利用GS-LightGBM机器学习模型识别致密砂岩地层岩性

以交会图为代表的传统岩性识别图版无法适用于致密砂岩地层,其主要原因是大部分地层岩性的测井响应特征相似度高,难以基于图版分析被有效识别。LightGBM较传统模式识别模型能更高效地解决问题,为此采用该模型识别致密砂岩地层岩性。由于LightGBM在建模时利用了较多的超参数,导致预测结果难以保证为最优,所以采用GS算法进行优化,进而提出GS-LightGBM。实验目的层为姬塬油田西部长4+5段致密砂岩地层。提出模型的预测能力通过设计两个实验来验证。为突出验证效果,实验中加入SVM和XGBoost作为对比模型。实验结果显示,GS-XGBoost和GS-LightGBM的准确率、F1-score和AUC指标相接近,都最高,但GS-LightGBM的计算时间只有GS-XGBoost的约1/23。实验结果表明,GS-LightGBM模型可在不失精度的情况下,能快速给出预测结果,具备了在致密砂岩地层岩性识别研究上的应用价值和推广性。     

基于梯度提升决策树(GBDT)算法的岩性识别技术

对覆盖区下伏岩体的有效识别是实现深部找矿突破的关键,近年来机器学习理论的发展为岩性识别提供了新的思路。梯度提升决策树(GBDT)算法是以决策树为基函数的集成学习方法,算法通过将学习得到的多个树模型进行集成,可以达到同时减少模型方差和偏差的效果。本文以地球化学元素数据为基础,利用GBDT算法进行岩性识别研究,并将所得结果与KNN、SVM和决策树3种机器学习算法进行对比,结果表明,针对岩性识别问题,GBDT算法具有更高的精度,可以作为岩性识别的参考技术,具有一定的推广和应用价值。     

利用主成分分析法优化BP神经网络模型在砂砾岩岩性识别中的应用

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷JL57井区上乌尔禾组发育块状砂砾岩储层,砂砾岩可以细分为粗砾岩、中砾岩、细砾岩、中粗砂岩和粉细砂岩5类岩性,有效储层为中砾岩、细砾岩和中粗砂岩3种岩性,如何识别出有效储层岩性,是油田生产试油选层亟待解决的问题。传统利用测井曲线与岩性间简单线性关系的交会图法无法满足油田生产对岩性识别的要求,而传统利用非线性关系的BP神经网络模型岩性识别方法,虽然能识别部分砂砾岩种类,但该方法需要输入参数多,运算量大,识别结果准确率一般。本文探索性利用主成分分析法先从自然伽马、自然电位、地层电阻率、声波时差、密度、补偿中子6种测井曲线中计算出主成分特征值X、Y、Z三个参数,然后用三个特征值参数替代传统BP神经网络模型中6个油气参数作为新的输入参数,与传统BP神经网络模型对比,简化了BP神经网络模型的网络结构,减少了模型计算量,而且岩性识别准确率得到了有效提高,有效地解决了研究区测井识别岩性问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9小层致密砂岩含油性控制因素

综合分析鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9小层典型的致密砂岩储集层物性、岩心照片及荧光照片等资料,研究长9小层致密砂岩含油性控制因素。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9小层致密砂岩含油性主要受物性、非均质性、岩性等因素的影响,具体表现为：(1)高塑性岩屑含量影响砂岩含油性,高塑性岩屑含量越高,砂岩物性越差,其含油性也越差;(2)碳酸盐胶结物含量越高,砂岩物性越差,其含油性也越差;(3)物性与其含油性正相关;(4)非均质性,其对含油性的影响巨大,容易造成纵横线油气运移的“隔断”,油气难以进入储集层成藏;(5)岩性,水下分流河道砂体岩性以灰白色含泥砾中砂岩或中-细砂岩为主,而水下分流河道间以深灰色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩或泥质粉砂岩为主,水下分流河道砂在该层段含油性好;(6)裂隙,其对储层的运聚具有极大的改善作用。结合安定组沉积末期长9输导层顶面石油优势运移路径的模拟结果,优选出杏河地区向镰刀湾东方向、西河口-安塞-下坪、沿河口-冯庄北有利勘探区带。     

鹿乡断陷C区块双阳组测井岩性识别及储层有效厚度的确定

针对伊通盆地鹿乡断陷五星构造带油藏,提出一种适用于本区块的测井岩性识别模式及确定储层有效厚度的方法。利用包括自然伽马(吉林伽马)、普通电阻率、声波时差和自然电位曲线的综合分析,通过绘制各类曲线交会图,确定各类岩性的有效指标范围,确认出本区可识别的6种岩石类型即泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩和砂砾岩。在测井解释近似的情况下,提出反推排除法,结合区域整体沉积相带分布规律和相邻井之间的测井曲线相互关系,区分细砂岩与含砾砂岩。在测井解释的基础上进行储层有效厚度研究,建立孔隙度、渗透率、含油饱和度模型,总结出岩性下限标准、物性下限标准、电性下限标准,利用建立的模型及解释图版,对本区块的39口井进行油水层校正,编制单砂层有效厚度图和单砂层岩性-微相图。     

核主成分分析与支持向量机模型在储层识别中的应用

针对低孔、低渗致密储层识别较常规储层难这一问题,首次应用核主成分分析与支持向量机(KPCA-SVM)模型进行储层识别.该模型先通过核主成分分析(KPCA)进行非线性特征参数提取,然后将提取的特征参数作为支持向量机(SVM)的输入变量,最终实现储层识别.由于KPCA-SVM模型集成了核函数、主成分和支持向量分类机的优点,较好地解决非线性小样本的问题,能消除数据之间的噪音,降低维数,而又不缺失有效信息,达到准确快速预测的功能.将该模型应用到新场须二气藏新856井区储层预测中,预测结果验证了本模型的优越性,可作为致密储层预测的可选方法.     

