等变质煤镜质体性质的差异与煤层甲烷的关系

普遍认为，与煤的煤化程序和埋藏深浅相比，煤在煤岩组成及其性质方面的差异与煤层甲烷的关系不甚明显。而笔者在研究微组分的性质和成因时发现，等变质条件下，煤层甲烷含量与镜质体的一些性质有密切关系，不同时代煤和镜质体的孔隙特征和吸附特征不同。     

等变质煤镜质体性质的差异及其成因：以西南某些地区煤为例

对我国西南同变质系列不同沉积环境和时代的３个地区煤的镜质体的对比研究，发现它们在光学、煤化学、工艺、有机地球化学性质等方面均有差异。其中同是晚二叠世但沉积环境不同的曲靖地区和水城、六枝地区煤的性质特别是结焦性较为接近，而四川中生代煤与它们相差甚远。时代差异比沉积环境引起的差异强烈的多。引起等变质煤镜质体性质差异的原因是多方面的，成煤泥炭沼泽的地球化学性质或是否受海水影响并不总是起控制作用。     

煤的镜质体荧光强度与煤岩参数的关系

研究了煤的镜质体性质与煤岩参数的关系,表明镜质体的荧光强度I₆₅₀与镜质体的性质关系密切,这对表征等变质煤镜质体性质的差异极其重要。      

西南地区某些煤中镜质体的加热特征

使用显微镜加热台对我国西南地区晚二叠世和晚三叠世不同变质系列的煤中镜质体进行加热实验表明，不同时代不同变质程度的镜质体在加热过程中具有不同的软化、熔融、固化温度。此实验结果为煤岩学配煤炼焦方法的研究提供了可靠的理论依据。     

煤变质作用研究

本文从4个方面扼要地讨论了煤变质作用的近期进展。在煤级参数方面对镜质体反射率及其缺点和弥补的方法做了介绍,简述了近来提出的新的煤级参数。在煤化作用机理与特点方面概述了涉及煤化作用的煤结构研究新进展及其在煤化过程的演变中与镜质体反射率、挥发份的内在联系;煤化作用跃变与沥青化作用;“惰性组的煤化径迹”——煤化作用的一个新的方面。新的煤变质作用类型探讨。煤变质因素和煤化作用平衡,煤变质作用研究应用于其它地质学科。最后提出了应进一步研究的煤变质问题。     

煤岩学配煤和焦炭强度预测的研究

用配有自行研制的程序控温仪的显微热台,观察研究了P1、T3两时代煤显微组分的加热性状和焦炭的显微特征,由此揭示了不同时代等变质煤结焦性差异的原因,提出了标准活性组分（Vt,st）的新概念;确定了测定混煤中镜质体反射率的方法;最后以重钢焦化厂大量200kg焦炉试验为基础,用计算机进行数理统计分析,优选出标准活性组分（Vt,st）、镜质体随机反射率（Rran）及其标准差（S）三个参数,建立了能准确定量预测焦炭机械强度的数学模型。经焦化厂使用证实,用该方法预测和控制焦炭强度不但准确度高、简单易行,而且可适用于我国大多数焦化企业由不同煤田的多矿点供煤且常有混煤、煤质不稳定的复杂状况。     

不同类型镜质体荧光特征差异性及原因

对我国不同时代和地区125块煤样中镜质体荧光性进行了详细的荧光光度术分析，表明镜质组的荧光性不仅取决于煤阶，而且也与镜质体类型紧密相关。不同类型镜质体显示了不同的荧光强度，在石油窗阶段，富氢镜质体荧光强度明显高于正常镜质体，差值可达1-3倍，特别是富氢镜质体在0.5%-0.85% Rｏ阶段荧光强度一直较强，且荧光强度值的变化与煤阶没有较好的相关性，显示了明显的特殊性。镜质组相对荧光强度与超微类脂体含量、可溶有机质数量呈正相关关系。富氢镜质体较强的荧光性和Ｒｏ在0.50%-0.90%之间荧光强度特殊的演化规律与其中含有较丰富的超微类脂体以及富氢镜质体中流动相含量较高二方面因素有关。     

