综合物探方法在堤防质量检测中的应用

在堤防质量检测中,地球物理方法能够实现快速、无损的探测,但采用单一物探方法对堤防隐患的判别易形成多解,也很难对堤防质量做出准确分类.本文中应用探地雷达、高密度电法、地震勘探等综合物探方法对大源渡堤防质量进行检测,并以龙荫港以例,通过综合三种物探方法互相参照、相互验证,互为补充,查明了堤防隐患的分布位置与埋深,为堤防质量检测提供一种新的工作方法.     

地面核磁共振方法在大坝安全检测中的试验研究

地面核磁共振方法是一种直接探测地下水信息的地球物理勘查方法,本文将该无损探测技术用于土石坝的渗流安全评估试验。由于探测的核磁共振信号源于地下水中的氢质子,则可以确保核磁共振响应仅与地下水信息有关。利用地面核磁共振方法直接找水的技术优势,探测堤坝的浸润面,以判断堤坝的渗流(漏)隐患,为堤坝尤其是小型病险水库堤坝、易发事故的堤防的病险诊断提供一种便捷、高效和可重复利用的方法。通过NUMISPOLY多道核磁共振探测系统在某原体大坝检测中的试验,得到原体大坝的浸润面,进而对土石坝进行渗流(漏)隐患的评估,该方法为堤坝渗流(漏)隐患探测提供了一种有效而可靠的新方法。      

堤坝隐患探测资料多维灰色综合评估方法

根据多维灰色系统综合评估理论,提出了一套堤防隐患的评估方法,并编制了相应的计算机软件.根据工程实际,确定了影响堤防安全的3个主要因素及相应的评价指标体系和权系数.用该方法对黄河下游某段堤防已探测到的隐患进行了综合评估.在203处堤防隐患中,有约15%的隐患危害程度比较严重,这一事实与实际相符.     

HWH-1多功能数字直流激电仪在濮阳市黄河堤防隐患探测中的应用

堤防隐患探测一直是黄河治理中的一大技术难题，目前仍然是采用徒步拉网的方式对大堤隐患进行较直观的普查，而对大堤内部的隐患却无法探测到。为此，河南黄河河务局组织有关人员采用相对成熟的HWH-1型多功能数字直流激电仪对黄河下游堤防进行了生产性探测，本文对探测原理、探测方法、典型成果分析和存在的问题做了论述，并提出了建议。     

黄河下游堤防土程隐患探测技术与应用

黄河下游堤防是各个时期逐步修筑而成的,各次修筑质量参差不齐,加上历史决口堵复时使用的物料腐烂和有害动物破坏,近年来水量减少、断流增加,河道淤积严重,水流散乱,河势极其不稳,致使堤防工程形成众多险点隐患.本文根据黄河下游堤防工程特点,成功地运用高密度电阻率法技术探测堤防隐患,取得了较好的探测效果,为堤防工程的检测和监测提供了可靠的资料.     

黄河下游堤防工程隐患探测技术与应用

黄河下游堤防是各个时期逐步修筑而成的,各次修筑质量参差不齐,加上历史决口堵复时使用的物料腐烂和有害动物破坏,近年来水量减少、断流增加,河道淤积严重,水流散乱,河势极其不稳,致使堤防工程形成众多险点隐患．本文根据黄河下游堤防工程特点,成功地运用高密度电阻率法技术探测堤防隐患,取得了较好的探测效果,为堤防工程的检测和监测提供了可靠的资料．     

基于无损多源异构数据融合的水利工程隐蔽结构隐患探测技术

本文介绍了水利工程外露结构和隐蔽结构的不同检测方法和特点以及相关研究现状,总结了之前水利工程隐蔽结构隐患检测探索经验,结合横琴新区澳门大学中心沟东闸翼墙断裂探测等工程应用为例,通过三维激光扫描技术、探地雷达技术相结合的多源无损探测技术为例,对水利工程隐蔽结构的多源异构探测数据的融合应用做了相应探索研究。      

磁电阻率法在平原水库渗漏探测中的试验研究

近年来,水库渗漏问题一直困扰着我们,虽然目前已开展应用的渗漏探测技术较多,但是当渗漏条件较复杂的情况下,探测效果往往不尽如意,且鲜有渗漏三维探测技术.本文,笔者介绍了一种新型的水库渗漏探测技术——磁电阻率法,该技术能够快速、无损、有效地探测渗漏通道.首先,介绍了该方法的技术原理、工作模式与技术优势;然后,结合实际工程,依托具有典型渗漏特点的平原水库开展了现场试验研究,介绍包括了现场工作布置、数据处理、成果分析、现场验证等内容;最后,对该方法进行了总结与展望.     

电阻率成像技术在水库库底溶洞探测中的应用

利用电阻率层析成像技术,对辉县市常村镇尖圪头水库溶洞进行了探测。水库库底内的破碎、裂缝以及溶洞等隐患部位有清晰的反映。水库库底的隐患探测具有重要价值和意义,是水库安全的保障,而且关系到局部地区安全的大事。     

GPR探测地埋管径研究综述

用无损探测技术来获取地下目标物的信息是当前研究的热点,探地雷达作为一种重要的工具及技术,已广泛应用在地埋管道直径的无损探测中,准确快速测定地埋管的直径,在理论研究与实际应用中都具有重要意义.本文在综合分析电磁波在介质中传播的基本特征和目标回波双曲线特征的基础上,讨论了用探地雷达无损探测技术来获取地埋管的直径特征参数的可行性;介绍了国内外目前主流的探地雷达设备,及相关学者在管径探测方面的研究进展;在国内外典型实例剖析的基础上,介绍分析了不同发展时期探地雷达测定地埋管管径的原理及测定方法;接着对地埋管径无损探测研究工作当前存在的问题进行总结.最后指出,地埋管探测的研究工作,应着眼于实现硬件轻便化、软件专业化、数据处理模型的智能化,才能更好的在实践中加以应用.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.