内蒙古河套灌区湿地芦苇根际可培养细菌多样性

以内蒙古河套灌区湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)根际土壤为材料,采用分离培养法对天然湿地和退化湿地的芦苇根际细菌多样性进行了研究。16SrRNA基因系统发育分析的结果显示,分离自天然湿地芦苇根际的45株细菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(44.44%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(42.22%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(13.33%)3大类群,其中,γ-变形菌纲为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(42.2%)为最优势菌属;分离自退化湿地芦苇根际的44株细菌分属γ-变形菌纲(13.63%)、β-变形菌纲(6.82%)、厚壁菌门(47.73%)及放线菌门(Actino-bacteria)(31.82%)4大类群,其中厚壁菌门为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(40.9%)为最优势菌属。研究结果表明,天然湿地和退化湿地芦苇根际细菌都具有较丰富的多样性,但天然湿地与退化湿地芦苇根际细菌群落结构存在一定差异。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛表层土壤样品中细菌多样性的系统发育分析

通过PCR结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对从南极长城站附近表层土壤样品中获得16SrDNA序列特征片段V3区序列进行分离。对其中的主要12条DGGE条带进行胶回收,获得的DNA片段经测序以及计算机比对分析发现,它们分别属于β、γ、δ-变形细菌(Proteobac-teria)、噬纤维菌-屈挠杆菌-拟杆菌(Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides,CFB)群细菌、放线细菌(Actinobacteria)、蓝细菌属(Cyanobacteria)、酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)和绿屈挠菌属(Chlo-roflexi)等系统分类群。南极表层土壤样品中的大部分16S rDNA序列与从其他土壤或沉积物样品中直接获得的序列相似性较高(93%-100%)。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦伊塞克湖一处土壤样品细菌多样性

采用纯培养方法从吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国伊塞克湖一处温泉旁的土壤中分离到32株细菌,通过ARDRA 分析后得到不同的类群,从各个类群中随机选取1个代表菌株进行16S rDNA 序列测定和系统发育的分析。结果表明：分离的菌株分布在假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）、Lysinibacillus、溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、短芽孢杆菌属（Brevibacillus）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）、变形杆菌属（Proteus）等9个属,且部分菌株的16S rDNA序列同源性低于97%,可能是潜在的新种。结果揭示了该样点可培养细菌种群的多样性及独特性。     

北极海洋放线菌R-527F的抗菌活性筛选、鉴定及其抗菌物质发酵条件研究

对分离自北冰洋73°N以北海域沉积物中的一株放线菌R-527F进行分子鉴定及生物活性研究.通过对菌株的形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列进行综合分析,确定该株菌为链霉菌属,暂定名为Streptomyces sp.R-527F.其含有聚酮类Ⅰ型(PKS Ⅰ)和非核糖体含硫多肽类(nonribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS)化合物的合成基因.对其抗菌活性及活性物质发酵条件进行了研究,实验结果表明,该菌株所产生的抗菌物质对枯草芽孢杆菌具有显著抑制效果,抑菌圈直径达到18.2 mm.适合其抗菌物质的发酵条件:种子液接种量为4％,培养基初始pH为8.0,培养温度为28℃,培养时间为6d,摇床转速为180 r·min-1,装液量为40％,为该菌株抗菌物质的进一步研究奠定发酵条件参数基础.     

南极欺骗岛土壤细菌群落结构和多样性分析

采用基于16S r DNA克隆文库的非培养方法和传统培养方法相结合的手段,对南极欺骗岛土壤细菌群落结构及多样性进行了初步分析。对来自16S r DNA克隆文库的118个阳性克隆进行测序和序列比对,结果显示细菌来自放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)3大门的39个操作分离单元(OTU),其中优势菌群为放线菌门和变形杆菌门,分别占65.25%和28.81%。放线菌门的主要优势属为鱼孢菌属(Sporichthya)、类诺卡式氏菌属(Nocardioides)、束缚菌属(Conexibacter)、Gaiella和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)。变形杆菌门的主要优势属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)。采用6种培养基对细菌进行培养和分离,共得到57株菌,来自放线菌门、变形杆菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门4大门的13个OTU,其中优势菌群为放线菌门和变形杆菌门,分别占57.89%和31.58%。优势属是放线菌门的节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、雷夫松氏菌属(Leifsonia)和变形杆菌门的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。本论文为研究欺骗岛土壤细菌多样性以及有益菌种资源的开发和利用奠定了基础。     