新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征及其研究意义

通过分析显微图像的光学性质和测定煤的反射率等方法,研究了新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征。结果表明:新疆中生代煤中含有一定量的半镜质组;均质半镜质体占总体(均质镜质体与均质半镜质体之和)的49%~64%,均质半镜质体的最大反射率(R_max)比均质镜质体的高0.08%~0.13%;均质半镜质体的R_max介于均质镜质体和结构镜质体之间,结构半镜质体的R_max比结构镜质体的高0.28%~0.34%。由此可以得出:在三大组分划分方案中,应将均质半镜质体归入镜质组的均质体中,同时认为,按显微组分三大组分划分方案中,将结构半镜质体归入惰质组的半丝质体中更合理;在测定煤的反射率时,不能将均质半镜质体作为反射率的测定对象。本项研究结果对于指导本地区煤炭的炼焦配煤、煤炭液化和深加工利用等具有重要意义。      

黔西滇东典型矿区含煤地层热演化史分析

在系统研究黔西滇东地区构造特征、含煤地层发育及受热背景等基础上,运用BasinMod盆地模拟技术,探讨了格目底向斜及恩洪盆地含煤地层的埋藏史、热演化史,揭示出含煤地层成熟演化的阶段性。研究表明:黔西滇东地区煤变质作用主要受该区的沉积埋藏、岩浆热液和构造运动等多种因素控制,煤变质作用很不均匀;含煤地层被分割于众多独立次级向斜单元,总体上具有向斜控气的构造特征;格目底向斜晚二叠世煤现今处于焦煤—瘦煤阶段,镜质体反射率达1.7%左右,恩洪盆地则为气煤—肥煤阶段,镜质体反射率约1.0%。      

不同升温速率下树皮体的热重特征变化

中国特有煤种——树皮煤,因具有高氢、高挥发分及高焦油产率等特点而备受关注,而其中富含的特殊显微组分——树皮体,其热性质一直未得到深入研究,直接影响树皮煤的合理利用。采用热重分析仪对不同升温速率下树皮体、镜质体及原煤(树皮煤)的热解失重特征进行了对比研究,并结合工业分析和元素分析结果,讨论了树皮体的化学性质。研究表明:随着升温速率的增加,树皮体、镜质体和树皮煤的TG和DTG曲线均不同程度的向右侧高温区移动,最大失重速率相应减小,升温速率对树皮体的DTG曲线变化影响较大。尽管使用的升温速率不同,而树皮体的DTG曲线峰形均具有窄而尖的特点,说明树皮体的受热变化比较剧烈。同时,树皮体的总失重量均大于镜质体和树皮煤。     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern Guizhou Province,China

Southwest Guizhou Province is one of the most important areas of disseminated, sediment-hosted-type Au deposits in China and is an important area of coal production. The chemistry of most of the coals in SW Guizhou is similar to those in other parts of China. Their As content is near the Chinese coal average, but some local, small coal mines contain high As coals. The highest As content is up to 3.5 wt.% in the coal. The use of high As coals has caused in excess of 3000 cases of As poisoning in several villages. The high As coals are in the Longtan formation, which is an alternating marine facies and terrestrial facies. The coals are distributed on both sides of faults that parallel the regional anticlinal axis. The As content of coal is higher closer to the fault plane. The As content of coal changes greatly in different coal beds and different locations of the same bed. Geological structures such as anticlines, faults and sedimentary strata control the distribution of high As coals. Small Au deposits as well as Sb, Hg, and Th mineralization, are found near the high As coals. Although some As-bearing minerals such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, realgar (?), As-bearing sulfate, As-bearing clays, and phosphate are found in the high As coals, their contents cannot account for the abundance of As in some coals. Analysis of the coal indicates that As mainly exists in the form of As⁵⁺ and As³⁺, perhaps, combined with organic compounds. The occurrence of such exceptionally high As contents in coal and the fact that the As is dominantly organically associated are unique observations.     

