造山带变质作用PTt轨迹研究存在的问题和发展趋势

目前的适山带变质作用PTt轨迹热模拟研究仍受变质作用程度由深度控制的传统观念的制约，其主要假定条件没有很好地反映造山带变质作用客观的和本质的特征，因而亦无法反映造山作用的真实过程和造山带变质作用的地质动因。造山带变质作用研究应朝着变质作用与构造变形作用、花岗岩化作用等多种地质作用综合研究、时间演化过程与三维空间变化特点有机结合、造山带变质作用时空演化特点与地幔深部地球动力学过程统一综合研究的方向发展。     

中国阿尔泰造山带变质作用PTSt演化和热-构造-片麻岩穹窿形成机制

中国阿尔泰造山带中发育了一系列热-构造-片麻岩穹窿(简称 TSG穹窿)。由低级变质区向TSG穹窿中心,发育了绢云母-绿泥 石带、黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带、蓝晶石(红柱石)带、夕线石- 堇青石(夕线石-石榴石)带、混合岩带、混合花岗片麻岩岩田。递增 变质带、混合岩带、混合花岗片麻岩的形成演化顺序与其由外部向 TSG穹窿中心在空间上的排布序列一致。由黑云母带至混合花岗片 麻岩,变质作用及花岗岩化作用的高峰温度由400℃递增至800℃, 而压力由1.05GPa递减至0.10GPa。造山带变质作用过程可以 用压力-温度-空间-时间模式(PTSt)描述。TSG穹窿是主期造山幕中,沿造山带中一系列区域热动力异常中心,深部热流、构造流上涌,发生递增变质作用、花岗岩化作用以及差异性隆起的过程中形成的。     

龙门山穹状递增变质作用特征及岩石圈深部作用信息

通过对变质带的空间分布特征，矿物组合的世代关系和同位素定年的综合研究表明，龙门山造山带的穹状递增变质作用是发生于燕山期的区域动热变质作用，所形成的递增变质带在空间上呈穹隆状，等变带围绕热中心呈环带状分布，热中心发育花岗岩，从热中心向四周变质程度依次递减，热中心花岗岩的侵位和上隆滞后于穹状递增变质作用，二者在成因上无直接的联系，其pTd轨迹揭示出了盆山耦合过程中壳幔间相互作用过程和热历史演变。     

阿尔泰造山带花岗片麻岩穹窿的形成与演化

在中国阿尔泰造山带中,沿各区域热动力异常中心发育了巨大的混合花岗片麻岩穹窿。由变质围岩到混合花岗片麻岩,在地质产状、变形作用、变质作用、岩石学和地球化学等方面都表现出连续性和继承性的变化特点。可以划分为两个岩石系列:变质酸性火山岩—浅粒岩—浅色混合花岗片麻岩系列和千枚岩—云母片岩—黑云混合花岗片麻岩系列。以区域热动力异常为中心,形成了递增变质热穹窿—递进变质构造穹窿—混合花岗片麻岩穹窿这种具有密切成生联系、时空演化过程统一的三位一体的热—构造—片麻岩(Thermal—Structural—Gneiss)穹窿(简称TSG穹窿)。它们是在造山挤压缩短、沿区域热动力异常中心深部热流上涌和发生差异性塑性底辟隆起、剥蚀的过程中形成的。     

造山型金矿床成矿过程研究进展

造山型金矿床形成在汇聚板块边缘挤压或压扭的构造环境中,其形成时间和空间与造山作用过程存在成因上的联系。造山型金矿床是全球重要的金矿类型,为世界提供了1/3的黄金储量。该类型金矿床能和造山带演化及超大陆拼合紧密联系在一起,是现代矿床学研究的热点之一。文章回顾了近十余年造山型金矿床成矿过程研究的成果,以矿床学三大基本问题源、运、储为框架,归纳总结了前人对造山型金矿床的认识,深入分析了造山型金矿床的成矿流体特征、金和硫的来源及含矿流体迁移过程和金的沉淀机制,对比分析了地壳连续成矿模式和变质脱流体成矿模式,探讨了造山型金矿床时空分布与陆壳生长的联系,最后梳理了造山型金矿床成矿过程研究中存在的科学问题和新认识。目前对造山型金矿床的主要认识有:1成矿流体以变质流体为主,金元素和矿化剂硫最有可能来自沉积地层内;2金发生高效沉淀的关键因素是流体压力骤降,而不是流体温度降低;3在高级变质作用峰期条件下能否同时发生金矿化作用是地壳连续成矿模式和变质脱硫体成矿模式的最大分歧点;4造山型金矿床的时空分布规律与超大陆拼合过程有关。     

中、低压变质作用与大陆造山——兼论四川丹巴的变质带

巴罗型中压变质带与巴肯型低压高温变质带的成因与大陆板块边缘的碰撞造山及陆内造山作用之间有着紧密的联系。根据变质带的空间时间配置关系、压力类型、变质作用pTt轨迹、伴生的岩浆岩等等,可以区分出3种类型的大陆造山模式:弧-陆拼贴型、陆-陆碰撞型(可进一步分为中高压型碰撞造山带和双变质型山带型(paired metamorphic mountain belt)陆-陆碰撞带)、陆内造山地壳加厚-伸展型。巴罗型中压变质带普遍出现于地壳加厚-热弛豫的构造环境,但巴肯型低压变质带形成的构造背景及物理化学条件在不同的造山带有不同的表现形式,其热源至少有:壳内岩浆侵入或岩浆板底垫托、沉降盆地放射性同位素的衰变热、构造热穹隆、变质核杂岩、地下热流体传热等。大陆边缘造山带中巴罗型变质带的倒转以及板内造山带中变质带问断等现象与造山动力学过程密切相关,记录了造山过程中的重要的地质事件,也是探讨造山历史的理想场所。由于四川丹巴地区松潘—甘孜造山带形成于很独特的3个板块双极性构造环境,表现出与世界上典型造山带诸多相似的地方,如巴罗型中压变质带、巴肯型低压高温带同时在一系列变质穹隆中发育,但又有其特殊性和复杂性,如通常只发育在大陆边缘的倒转的巴罗带和陆内造山过程中的变质相间断同时出现,显然这与本?     

