通海地震前地震空区的形成过程

近年来,国内外地震学者对地震活动图象的研究产生了新的兴趣,特别是地震异常活动图象之一“地震活动空区”的探讨更为活跃。1970年1月5日通海发生7.7(Ms)级地震之前,中强震活动的时空图象出现了有趣的变化。 分析通海地区(北纬23.5°-24.5°,东经102°-103.1°,图1)1910年以来历史地震的时空分布,发现有如下规律:1913年峨山大震后到1939年6月,共发生(M_s≥4.7)地震6次,平均发生0.23次/     

1999年6～7月份华北地区ML≥3.0地震动态

根据中国地震局分析预报中心提供的资料,1999年6月份华北地区(33.0°～42.0°N,111.0°～125.0°E)共发生ML≥3.0地震10次(见表1),无ML4以上地震发生,22日13时43分发生在牟中的ML3.8地震是本月最显著的事件,华北西部(116°以西)地震活动保持以往的水平,华北东部(118°以东)的地震活动水平有所减弱,而华北中部,相对较为平静.     

1999年10月份华北地区ML≥3.0地震动态

根据中国地震局分析预报中心提供的资料,1999年10月份华北地区(33.0°～42.0°N,111.0°～125.0°E)共发生ML≥3.0地震5次(见表1),无ML≥ 4.0地震发生,10月10日07时03分发生在渤海的ML 3.5地震是本月最显著的事件.本月地震活动水平低于上一个月,华北西部(114.5°以西)的中牟发生1次ML 3.2地震,华北东部(118.4°以东)的地震活动水平与9月份相比有所降低,而华北中南部的济南发生2次ML 3.2地震.     

1992年6月份华北M_L>3.0地震

华北地区(33°—42°N,111°—125°E)1992年6月份共发生 M_L≥3.0地震9次,无M_L4以上地震发生。与历年月活动水平相比,本月地震活动频度和能量释放基本正常。(见下表)     

1993年6月份华北M_L≥3.0地震

1993年6月份华北地区(33°—42°N,111°—125°E)共发生M_L3.0地震7次,其中最显著的事件是1993年6月26日太原发生的M_L4.5地震(见下表)。地震活动水平仍然偏低。     

滇西地震活动群体时空分布特征研究

研究区域、资料和地震活动概述 滇西地区(本文选择λ_E:97.5°—101°,φ_N:24°—28°的3.5°×4°区域)位于众所周知的川滇菱形块体西北侧南段,该区以三大经向构造为主:怒江断裂、澜沧江断裂及著名的红河深大断裂,还伴有少量北东向构造。这里地震活动除频度较高外,强度亦颇大,历史上曾有1515年永胜7.0级大震,本世纪以来又相继发生了1925年大理7.0级和1976     

1992年9月份首都圈地区震情概况

1992年9月份在首都圈(38.5°—41.0°N,113.0°—120.0°E)范围内,共发生10次M_L≥2.0地震,其中震级最大为M_L2.5,无3级以上地震发生。本区总体地震活动水平仍持续偏低,请见下表。     

1992年12月份华北M_L≥3.0地震

华北地区(33°—42°N,111°—125°E)范围内,1992年12月份共发生 M_L≥3.0地震8次,其中最显著的事件是1992年12月27日山西运城发生的 M_L3.9地震。本月华北地区地震活动水平基本正常(见下表)。     

1993年3月份华北地区M_L≥3.0地震

1993年3月份,华北地区(33.0°—42.0°N,111.0°—125.0°E)共发生ML≥3.0地震7次,其中最显著的事件是3月28日黄海发生的M_L4.9地震。本月地震活动集中在辽东半岛和渤海湾地区(参见下表)。     

1993年7月份华北M_L≥3.0地震

华北地区(33°-42°N,111°-125°E)1993年7月共发生M_L≥3.0地震5次(见下表)。地震主要分布在平原带和山西带南端,其中最显著的事件是1993年7月3日山西曲沃发生的M_L4.3地震。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Seismicity at Fuego,Pacaya, Izalco,and San Cristobal Volcanoes,Central America, 1973–1974

Seismic data collected at four volcanoes in Central America during 1973 and 1974 indicate three sources of seismicity: regional earthquakes with hypocentral distances greater than 80 km, earthquakes within 40 km of each volcano, and seismic activity originating at the volcanoes due to eruptive processes. Regional earthquakes generated by the underthrusting and subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate are the most prominent seismic feature in Central America. Earthquakes in the vicinity of the volcanoes occur on faults that appear to be related to volcano formation. Faulting near Fuego and Pacaya volcanoes in Guatemala is more complex due to motion on a major E-W striking transform plate boundary 40 km north of the volcanoes. Volcanic activity produces different kinds of seismic signatures. Shallow tectonic or A-type events originate on nearby faults and occur both singly and in swarms. There are typically from 0 to 6 A-type events per day withb value of about 1.3. At very shallow depths beneath Pacaya, Izalco, and San Cristobal large numbers of low-frequency or B-type events are recorded with predominant frequencies between 2.5 and 4.5 Hz and withb values of 1.7 to 2.9. The relative number of B-type events appears to be related to the eruptive states of the volcanoes; the more active volcanoes have higher levels of seismicity. At Fuego Volcano, however, low-frequency events have unusually long codas and appear to be similar to tremor. High-amplitude volcanic tremor is recorded at Fuego, Pacaya, and San Cristobal during eruptive periods. Large explosion earthquakes at Fuego are well recorded at five stations and yield information on near-surface seismic wave velocities (α=3.0±0.2 km/sec.).