西藏色季拉山土壤放线菌的区系

2007-08-09从西藏色季拉(也称色齐拉)山采集不同植被、不同海拔的土样,采用稀释平板分离法研究了色季拉山土壤中放线菌的数量、组成、与生态因子的关系以及部分菌株的生理生化特性,借以研究色季拉山土壤放线菌的生态分布及其活性.结果表明:①色季拉山土壤放线菌的数量表现为从山脚至山顶呈现低高低的分布现象,中温菌数量多于低温菌.②色季拉山土壤放线菌数量受多种因素影响:随土壤pH值的升高菌数增加,随有机质含量的增加而减少.③土壤放线菌的组成较复杂,共分离到7个属的放线菌,以链霉菌属为主,其次为诺卡氏菌属、束丝放线菌属和链异壁菌属.④土壤放线菌组成的复杂程度随植被的丰富度变化而变化,植被越丰富,放线菌的组成越复杂.⑤链霉菌的组成较复杂,共分离到12个类群,以白孢类群为主,其次为灰褐类群和金色类群.⑥色季拉山土壤放线菌分别有50%和60%的菌株能利用纤维素和明胶,40%的菌株能产生凝乳酶,这些放线菌水解淀粉的能力弱.⑦从拮抗性结果来看,参试菌对细菌的拮抗性强于对真菌的拮抗性,对G 菌的拮抗性强于对G-菌的拮抗性.     

北极新奥尔松地区可溶性无机氮盐对根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

氮是植物生长的主要营养限制因子,为了探索北极近岸地区植物根际土壤细菌群落多样性受氮元素的影响作用,采用16S rDNA扩增子测序分析了2014—2016年新奥尔松地区(Ny-?lesund, Arctic)的3种典型植物根际土壤和本底土壤样品。结果显示,可溶性无机氮盐(NO_2~--N, NO_3~--N, NH_4~+-N)与3种植物根际土壤整体细菌群落呈显著相关性(P0.05)。Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured(P0.05,r~2=–0.77)和Subgroup6_norank (P 0.01, r~2=–0.87)是北极柳根际土壤的核心优势类群,与NO_2~--N密切相关。Subgroup 6_norank(P 0.01, r~2=–0.92)和JG34-KF-361_norank (P 0.05, r~2=0.73)与珠芽蓼根际土壤的NO_3~--N显著相关。抬头地杨梅根际土壤中的Acidimicrobiales_norank (P 0.05, r~2=–0.74)和Anaerolineaceae_uncultured (P 0.01, r~2=0.93)与NH_4~+-N有明显的相关性。研究表明,可溶性无机氮盐对北极植物根际土壤细菌群落多样性尤其是核心菌群的变化起到重要作用。     

塔里木河下游胡杨根际土壤细菌群落多样性分析

采用高通量测序技术,对塔里木河下游不同生长时期(幼龄期、中壮期、过熟期、衰亡期)胡杨根际土壤细菌进行测序,结合典范对应分析(CCA)与Spearman相关性分析,探讨细菌群落组成与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:(1)土壤样品共获得7287个操作分类单元(OTUs),经过对比鉴定共得到73门,165纲,339目,454科,651属和205种。(2)胡杨根际土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性随生长时期表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而不同生长时期间无显著差异。(3)胡杨根际细菌群落主要的优势细菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、unidentified_Bacteria、Halobacterota,优势细菌属为海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、Woeseia,相较于门分类学水平,细菌群落组成在属水平上存在较大差异,不同生长时期胡杨根际细菌群落的优势菌属不同。(4)不同生长时期胡杨根际土壤细菌群落组成可分为两大类,中壮期与衰亡期的土壤样品聚为一类,幼龄期与过熟期的土壤样品聚为一类。(5)CCA分析表明土壤含水量、全钾、总盐、pH是显著影响胡杨根际土壤细菌群落组成的环境因子(P0.05)。研究结果为丰富干旱区根际微生物的研究、探讨干旱区植物-微生物之间的相互作用提供科学依据。     