喜马拉雅造山带东构造结变形—变质作用和深熔作用的研究进展与问题

大陆碰撞造山带的造山过程是通过“变形—变质—深熔”自组织系统的高度耦合和时空上演化来实现的。因此,对经过强烈抬升的造山带核部的变形—变质—深熔作用的“三位一体”研究,为认识碰撞造山带的动力学背景具有重要的科学意义。笔者系统总结了大陆碰撞造山带内的变形和变质作用与深熔作用的研究进展,梳理了喜马拉雅东构造结在变形—变质作用和深熔作用方面的研究现状和存在问题,讨论并展望了未来的研究方向。     

喜马拉雅造山带东构造结变形—变质作用和深熔作用的研究进展与问题

大陆碰撞造山带的造山过程是通过“变形—变质—深熔”自组织系统的高度耦合和时空上演化来实现的。因此,对经过强烈抬升的造山带核部的变形—变质—深熔作用的“三位一体”研究,为认识碰撞造山带的动力学背景具有重要的科学意义。笔者系统总结了大陆碰撞造山带内的变形和变质作用与深熔作用的研究进展,梳理了喜马拉雅东构造结在变形—变质作用和深熔作用方面的研究现状和存在问题,讨论并展望了未来的研究方向。     

造山带PTt演化及区域变质作用的起因

Ｂａｒｒｏｗ（１８９３）提出了三个重要观点：（ｌ）关键性指示矿物的应用可确定变质带并推断区域变质作用的空间特征；（２）递增变质作用的概念；（３）热岩浆平流可能是区域变质作用的一个起因，这些都加深了对变质作用过程的理解。本文通过回顾我们对变质岩石ＰＴｔ轨迹得出的造山带动态演化的认识，以及考虑到造山带内不同类型区域变质作用的可能起因，来进一步探讨这些论题。通过峰值温度和压力的相对时间关系，对区域变质岩石可区分出两种不同的基本造山带类型。以顺时针ＰＴ轨迹为特征的造山带在达到峰值温度前获得峰值压力，变质峰期一般滞后于带内早期变形，高于“正常”传导热流的附加热与超覆量有关。相反，以逆时针ＰＴ轨迹为特征的造山带在获得峰值压力前达到峰值温度，变质峰期一般先于带内早期变形或与之同时，高于“正常”传导热流的附加热与深成任人体的就位有关。用于确定ＰＴｔ轨迹的手段有：变斑晶及反应结构中矿物包裹体序列的应用、温压计、流体包体的应用、诸如Ｇｉｂｂｓ方法的热力学方法、放射性同位素测年、裂变径迹研究和数字模拟。在合适的岩石中，我们可利用特定矿物共生组合来确定单条ＰＴｔ轨迹，并且同—造山带内的一套ＰＴｔ轨迹使我们能够解释变质作用动态演化过     

喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程：变质地质学视角

本文从变质地质学视角出发，介绍了喜马拉雅造山带的研究意义、地质概况和近年来作者在喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程研究中的进展。喜马拉雅造山带是威尔逊旋回中陆陆碰撞造山带的典型代表，从中揭示的大陆碰撞造山过程、规律及效应，可为探索地球从古至今的碰撞造山带演化研究所借鉴。其中，大陆碰撞造山机制的研究是其核心内容。大陆碰撞造山机制存在临界楔和隧道流两种端元模型之争，其分别对造山带核部高级变质岩折返的P T t轨迹和时空演化序列进行了不同的预测。上述争议可通过研究喜马拉雅核部高级变质岩（高喜马拉雅）的P T t轨迹和折返过程来限定，据此可将喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程划分为三个演化阶段。阶段一：60～40 Ma，软碰撞期，造山带地壳加厚至约40 km并发生小规模部分熔融，这些早期地壳加厚记录大多已被剥蚀，零星保存于前陆飞来峰和北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆中；喜马拉雅山从海平面以下抬升至>1000 m。阶段二：40～16 Ma，硬碰撞期，造山带地壳加厚至60～70 km，发生大规模高级变质和深熔作用，高喜马拉雅内部的三个次级岩片沿着“原喜马拉雅逆冲断层”、“高喜马拉雅逆冲断层”、“主中央逆冲断层”顺序式向南挤出，形成了现今喜马拉雅造山带的核部主体，地壳堆叠使喜马拉雅山快速隆升至≥5000 m。阶段三：16～0 Ma，晚碰撞期，造山带山根榴辉岩化发生局部拆沉，但大陆汇聚仍在持续、造山带尚未发生垮塌，小喜马拉雅折返、前陆盆地形成，喜马拉雅山达到和维持现今平均高度~6000 m。因此，喜马拉雅生长过程的一级次序是顺序式向南扩展的，受控于临界楔模型，而隧道流只起次级作用。山根深部热流过程对造山带的地壳结构和地表高程有巨大的改造作用。未来对喜马拉雅造山带的变质地质学研究可能存在以下几个关键科学问题：① 喜马拉雅极端变质作用与重大碰撞造山事件的关联；② 喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿与接触变质作用的关联；③ 喜马拉雅变质脱碳作用与大陆碰撞带深部碳循环和通量。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of