贵州尾若金矿床载金矿物EPMA分析与原位硫同位素特征

尾若金矿位于南盘江盆地西北部,是烂泥沟金矿区外围的小型金矿床,找矿潜力较好。该矿床的黄铁矿按其矿物组合和脉体穿插关系可划分为浸染状黄铁矿阶段(S1)和细脉状石英-黄铁矿阶段(S2)。为了查明该矿床金的赋存状态和硫化物中硫的来源,在金属硫化物组构特征观察的基础上,采用了电子探针(EPMA)和原位硫同位素分析方法,分析了不同金属硫化物中Au、As、S、Fe等元素的含量和δ34S组成。结果表明,尾若金矿床的载金矿物为含砷黄铁矿和毒砂,金主要以纳米级自然金(Au0)形式存在,少部分以固溶体(Au+)形式存在。该矿床的硫同位素值介于10.6‰～14.0‰之间,2个阶段形成的硫化物具有较为相似的硫同位素值,表明2期热液中硫的来源相同,均来自于海相硫酸盐,TSR(热化学还原作用)是尾若金矿床硫酸盐的还原机制。     

西秦岭李坝金矿床地质、同位素地球化学及其成因探讨

李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中的礼-岷矿集区内,赋矿围岩为泥盆系浅变质细碎屑岩,矿床产于中川岩体的外侧热接触变质带内,矿体主要受断裂破碎带控制。本文在李坝金矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对赋矿围岩、花岗斑岩岩脉、矿石硫化物进行了LA-MC-ICPMS原位微区硫同位素测试及化学溶样法分析,对不同地质体的铅同位素进行了系统测定与示踪,测定了成矿流体的氢-氧同位素组成,并对与矿体相伴产出花岗斑岩脉进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。研究表明,李坝金矿床花岗斑岩脉中黄铁矿δ34S值范围为8.19‰~10.06‰,赋矿围岩中金属硫化物δ34S值范围为4.94‰~9.81‰,矿石硫化物的δ34S值范围为4.94‰~10.82‰,矿石硫化物的硫同位素组成与矿区花岗斑岩及赋矿围岩的硫同位素组成相似,暗示成矿流体中的硫源主要来自受改造或变质的地层岩石与岩浆热液硫的混合。不同地质体的铅同位素组成变化范围较小,在Zartman铅构造模式图解中,样品投影点均落于造山带与上地壳演化线附近,矿石铅投影点与赋矿围岩及矿区岩脉的投影点重合,表明矿石中的铅可能来源于赋矿围岩和岩浆作用的混合。氢-氧同位素研究表明,成矿流体可能为变质流体、岩浆流体及地层建造水的混合热流体。矿区花岗斑岩脉与矿体相伴产出,花岗斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为223 Ma,与金矿化时间一致,暗示成矿作用与岩浆活动同时发生。李坝金矿床与矿区岩浆岩同为造山作用的产物,并且其矿床地质特征、同位素地球化学特征与造山型金矿床相似,为形成于秦岭造山带由碰撞向伸展转变环境下成矿物质来源复杂的造山型金矿床。     

黔西南紫木凼金矿床成矿物质来源:S⁃C⁃O⁃Pb⁃Sr同位素制约

紫木凼金矿床是黔西南卡林型金矿区一个重要的大型金矿床,其成矿物质来源尚不明确.对紫木凼金矿床不同类型矿石和赋矿围岩进行了S、C、O、Pb和Sr同位素组成对比研究.矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-13.49‰~17.91‰（主要为-0.99‰~3.58‰）,赋矿围岩的δ34S值为-26.23‰~-19.63‰,矿床成矿期硫主要来源于岩浆,部分来源于赋矿地层中成矿前黄铁矿.热液期方解石的δ13C和δ18O分别为-9.10‰~0.59‰和15.65‰~23.82‰,与赋矿围岩、区域地层的碳、氧同位素组成差别较大,成矿流体的碳、氧部分来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,部分可能来源于岩浆.矿石中硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.064~18.973、15.585~15.670和38.219~39.054,赋矿围岩的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.136~18.650、15.574~15.656和38.423~38.812,矿石铅的来源较复杂,赋矿地层和岩浆可能都为其提供了部分铅.矿石中石英和方解石（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 26~0.708 11,赋矿围岩的（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 28~0.707 31,成矿流体中的锶主要来源于赋矿地层.紫木凼金矿床成矿物质具壳幔混合来源特征,成矿物质主要来自矿床深部隐伏岩浆岩,部分来自二叠系-三叠系赋矿地层.      