两株产铁锰氧化酶细菌的鉴定及系统发育分析

从福建紫金山铜矿矿井水及连城锰废矿坑泥石样中分离到两株具氧化Fe^2＋和Mn^2＋能力的细菌,分别命名为4-05和11-02,对其进行了形态特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列分析．结果显示菌株4-05为假单胞菌属中的一个种．菌株11-02为不动杆菌的一个种．这两株菌的16SrDNA序列已被GenBank数据库收录,序列号分别为FJ805431和FJ8054322．本实验为后续进一步研究地下水的微生物治理奠定了基础．     

北极海洋放线菌R-527F的抗菌活性筛选、鉴定及其抗菌物质合成条件研究

对分离自北冰洋７３°Ｎ以北海域沉积物中的一株放线菌Ｒ５２７Ｆ进行分子鉴定及生物活性研究。通过对菌株的形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征以及１６ＳｒＤＮＡ序列进行综合分析,确定该株菌为链霉菌属,暂定名为Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｓｐ．Ｒ５２７Ｆ。其含有聚酮类Ⅰ型（ＰＫＳⅠ）和非核糖体含硫多肽类（ｎｏｎｒｉｂｏｓｏｍａｌｐｅｐｔｉｄｅｓｙｎｔｈｅｔａｓｅ,ＮＲＰＳ）化合物的合成基因。对其抗菌活性及活性物质发酵条件进行了研究,实验结果表明,该菌株所产生的抗菌物质对枯草芽孢杆菌具有显著抑制效果,抑菌圈直径达到１８．２ｍｍ。适合其抗菌物质的发酵条件：种子液接种量为４％,培养基初始ｐＨ为８．０,培养温度为２８℃,培养时间为６ｄ,摇床转速为１８０ｒ?ｍｉｎ－１,装液量为４０％,为该菌株抗菌物质的进一步研究奠定发酵条件参数基础。     

盐度对北极海冰细菌生长的影响

从中国第二次北极科学考察采集的海冰样品中分离到8种细菌,研究了盐度对其生长的影响。结果表明,8株海冰细菌对盐度有着广泛的适应性,在盐度为30-90的范围内均可较快生长,其中菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性较强。进一步的研究表明,BJ2、BJ3和BJ7在0-150 的盐度范围内均有不同程度的生长,盐度为0-30时,菌株的生长最快;盐度为180时,这三株菌株也均有短暂的生长。随着盐度的增加,三株菌株生长的延迟期增加,到达生长稳定期的时间也相应增加。温度对菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性也有着一定的影响,随着温度的升高, 菌株的生长速度变慢,但盐耐受性有所增加。     

Spore-forming halophilic bacteria isolated from Arctic terrains: Implications for long-range transportation of microorganisms

Organisms living in the Arctic terrains such as Greenland have to deal with low temperature conditions. The mechanisms by which bacteria resist to low temperature are largely unknown; however, a well-known survival strategy of the microorganisms inhabiting the Arctic is spore forming. Moreover, halophilic bacteria are often resistant to various stresses. We have attempted isolation of spore-forming halophilic bacteria from Arctic terrains. We isolated 10 strains of spore-forming halophilic bacteria from the samples collected from a glacial moraine in Qaanaaq, Greenland in July 2007. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that the isolates were closely related to the Oceanobacillus, Ornithinibacillus, Virgibacillus, Gracilibacillus, and Bacillus genera. In addition, the 16S rRNA sequences of some isolates were extremely similar to those of strains from the desert sand in China (100% identity, near full length), the source of the so-called “yellow dust.” Previous research indicated that yellow dust had been transported to Greenland by the wind. Our research implies the long-range transportation of these microorganisms to locations such as the Arctic.     

Studies on culture condition and extracellular hydrolase of psychrophilic bacteria from Arctic sea ice

Arctic sea ice in the polar region provides a cold habitat for microbial community.Arctic sea ice microorganisms are revealed to be of considerable impor- tance in basic research and potential in biotechnological application.This paper in- vestigated the culture condition and extracellular hydrolase of 14 strains of different Arctic sea ice bacteria.The results showed that optimal growth temperature of strains is 15℃or 20℃.The optimal pH is about 8.0.They hardly grow at acid condition. 3% NaCl is necessary for better growth.These strains have different abilities in pro- ducing amylase,protcase,cellulase and lipase.Pseudoalteronomas sp.Bsi429 and Pseudoalteronomas sp.Bsi539 produced both cellulose,protease and lipase.These results provide a basis for further developing and exploiting the cold adapted marine enzyme resources.     