Possibilities of the utilization of micropetrographic parameters in the scientific classification of bituminous coals

Proposals for new scientific classifications of bituminous coals are based on micropetrographic parameters, i.e. vitrinite reflectance as a criterion of the coalification and maceral composition, presupposed to express the connection between the genetic peculiarities and physical, chemical, and technological properties of the coal mass. In the case of coals with high inertinite contents, however, the utilizability of these parameters meets with difficulties resulting from the subjectivity of determining the different transitional material and from insufficient knowledge of inertinite behaviour at higher temperatures. In the case of the maceral-variable bituminous coals produced in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal Basin, these insufficiencies are not important since it is especially the expression of the variability of the properties of isometamorphic vitrinites, which has decisive effects up-on the course of the thermo-chemical transformations, that is of principal importance to the scientific classification of these coals.In the first approximation, the properties of isometamorphic vitrinites may be expressed by the parameter (H/O)_at, closely connected with fluidity. While the micropetrographic parameters reflect in particular the peculiarities in the chemical structure of the aromatic parts of coal macromolecules, the parameter (H/O)_at expresses the properties of the non-aromatic structures of vitrinite, significantly affecting the course of its thermal degradation. The experimental results show that the value of the parameter (H/O)_at, fluidity and the course of degassing the coal of a lower coalification are independent of the maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance; also that the caking and coking properties of low-rank coals are especially dependent on the parameter (H/O)_at and partially on the micropetrographic parameters. All these facts should be taken into consideration in preparing new scientific classifications of bituminous coals.     

The application of FAMM (Fluorescence Alteration of Multiple Macerals) analyses for evaluating rank of Paraná Basin coals, Brazil

Combining vitrinite reflectance (VR) and fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals (FAMM) analyses provide insights into the chemical nature of vitrinites (i.e., perhydrous vs. orthohydrous vs. subhydrous compositions) in Permian Gondwana coals of the Paraná Basin, Brazil. The FAMM-derived equivalent VR (EqVR) values and relationships with VR can be determined according to calibration curves based largely on Permian Gondwana coals of eastern Australia.The analytical results indicate that vitrinites in the Paraná Basin coals studied generally range from orthohydrous to perhydrous, with interpreted VR suppression ranging up to 0.2% absolute for the most perhydrous case. The EqVR values of the Santa Catarina coals, which range from about 0.85% to 0.95% differ from VR values by about 0.10–0.15% absolute, potentially having significant implications on coal utilization.The causes of vitrinite reflectance suppression in the Paraná Basin coals are as yet poorly understood, but are likely to be related to a combination of factors.     

煤镜质组反射率光性组构变形实验研究

不同煤级煤的高温高压实验表明，在温、压和差异应力作用下，煤镜质组反射率值和各向异性都有一定程度增加，变形越强烈，增加越明显，尤其在中煤级中、晚期阶段更是如此。在变形过程中，反射率主轴将发生有规律的偏转，变形越强烈，最小反射率主轴越接近于最大挤压应力方向。随着变形的增强，镜质组反射率椭球由单向伸长同压缩型转化。     

黔西南高砷煤的分布及地球化学特征研究

根据野外地质特征结合中子活化成分分析结果,探讨了黔西南高砷煤的分布特征、影响因素和某些地球化学特征。高砷煤严格受构造（褶皱和断层）、地层（二叠系龙潭组）、沉积相（海陆交互相）的控制,分布于平行北斜长轴的断层两侧,愈靠近断层面砷的含量愈高。砷在煤中的分布极不均匀,即使同一煤层变化也极大。在时空关系与元素组合上高砷煤与区内卡林型金矿密切相关。     