甘肃北山老金厂金矿床载金矿物特征、原位硫同位素组成及其对成矿的指示意义

老金厂金矿床是北山成矿南带最具代表性的中低温岩浆热液型金矿床之一,其规模为中型。依据脉体穿插、矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造等特征,将矿床矿化作用过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅰ）、石英-含砷黄铁矿-毒砂阶段（Ⅱ）、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物阶段（Ⅲ）和石英-方解石阶段（Ⅳ）。利用电子探针研究了不同成矿阶段载金矿物的元素组成及其分布规律。Ⅰ阶段：黄铁矿以粗粒自形立方体为主,粒度为0.50~1.50 mm,贫As、Au;毒砂含量极少,呈细粒他形。Ⅱ阶段：含砷黄铁矿周围常有大量毒砂产出,含砷黄铁矿多为立方体、五角十二面体,粒度为0.30~1.00 mm,富As、Au;该阶段矿化最为强烈,毒砂主要形成于此时期,多呈棱柱状、柱状、放射状集合体,显示富S亏As特征。Ⅲ阶段：多以黄铁矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿共生组合脉的形式产出,黄铁矿多呈长条状,以富S、Cu、Zn、Au和贫Fe、As为特征。Ⅳ阶段：矿化作用极弱,毒砂、黄铁矿含量极少,为细粒他形。原位硫同位素组成显示：Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-3.8‰~-2.9‰,均值为-3.3‰;Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿和毒砂δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-4.7‰~2.6‰,均值为-3.3‰;Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿和闪锌矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值主要分布于-1.9‰~1.0‰之间,均值为0.1‰。此3个阶段硫同位素组成反映了成矿期硫主要来源于幔源岩浆,混入了部分地层硫。综合前人研究成果,认为成矿早期至晚期,成矿流体总体上由富S贫As向富As贫S演化。Ⅰ阶段体系处于中性稳定的环境,硫源充足;Ⅱ阶段为贫S富As的高氧逸度环境,由于大气降水对地层的淋滤渗透,混入富As流体,Au可能与As结合形成Au-As络合物,在成矿有利部位富集沉淀;Ⅲ阶段成矿元素种类丰富,体系为富S贫As的弱还原环境,Au很可能与HS^-、S^-形成络合物进入黄铁矿晶格。     

西南天山阿沙哇义金矿载金矿物地球化学特征及地质意义

阿沙哇义金矿床是中国新疆西南天山目前探明的第二大金矿，是中亚造山带南缘"亚洲金腰带"的重要组成部位。野外构造调查表明，研究区在古生代期间经历了由挤压变形发展为走滑伸展两次构造作用，成矿发生在挤压变形到走滑伸展转换时期。运用矿相学、电子探针、扫描电镜及S同位素等方法确定矿床载金矿物、金的赋存状态、成矿物质来源等，结果表明:阿沙哇义金矿载金矿物主要为含砷黄铁矿、部分毒砂。含砷黄铁矿分为沉积成岩期（Py1）、成矿早期（Py2）、成矿期（Py3）；Py2、Py3富As、Te，亏S、Fe，S、As呈明显负相关；Co/Ni比值显示黄铁矿属沉积-热液成因。Au以纳米级"可见"自然金（Au0）形式存在于含砷黄铁矿中。黄铁矿、辉锑矿δ34S为9.5‰~16.3‰，显示成矿流体中硫为海相硫酸盐热化学还原产物，成矿物质来自赋矿地层。矿床属典型的中浅成造山型金矿，矿床埋藏较浅，矿区深部具有很好的找矿潜力。      

