极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析

利用极端干旱区敦煌野外观测试验资料，分析了极端干旱荒漠区夏季典型晴天位温、风速、比湿等主要物理要素的垂直结构特征及其地表热力和近地层大气运动特征的日变化规律。发现在极端干旱地区夏季晴天大气热力边界层结构十分独特。在夜间，贴地逆温层最低在900 m以上，最厚可以达到1 750 m，逆温层上面的残余层一般能达到4 000 m左右的高度。在白天，位温超绝热递减层高达1 000 m，超绝热递减层上面的混合层最高达3 700 m，混合层顶上还有大约450 m甚至更厚的夹卷层。当白天对流层发展达到残余层以后，混合层的发展明显加快。风速和比湿垂直廓线特征很好地印证了大气热力边界层独特的结构特征，地表热力和近地层大气运动特征也为这种独特的大气热力边界层结构提供了较好的物理支持。     

藏北高原夏季典型天气大气边界层特征分析

利用加密探空资料,分析了藏北高原那曲和安多地区夏季典型晴天与阴天边界层风速、位温与比湿时空分布及变化特征.结果发现:在夏季8月,上述地区东西分量风速(切变)晴天均比阴天小,安多地区盛行偏西风,那曲地区盛行偏东风;南北分量风速(切变)晴天比阴天大.边界层晴天和阴天白天(晚上)的对流(稳定)边界层特征明显,阴天稳定边界层的厚度和对流边界层的高度较晴天时的都低;比湿夜间比白天大,阴天比晴天大.在安多地区和那曲地区都出现了逆湿现象,强逆湿主要出现在午夜或正午.     

基于加密探空观测的成都市一次重霾污染过程中大气边界层气溶胶垂直结构分析

基于2017年1月4日至7日成都市一次重霾污染过程的系留汽艇探测的低层大气气象要素和大气颗粒物垂直探空加密观测资料,分析了大气边界层结构及气溶胶垂直分布。结果表明,此次重霾污染期间,大气边界层昼夜变化特征基本消失。稳定边界层结构出现25次,对流边界层结构仅出现3次,大气边界层结构趋于稳定,边界层高度普遍在700 m以下。霾污染发生、维持及消散阶段大气边界层气溶胶垂直结构具有明显差异。霾污染发生阶段,大气边界层气溶胶粗、细粒子主要集中在300m高度以下,近地面层大气气溶胶粒子累积触发霾污染事件;霾维持阶段,大气颗粒物粒子浓度数垂直方向趋于一致,大气边界层稳定结构中存在强的大气垂直混合作用;在霾消散阶段,较高处的气溶胶粒子浓度最先下降,且下降幅度最大,表明对流层自由大气作用对霾污染消散具有影响。大气边界层风速的增大加剧了大气传输扩散。温度与大气颗粒物浓度在近地层呈负相关关系,在100m高度以上呈正相关关系。大气边界层低层偏冷,高层偏暖的稳定大气热力层结减弱了大气污染物的垂直扩散。相对湿度的增加有利于气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长和液相化学反应,加剧了霾污染。     

珠峰地区夏季大气边界层结构初步分析

利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站2007年7、 8月的部分无线电探空资料和风温廓线仪资料, 分析了珠峰地区夏季大气边界层结构. 结果表明: 珠峰地区夏季边界层高度日变化较大, 气温日变化明显. 下午和傍晚可能因为冰川风的存在, 多为偏南风, 风力相对较大. 珠峰地区风速时空变化较大, 特别是下午, 在上空大约1 800 m到2 300 m处风速多为随高度增大, 再往上又减小, 而且此处多为偏西风和偏东风. 这可能与大尺度的大气环流有关, 受地形和冰川影响相对小得多.     

东北地区夏季大气颗粒物数浓度与粒径分布特征的航测研究

利用飞机航测于2018年夏季在东北吉林省用宽范围粒径谱仪对10 nm～10μm大气颗粒物的数浓度谱进行在线监测,分析大气颗粒物的垂直分布廓线和粒径分布特征。结果表明,东北地区近地面颗粒物数浓度为5.8×10~3～9.9×10~(4)cm~(-3),平均值为(2.7±2.2)×10~(4)cm~(-3);垂直方向上颗粒物数浓度随海拔升高整体呈降低趋势,且垂直廓线存在两种类型:一种是在边界层附近存在较明显的分界线,即在边界层下方,大气颗粒物数浓度随高度升高而显著降低,在边界层上方,大气颗粒物数浓度变化随高度变化不明显;第二种是随高度的升高,城市上空的大气颗粒物数浓度降低,且海拔高度与大气颗粒物数浓度呈现近似线性负相关的关系。在观测期间,颗粒物的粒径大多集中在爱根模态,其峰值位于25～30 nm,后向气流轨迹显示,气团来源于蒙古及内蒙古地区。在四平城市上空观测到1例新粒子生成事件,其核模态颗粒物数浓度为当日其他地区的4倍,后向气流轨迹显示其气团来源于中国辽宁省且受局地气团影响。     