致密砂岩气层的测井评价--以鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地山西组一段气田为例

大牛地气田山西组一段储层的孔隙度和渗透率均低、孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强，具有低压、低产的特征。利用测井资料，采用人工神经网络技术对致密砂岩的岩性进行了识别，共识别出中—粗粒岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩两种岩性，结合三种孔隙度测井方法进行了孔隙度和渗透率的预测，利用岩电实验资料，建立了储层微观孔隙结构与胶结指数、饱和度指数、岩石弹性力学参数之间的统计关系，获得了有效的饱和度评价参数，提高了饱和度的解释精度。并以压汞、相渗等岩芯分析资料进行了束缚水饱和度的解释，并采用多种交绘图技术，有效地识别了致密砂岩气层。该方法的特点是充分放大测井信息对天然气的响应特征，增强了气层和干层的判别差异。实践表明，上述方法对于鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田致密砂岩气层测井评价的符合率达到95％以上。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬西部三叠系延长组长8油层组成岩作用与致密化过程*

利用岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素及流体包裹体等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬西部三叠系延长组长8油层组致密储集层特征进行了研究,重点分析了储集层成岩作用特征和储集层致密化成因机制及过程。研究区长8油层组砂岩主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,经历了压实—压溶、胶结、交代、溶蚀及构造破裂等成岩作用,整体处于中成岩A期晚期。典型成岩序列依次为机械压实、绿泥石黏土膜、早期(泥晶)方解石胶结、石英次生加大、长石、岩屑溶蚀、自生高岭石胶结、自生石英胶结、中期(含)铁方解石胶结。综合研究认为:(1)近物源伴随湖平面快速上升的沉积环境提供了储集层致密化的物质基础,不同沉积微相储集层物性差别较大,分流河道最好,分流间湾最差;(2)长8油层组原始孔隙度为41.35%,压实作用损孔率为50.67%,造成储集层孔隙度急剧降低,胶结作用损孔率为37.48%,导致孔隙度进一步减小,溶蚀作用仅增加了3.26%的孔隙度,难以有效改善储集层质量;(3)上述沉积与成岩因素共同导致储集层致密,致密化过程可分为压实孔隙骤减阶段、早期胶结减孔阶段、溶蚀作用增孔阶段和晚期胶结致密阶段共4个阶段;(4)油气大量充注期储集层孔隙度远低于10%,长8油层组先致密后成藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬西部三叠系延长组长8油层组成岩作用与致密化过程

利用岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素及流体包裹体等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬西部三叠系延长组长8油层组致密储集层特征进行了研究,重点分析了储集层成岩作用特征和储集层致密化成因机制及过程。研究区长8油层组砂岩主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,经历了压实—压溶、胶结、交代、溶蚀及构造破裂等成岩作用,整体处于中成岩A期晚期。典型成岩序列依次为机械压实、绿泥石黏土膜、早期(泥晶)方解石胶结、石英次生加大、长石、岩屑溶蚀、自生高岭石胶结、自生石英胶结、中期(含)铁方解石胶结。综合研究认为:(1)近物源伴随湖平面快速上升的沉积环境提供了储集层致密化的物质基础,不同沉积微相储集层物性差别较大,分流河道最好,分流间湾最差;(2)长8油层组原始孔隙度为41.35%,压实作用损孔率为50.67%,造成储集层孔隙度急剧降低,胶结作用损孔率为37.48%,导致孔隙度进一步减小,溶蚀作用仅增加了3.26%的孔隙度,难以有效改善储集层质量;(3)上述沉积与成岩因素共同导致储集层致密,致密化过程可分为压实孔隙骤减阶段、早期胶结减孔阶段、溶蚀作用增孔阶段和晚期胶结致密阶段共4个阶段;(4)油气大量充注期储集层孔隙度远低于10%,长8油层组先致密后成藏。     

歧口凹陷歧北斜坡带沙二段致密砂岩储层流体识别与评价

为了解决歧口凹陷歧北斜坡带古近系沙二段致密砂岩储层流体识别效果差、精度低等问题,在储层“四性”关系分析,测井系列优选,测井曲线标准化,岩电和核磁共振实验的基础上,建立储层参数及流体饱和度测井解释模型,采用定性?半定量?定量的方法对储层流体进行识别与评价.沙二段致密砂岩储层“四性”关系复杂,测井解释模型相关系数高,在0.75~0.95;重叠图法可以定性区分高阻油层与水层,I_wa-Φ及I_a-I_wa交会图版可以有效区分油层、油水层及水层,公式法可以定量划分油层、油水层、水层,计算出三者的含水饱和度区间分别为35.5%~91.4%、60.5%~96.5%、77.2%~90.9%,束缚水饱和度区间分别为30.3%~89.9%、58.2%~90.1%、62.1%~64.4%.本次流体识别及评价精度比原方法提高了25%,为研究区油气勘探开发提供了可靠的技术支持.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.