利用低变质煤的有机地球化学指标探讨氧化还原作用的特征及其对成熟度评价的影响

低变质煤的有机地球化学指标,如“A”/Cor,“H”/Cor,I_H,T（max）OEP,Pr/Ph,S₁+S₂,C₃-菲/总烷基菲等随其在泥炭化过程中经受的氧化还原作用程度的变化而呈规律性变化,显示了氧化还原作用的各种特征.氧化作用以脱去一个至多个碳原子的脱羧基作用或断裂作用的形式,改变正烷烃,类异戊二烯烷烃和烷基菲的组成。并在其对残余部分性质所给予的影响的意义上,可被视为一种“超前煤化作用”。还原作用促进有机质向烃转化,随还原作用加深而发生的镜质组更加富氢的变化比镜质组数量的变化更能提高煤的产烃潜量。只有在查明了煤氧化还原程度的前提条件下,应用这些指标评价成熟度才可能更为准确。     

Coal as a source rock for oil: a review

The geological debate about whether, and to what extent, humic coals have sourced oil is likely to continue for some time, despite some important advances in our knowledge of the processes involved. It is clear that not only liptinites, but also perhydrous vitrinites have the potential to generate hydrocarbon liquids in the course of natural coalification. Some liptinites, especially alginite, cutinite, and suberinite, contain a higher proportion of aliphatic moieties in their structure than other liptinites such as sporinite and resinite and are, therefore, more oil-prone. It is of potential value to be able to predict the several environments of deposition in which coals with high liptinite contents or containing perhydrous vitrinites may have been formed. Review of the distribution of oil-prone coals in time and space reveals that most are Jurassic–Tertiary with key examples from Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia. Methods based both on experimental simulations and the examination of naturally matured samples have been used to determine the order of generation of hydrocarbons from different macerals. Results are not entirely consistent among the different approaches, and there is much overlap in the ranges of degradation, but it seems probable that in the natural environment vitrinites begin to generate early, followed by labile liptinites such as suberinite, then cutinite, sporinite, and, finally, alginite.Petroleum potential may be determined by experimental simulation of natural coalification or inferred through various micro-techniques, especially fluorescence and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, or bulk techniques such as elemental analysis and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The latter three techniques enable a measure of the polymethylene component of the coal, which now appears to be one of the best available approaches for determining petroleum potential. No method of experimental simulation of petroleum generation from coals is without criticism, and comparative results are highly variable. However, hydrous pyrolysis, confined pyrolysis, and forms of open-system hydrous pyrolysis approach acceptable simulations.Whether, and to what degree generated liquid hydrocarbons are expelled, has long been the central problem in ‘oil from coal’ studies. The structure of vitrinite was believed until recently to contain an interconnected microporous network in which generated oil would be contained until an expulsion threshold was attained. Recent studies show the pores are not interconnected. Combined with a dynamic model of pore generation, it now seems that expulsion of hydrocarbons is best explained by activated diffusion of molecules to maceral boundaries and ultimately by cleats and fractures to coal seam boundaries. The main reason for poor expulsion is the adsorption of oil on the organic macromolecule, which may be overcome (1) if coals are thin and interbedded with clastic sediments, or (2) if the coals are very hydrogen-rich and generate large quantities of oil.The existence of oil in vitrinite is attested to by solvent extractions, fluorescence properties, and by microscopic observations of oil and bitumen. Experimental simulation of expulsion of oil from coals has only recently been attempted. The relative timing of release of generated CO₂ and CH₄ could have considerable importance in promoting the expulsion of liquid hydrocarbons but the mechanism is unclear. As it is universally agreed that dispersed organic matter (DOM) in some shales readily generates and expels petroleum, it is curious that few consistent geochemical differences have been found between coal macerals and DOM in interbedded shales.Unambiguous evidence of expulsion from coals is limited, and in particular only a few commercial oil discoveries can be confidently correlated to coals. These include Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation coals in the USA, from which oil is produced; New Zealand Tertiary coals; and Middle Jurassic coals from the Danish North Sea. It is likely that coals have at least contributed to significant oil discoveries in the Gippsland Basin, Australia; in the Turpan Basin, China; and in the Kutei and Ardjuna basins in Indonesia, but this remains unproven. Early reports that early Jurassic coals in mid-Norway were a major source of the reservoired oils have been shown to be inaccurate.None of the proposed ‘rules of thumb’ for generation or expulsion of petroleum from coals seem particularly robust. Decisions on whether a particular coal is likely to have been an active source for oil should consider all available geological and geochemical information. The assumptions made in computational models should be well understood as it is likely with new understandings of processes involved that some of these assumptions will be difficult to sustain.     