中国船舶首航东北航道及其展望

北极航道按其处于地球上的地理方位可分为东北航道和西北航道,东北航道按航线所处的纬度范围则可分为北极低纬航线(北极近岸航线)、北极中纬航线(作为国际常规航线)、北极高纬航线、挺极航线。"雪龙"号于2012年夏季书写了中国船舶首航东北航道的航海史。"雪龙"号从东北航道的起点白令海峡开始,沿东北航道抵达冰岛,并沿北极高纬航线返回白令海峡,完成往返穿越北冰洋之旅。据此,本文对北极航道的分类提出了一些看法,对东北航道的商业航行情况进行了总结,在此基础上概述了"雪龙"号此次首航东北航道的整个进程和关键问题,同时对中国建立北极航道战略进行了思考并提出了建议。     

A comparison of climate changes between Arctic and China in the last 600 years

A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, ice cores, and historical documents provide a view of China and Arctic environmental changes in the last 600 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean, Arctic and Greenland and ice cores from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, confirming the linkage of environmental changes of different time scales between the Arctic and China. It is shown that the changes of precipitation, temperature and sea ice cover in Arctic were correlated with climate changes in China. This paper also developed a comparative research on the climate changes between Arctic and China both during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the instrumental observation period. Cycles and trend of temperature variations during LIA and temperature and precipitation during the instrumental observation period are performed. We found some similarities and differences of environmental changes between Arctic and China.     

Isolation of novel psychrophilic bacteria from Arctic sea ice

The phylogenetic diversity of culturable psychrophilic bacteria associ ated with sea ice from the high latitude regions of Canadian Basin and Chukchi S ea,Arctic,was investigated.A total of 34 psychropilic strains were isolated u sing three methods of(Ⅰ)dilution plating(at 4 ℃),(Ⅱ)bath culturing(at-1 ℃)and dilution plating,and(Ⅲ)cold shock(-20 ℃ for 24 h),bath culturin g and dilution plating under aerobic conditions.Sea-ice samples were exposed to-20 ℃ for 24 h that might reduce the number of common microorganisms and encou rag e outgrowth of psychrophilic strains.This process might be able to be introduce d to isolation psychrophilic bacteria from other environmental samples in future study.16S rDNA nearly full-length sequence analysis revealed that psychrophil i c strains felled in two phylogenetic divisions,γ-proteobacteria(in the gen era Colwellia、Marinobacter、Shewanella、Glaciecola、Marinomonas and Pseudoalt eromon as) and Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides(Flavobacterium and Psychrof lexus).Fi fteen of bacterial isolates quite likely represented novel species(16S rDNA seq uence similarity below 98%).One of strains(BSi20002)from Canadian Basin showe d 100% sequence similarity to that of Marinobacter sp.ANT8277 isolated from the Antarctic Weddell sea ice,suggesting bacteria may have a bipolar distribution at the species level.     

北极地区地缘关系研究综述

论文检索了科学引文索引(Web of Science)和中国知网(CNKI)中北极地区地缘关系的相关文献,借助CiteSpace文献分析软件的关键词共现分析功能,系统综述了2000年以来国内外关于北极地区地缘关系的研究重点。从研究内容上看,国外研究主要关注主权政治、航道利用、资源管理和原住民权益等主体性议题,而国内则着重关注地缘政治、航道交通、资源经济和地区治理等参与性议题。就研究方法上看,国内外研究中定性与定量方法兼具,但仍以定性方法和描述性方法为主。随着北极地区的发展,研究方法和研究视角有待丰富,研究领域和研究深度亟需进一步拓展和加强。北极地区具有重要的战略意义,未来应结合现代技术,借鉴国际上的地区发展理论,开展北极地区的可持续发展研究和中国参与研究,并构建新时代北极地区地缘环境理论。     

近600年来北极与中国气候变化的对比

A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, ice cores, and historical documents provide a view of China and Arctic environmental changes in the last 600 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean, Arctic and Greenland and ice cores from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, confirming the linkage of environmental changes of different time scales between the Arctic and China. It is shown that the changes of precipitation, temperature and sea ice cover in Arctic were correlated with climate changes in China. This paper also developed a comparative research on the climate changes between Arctic and China both during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the instrumental observation period. Cycles and trend of temperature variations during LIA and temperature and precipitation during the instrumental observation period are performed. We found some similarities and differences of environmental changes between Arctic and China.