基于COSMIC数据电离层电子密度空间分布变化

天基GPS探测可以提供分布全球、高精度、高垂直分辨率的电离层观测资料, 弥补地基GPS探测受地域限制、垂直分辨率低的问题.利用COSMIC掩星2008—2011年数据,网格化统计分析了太阳活动处于不同水平下的电子密度空间分布变化,以期为分析电离层电子密度的空间扰动变化提供参考背景.研究表明,电子密度存在明显赤道异常和威德尔海异常现象,并发现随太阳活动性增强,在250~350 km高度范围电子密度赤道异常现象扩展到中纬地区,在300~500 km高度范围威德尔海异常现象不仅发生在南半球夏季,春秋季电子密度夜间值比白天也显著增强;在250~500 km高度范围,电子密度存在明显的威德尔海异常现象,并随着太阳活动性增强,异常区域地理范围扩宽.      

祁连山及周边地区降水与地形的关系

利用祁连山区及其周围(90°～104°E,32°～42°N)1960—2004年55个气象站点白天08:00—20:00时、夜间20:00—08:00时和全天20:00—20:00时逐日降水资料,分析了不同降水强度的时空分布特征及其与海拔的关系,得出了不同降雨强度以及不同季节最大降水总量出现的海拔.小雨日数与海拔较为密切,呈线性增长;中雨以上与坡向、地理位置有关,在海拔4850m附近降雨日数最多为143d.降雨日数和总量在海拔3700m左右达最大峰值,而在海拔2700m附近为次大峰值.进一步利用干湿年资料诊断分析出祁连山区最大降水高度的出现除了受地面海拔的影响外,很可能与高低空两个最大相对湿度中心及相应较强的冷空气活动中心出现高度关系密切.     

祁连山中段北坡最大降水高度带观测与研究

2006年6月至2008年9月,在祁连山中段北坡黑河流域上游进行了降水空间变化的统观测.结果表明:在黑河上游流域中山区,夏季降水量从东向西呈减少趋势,递减率约为80 mm·(100 km)-1;最大降水高度带位于海拔4 500～4 700 m左右,年降水量为485 mm.该高度带与本区最大相对湿度高度层(海拔4 600 m左右)以及夏季气温零温层高度(海拔4 680 m左右)相一致.研究区域2008年夏季的凝结高度大致位于海拔4 900 m左右,个别降水日的凝结高度可降至海拔4 460 m左右.在最大降水高度带以下的高山和中低山区,年降水量随海拔升高的递增率为17.2 mm·(100 m)-1,夏季降水量的递增率为11.5 mm·(100m)-1.     

黄河上游玛曲草原湍流统计特征分析

湍流运动是大气最基本的运动特征,是大气能量物质交换的主要方式。利用玛曲气候与环境综合观测研究站2006年12月至2007年1月的湍流观测资料,分析了湍流方差特征、湍流动能及湍流强度等湍流统计特征,结果表明:无量纲化的风速脉动σu/u*,σv/u*,σw/u*与稳定度z/L符合1/3次方规律;大气处于中性层结时,在近中性条件下,无量纲化风速方差σu/u*,σv/u*,σw/u*分别趋于常数A=3.42,B=3.34,C=1.02;无因次化温度脉动方差σT/|T*|和湿度脉动方差σq/|q*|与稳定度z/L的变化都比较离散,基本上不能拟合出-1/3次方规律。湍流动能随风速增大而增大,白天比夜间明显,相比之下,夜间湍流动能较小,且随风速的增大比较缓慢;湍流动能随稳定的变化是非常明显的,在稳定度近中性时湍流动能取得最大值。湍流强度Iu,Iv,Iw随风速的增大而减小,当风速在0 m/s5 m/s时,湍流强度变化很小。     

西北东部季风过渡区夹卷率与夏季风的动力学关系

夹卷率指上升单位距离卷入的周围空气质量与空气质量的比率,包括湍流夹卷和动力夹卷,应用于对流云的边界层参数化、数值模式改进、云滴谱离散度观测及热带气旋的研究中。应用西北东部季风过渡区民勤、榆中、平凉、银川和延安等5站2006—2016年5～9月逐日07时和19时每隔10 m高度的高空加密观测资料,结合地面逐日观测资料,计算不同高度夹卷率,得出不同区域夹卷率与高度、季风期降水和季风的关系。结果表明:①夹卷率与气温、饱和水汽压成正比关系,但与相对湿度成反比。有云的相对湿度阈值为65%,相对湿度阈值越大,不同量级降水的云高也越低,而云高随着雨量增加而增高。②夹卷率存在明显的早晚变化和区域差别:从地面到3 km,07时明显小于19时,近地层随高度增加而减弱,500 m以上随高度增加而增强;从小到大为季风影响区、季风摆动区和非季风区,在3 km以上无明显区域差别。③夹卷率与降水强度、性质关系较为密切:近地面至600 m以下随着雨强增强夹卷率减弱,但500 m以上至2～3 km随着雨强增强夹卷率增强;近地层700 m以下稳定性降水夹卷强,而以上对流性降水夹卷强,对流性降水饱和水汽压大、夹卷强,而稳定性降水饱和水汽密度大,水汽丰富但夹卷弱。④夹卷率与季风及其持续时间的关系:从无季风到有季风夹卷率是减弱的,夹卷最强的最大高度也在降低。在非季风区和季风影响区夹卷率的持续时间差别不明显,只有季风摆动区在近地面层持续时间越长夹卷率越小,而在高空1～2 km相反。⑤夹卷率与亚洲—太平洋涛动(APO)季风强度指数关系表明:07时在近地层随高度增强,800 m以上随高度减弱,季风强度与夹卷率相关不明显;19时在近地层随高度增强,300 m以上随高度减弱,季风越强夹卷率越小。夹卷率随边界层高度降低而减弱。     