Characterization of coal maceral concentrates by curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry

A set of 30 maceral concentrates consisting of 5 exinites (sporinites), 14 vitrinites and 11 inertinites (fusinites and semifusinites) was analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with computerized multivariate statistical analysis techniques. Seventeen samples, representing sink/flotation concentrates of 7 different coals, were obtained through the British National Coal Board, whereas the remaining samples represent cesium-chloride density-gradient centrifugation fractions of two different U.S. coals prepared at the University of Utah.It is found that vitrinites, (semi)fusinites and, to some extent, sporinites show qualitatively similar rank-related changes, such as a decrease in dihydroxybenzene signals and an increase in napthalene signals with increasing rank. In fact, the overall pyrolysis MS patterns of inertinities show a close similarity to those of vitrinites of corresponding carbon content (as obtained from higher rank coals).Notwithstanding these similarities, however, the presence of basic differences in maceral structure is indicated by relatively minor but characteristic peak series in the liptinite (sporinite) as well as inertinite samples. Whereas inertinite spectra show relatively pronounced peak series at the high mass end of the spectrum which can be tentatively identified as representative of polynuclear aromatic compounds, sporinites are characterized by series of branched aliphatic and/or alicyclic polyenic hydrocarbons, possibly representing isoprenoids and related biomarker compounds.     

The rank evaluation of South Brazilian Gondwana coals on the basis of different chemical and physical parameters

Rank evaluation of South Brazilian Gondwana coals according to the American (American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM) and German (Deutsche Industrie Normen, DIN) standard specifications or on the basis of Alpern's Universal Classification has too often led to conflicting results.When any attempt is made to determine the rank of Brazilian coals by using methods established for the Northern Hemisphere coals, two sorts of difficulties arise: namely, (1) the reflectence measurements do not indicate the real degree of coalification of the organic matter because of the liptinitic impregnations of the vitrinites, and (2) random reflectance values (R_ran, moisture, volatile-matter and carbon contents as well as the calorific value do not correlate when plotted on the ASTM and DIN classification schemes.In addition, when rank determinations are carried out by using fluorescence measurements and geochemical analyses the results are at variance in relation to those determined by the conventional chemical and physical parameters.It is suggested that the rank evaluation of South Brazilian coals is far more meaningful if carried out by reflectance measurements on vitrinites along with fluorescence measurements on sporinites, alginites and coal extracts.     

华南晚二叠世层序—古地理及聚煤规律*

晚二叠世是地质历史中重要的成煤时期,在中国南方多个省区都形成了可采煤层。受海平面变化的影响,华南地区晚二叠世发育一套完整的陆相—海陆过渡相—海相含煤岩系。通过对野外露头及钻孔剖面资料分析,识别出了区域不整合面、下切谷底部冲刷面、河道间古土壤层和沉积相转换面等关键层序地层界面,以及依据海相石灰岩标志层横向分布规律反映的区域最大海泛面,同时结合前人关于华南地区地层对比及煤层对比方面的成果,将华南上二叠统划分为3个三级层序及9个体系域。利用单因素分析多因素综合作图法恢复了各层序中岩相古地理及煤层分布规律,结果表明:层序Ⅰ中煤层主要形成于潮控下三角洲平原以及潟湖潮坪环境,厚煤层的展布受这些沉积相带控制;层序Ⅱ中三角洲平原环境中煤层最厚,开阔台地煤层最薄,平面上煤层厚度表现为西部厚、中部次之、东部无煤的阶梯式递变;层序Ⅲ中煤层主要形成于三角洲平原环境,此时聚煤作用主要发生于华南西部的康滇古陆东侧,在华南中部及东部大部地区发育的浅海台地和深水盆地均不利于聚煤作用发生。