影像16 179张,结合场内高精度地面控制点,快速处理得到嵩山定标场约50km2的高精度数字正射影像图(DOM),精度为平面点位中误差2.7cm,约0.5个像素。通过试验验证基于无人机数据快速成图的高效率和高精度,同时为后续的国产卫星、大型航测相机、无人机等定标检校提供参考。     

Tracking long-term floodplain wetland changes: A case study in the China side of the Amur River Basin

Floodplain wetlands in the China side of the Amur River Basin (CARB) undergone consistent decreases because of both natural and anthropogenic drivers. Monitoring floodplain wetlands dynamics and conversions over long-time periods is thus fundamental to sustainable management and protection. Due to complexity and heterogeneity of floodplain environments, however, it is difficult to map wetlands accurately over a large area as the CARB. To address this issue, we developed a novel and robust classification approach integrating image compositing algorithm, objected-based image analysis, and hierarchical random forest classification, named COHRF, to delineate floodplain wetlands and surrounding land covers. Based on the COHRF classification approach, 4622 Landsat images were applied to produce a 30-m resolution dataset characterizing dynamics and conversions of floodplain wetlands in the CARB during 1990–2018. Results show that (1) all floodplain land cover maps in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2018 had high mapping accuracies (ranging from 90 %±0.001–97%±0.005), suggesting that COHRF is a robust classification approach; (2) CARB experienced an approximately 25 % net loss of floodplain wetlands with an area declined from 8867 km² to 6630 km² during 1990–2018; (3) the lost floodplain wetlands were mostly converted into croplands, while, there were 111 km² and 256 km² of wetlands rehabilitated from croplands during periods of 2000–2010 and 2010–2018, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt that focus on delineating floodplain wetlands at a large-scale and produce the first 30-m spatial resolution dataset demonstrating long-term dynamics of floodplain wetlands in the CARB. The COHRF classification approach could be used to classify other ecosystems readily and robustly. The resultant dataset will contribute to sustainable use and conservation of wetlands in the Amur River Basin and provide essential information for related researches.     

Mapping of aggregated floodplain plant communities using image fusion of CASI and LiDAR data

Combined optical and laser altimeter data offer the potential to map and monitor plant communities based on their spectral and structural characteristics. A problem unresolved is, however, that narrowly defined plant communities, i.e. plant communities at a low hierarchical level of classification in the Braun-Blanquet system, often cannot be linked directly to remote sensing data for vegetation mapping. We studied whether and how a floristic dataset can be aggregated into a few major discrete, mappable classes without substantial loss of ecological meaning. Multi-source airborne data (CASI and LiDAR) and floristic field data were collected for a floodplain along the river Waal in the Netherlands. Mapping results based on floristic similarity alone did not achieve highest levels of accuracy. Ordination of floristic data showed that terrain elevation and soil moisture were the main underlying environmental drivers shaping the floodplain vegetation, but grouping of plant communities based on their position in the ordination space is not always obvious. Combined ordination-based grouping with floristic similarity clustering led to syntaxonomically relevant aggregated plant assemblages and yielded highest mapping accuracies.     

无人机航摄系统在大比例尺成图中的应用

无人机航摄系统是以无人机为飞行平台,以影像传感器为任务设备的航空遥感影像获取系统。通过介绍无人机航摄系统的应用实例,阐述了其在大比例尺地形图测绘中的应用。     

基于数字树冠高度模型(DCHM)的森林生物量制图

森林生物量的精确测定,对于全球气候变化和碳循环研究具有重要的意义。为满足区域乃至全球范围的森林生物量制图所需,本文利用航空遥感摄影数据,通过摄影测量技术,建立了一种基于数字树冠高度模型(DCHM)的森林生物量制图方法,并以日本岛根县匹见实验林为研究区,对林区1967-2007年间的森林生物量变动进行了实测。     

ADS80航摄影像在省级基础测绘中的控制点布设方案研究

基于省级1：10 000基础测绘成图,以试验生产的方式探讨了ADS80数码相机航摄影像生产的关键技术——Level 0级影像空中三角测量和空三加密后的Level 1级影像立体测图,分析了不同影像地面分辨率、不同控制点数量和分布条件下ADS80影像的后处理精度,提出了ADS80影像在1：10 000成图中的控制点布设方案,结果可以为省级基础测绘生产提供参考依据。     

Channel response in structurally disturbed terrain: evaluation of implication of neotectonic activity through an integrated approach

The anomalous channel pattern in the midland stretch of the river Karamana, having highly sinuous and incised course with varying floodplain, is analysed to determine the different stages of evolution of the river channel in response to the structural disturbances in the area. Geometric analysis of foliation, geospatial analyses of sinuosity index, hypsometry, channel and streamline changes, river channel cross-profile, longitudinal profile and derivation of fold structure from satellite images were attempted in evaluating the characteristic features of the selected river segment. Datasets used in the analysis were collected through the detailed fieldwork, structural mapping and interpretation of satellite images and satellite-derived digital elevation data. Systematic analysis of the channel pattern of the selected reaches of the river, in 1915, 1968 and 2008 classifies the river as tortuously meandering. Implications of tectonic disturbance can be inferred from the presence of channel incision, unpaired terraces, younger terrain with intense erosion, knick points, convex river long profile, and high hypsometric integral, oscillating and unpaired character of the river channel. Structural analysis along with GIS and remote sensing studies proved the presence of a major fold with a NW–SE-trending axial surface. An evolutionary model is proposed to elucidate the channel planform changes in response to the deformation and tectonic uplift of the region.     

中小比例尺数字航空摄影测图研究

依据长治DMC数字航空摄影和阜平试验区ADS40数字航空摄影的实验结果,研究分析了框幅式数字航摄仪和推扫式数字航摄仪应用于中小比例尺测图的方式和方法,研究重点侧重于当前数字摄影测量模式下不同外业控制方案对测图精度的影响,并对采用DMC和ADS40数字航摄仪的航空摄影和外业控制的技术设计提出了供参考的建议。