Weekly cycle of meteorological parameters over Moscow region

Analysis of aerological radiosonde data in the period of 2000–2009 shows that, in the warm period of the year, the air temperature over Moscow region is higher in the first half of the week than in the second half. The statistically significant (at the α = 0.05 significance level) air temperature differences between Tuesday and Friday, as well as between Wednesday and Friday, reach 0.8°C and are manifested in the atmospheric boundary layer (according to nighttime observations) and in the middle troposphere (according to daytime observations). In the upper troposphere, the weekly temperature cycle positively correlates with the weekly cycle of air pressure, while in the lower troposphere, it positively correlates with the weekly cycle of water vapor content. In the upper troposphere, the southerly wind is strengthened in the middle of the week, and northerly wind is strengthened on the weekend. In the boundary layer, the temperature changes induce the weekly cycle of the static stability of the atmosphere.     

Wind profiles in the boundary layer over Kharagpur associated with synoptic scale systems

Doppler sodar wind data for the boundary layer over Kharagpur obtained during MONTBLEX-1990 at a height interval of 30 m from surface up to 1500 m have been analysed for the periods when intense synoptic scale disturbances from north Bay of Bengal moved along the eastern end of the monsoon trough. The variation in the vertical wind profile in the lower boundary layer over Kharagpur during the passage of synoptic scale disturbances has been discussed in the paper. The analysis indicates that the mean winds over Kharagpur veered with height in the lower boundary layer near the surface suggesting divergence over Kharagpur when the system lay south/southwest of the station. No such veering has been noticed when the centre of the system lay very close to the station.     

Extreme carbon monoxide pollution of the atmospheric boundary layer in Moscow region in the summer of 2010

Using data of spectroscopic measurements in Moscow and Moscow region and data of ecological monitoring from Ostankino TV Tower, it has been found that, in the period of intense smoke blanketing of the atmosphere in summer 2010 due to large-scale forest-peat fires on the territory of the European part of the Russian Federation, the carbon monoxide content in the boundary layer and in the atmospheric depth of Moscow region reached the extremely high level of 8 g/m², or 17 ×10¹⁸ mol/cm², and the carbon monoxide concentration in the near-ground atmospheric layer increased to 37.5 mg/m³, i.e., an unprecedentedly large value for Moscow and more than a factor of 7 larger than the one-time maximum permissible concentration for carbon monoxide MPC_ot = 5 mg/m³. In the first decade of August, when intense smoke blanketing of the Moscow region was observed, the average carbon monoxide concentrations varied in the range from approximately 3 to 7 m/g³, i.e., an order of magnitude larger than the annual average concentrations calculated according to data of measurements in 2009. The probabilities of exceeding MPC_ot and multiples of MPC_ot are calculated. Analysis of data of thermal sensing showed that an important feature of the atmospheric boundary layer over the city was a high stability of the lower atmospheric layer with the thickness of 150–200 m, and also long-term nighttime and morning inversions of the air temperature in this layer.     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川昼、夜径流变化特征

利用天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川2001-2005年消融期的水文气象实测资料,分析了河源区径流量的昼、夜变化特征,并对径流变化过程与气温、降水等关系进行了相关分析.结果表明：从5月份消融初期开始,昼、夜平均流量都较小,随着强消融期的到来,迅速增大,到消融期后期（8月份末）,又逐渐变小.就年际相同月份昼（夜）平均流量相比而言...     

Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.     

A case study of atmospheric boundary layer features during winter over a tropical inland station — Kharagpur (22.32°N, 87.32°E)

The local weather and air quality over a region are greatly influenced by the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and dynamics. ABL characteristics were measured using a tethered balloon-sonde system over Kharagpur (22.32°N, 87.32°E, 40m above MSL), India, for the period 7 December 2004 to 30 December 2004, as a part of the Indian Space Research Organization-Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP) Aerosol Land Campaign II. High-resolution data of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction were archived along with surface layer measurements using an automatic weather station. This paper presents the features of ABL, like ABL depth and nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) depth. The sea surface winds from Quikscat over the oceanic regions near the experiment site were analyzed along with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis winds over Kharagpur to estimate the convergence of wind, moisture and vorticity to understand the observed variations in wind speed and relative humidity, and also the increased aerosol concentrations. The variation of ventilation coefficient (V C), a factor determining the air pollution potential over a region, is also discussed in detail.