湘东北正冲金矿床成矿物质来源的S-Pb同位素示踪

长沙-平江(长-平)成矿带位于江南造山带中段,金资源储量达250余吨。该区金矿床是典型的沉积变质岩容矿的热液脉状金矿床,构造控矿特征清晰,然而巨量金来源与矿床成因尚不明确。正冲金矿床主体赋存于新元古代变质沉积岩中,矿区内同时发育少量花岗岩体,是识别不同地质体对成矿贡献的理想选择。因此,本文选取正冲金矿床,在野外宏观地质工作基础上,系统开展了成矿阶段划分与载金硫化物同位素地球化学测试等工作。正冲金矿床严格受控于NNE-NE向的长-平断裂及其次级断裂系统,矿体呈脉状,走向NW或NNE,蚀变分带不明显。正冲金矿床矿物组合简单:早阶段发育有乳白色贫矿石英与白云母;成矿主阶段为石英细脉与自然金黄铁矿毒砂-多金属硫化物-少量绿泥石;成矿晚阶段发育有石英-方解石脉。其中,黄铁矿与毒砂是矿床内自然金与不可见金重要的载体。为弱化毒砂和黄铁矿裂隙中细粒多金属硫化物对同位素地球化学结果的干扰,本次研究挑选自形、未变形的毒砂、黄铁矿颗粒测试研究。实验结果表明载金毒砂铅同位素组成~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为37.867～38.285、15.555～15.663与17.743-18.073,略高于黄铁矿铅同位素组成37.774～38.268、15.547～15.660与17.670～18.021;毒砂δ~(34)S变化幅度较小(-4.7‰～-0.9‰,均值为-3.0%),略高于黄铁矿δ~(34)S值(-9.1‰～-1.1‰,均值为-4.4‰),成矿流体氧逸度约为10~(-30.7)。正冲金矿床硫、铅同位素组成与赋矿围岩、区域内岩体和斑岩型矿床同位素特征具有较大差异,说明区内岩体与赋矿地层并不是正冲金矿床成矿物质的主要来源。金矿床成矿物质具有深源特征,可能来源于比冷家溪群地层变质程度更高、沉积位置更深的变质沉积岩。结合区域地质背景、金矿床地质-地球化学特征与成矿年代学资料,推断正冲金矿床为造山型金矿床。     

贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床首次发现大量次显微-显微可见自然金颗粒

在贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床原生富矿石的一条含砷黄铁矿细脉中发现有100余粒次显微-显微自然金颗粒(0.1~6μm),并具有清晰的显微岩相学结构。提出了该类型金矿次显微-显微可见自然金颗粒的形成过程可能与含Au热液-岩石相互作用过程中含Fe碳酸盐矿物溶解释放Fe的大量硫化物化而导致热液中Au的过饱和有关,含Fe碳酸盐赋矿围岩是形成高品位大型卡林型金矿床最重要的控制因素之一。     

柴北缘赛坝沟金矿床硫、铅同位素组成:对成矿物质来源的指示

柴北缘赛坝沟金矿床是青海省赛什腾山-阿尔茨托山成矿带上重要的岩金矿床,成矿地质条件优越。矿体赋存于北西-北北西向韧-脆性断裂构造组内,呈脉状、透镜状,构造控矿作用明显,矿石类型分为石英脉型和蚀变糜棱岩型。热液成矿期可划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ少量黄铁矿-烟灰色石英阶段、Ⅱ金-黄铁矿-乳白色石英阶段、Ⅲ多金属硫化物-金-灰白色-灰褐色石英阶段、Ⅳ灰白色-浅肉红色石英-碳酸盐岩阶段。文章基于各热液成矿阶段硫化物的硫、铅同位素研究,探讨了赛坝沟金矿床成矿物质来源。研究结果表明,赛坝沟金矿床矿石中硫同位素在0.50‰~3.93‰之间,分布集中,通过与区域矿床围岩及成矿后石英脉硫同位素值(3.7‰~4.0‰)进行比较,认为赛坝沟金矿中的硫除来自于围岩外,更多来自于深部的幔源流体;铅同位素组成特征分析表明,赛坝沟金矿床矿石铅主要来源于深部地幔与下地壳铅混合,也有少量上地壳铅的参与,而围岩铅主要来源于上地壳。     

内蒙狼山成矿带东升庙多金属硫化物矿床硫的来源及矿化过程

东升庙多金属硫化物矿床是狼山成矿带最大和最典型的铅锌多金属硫化物矿床,目前该矿床硫的来源及成矿过程仍存在争议。本文对矿区常见硫化物矿石和最重要的赋矿围岩——绢云石墨片岩中的硫化物分别进行硫同位素分析。结果显示东升庙矿床的硫化物普遍富集硫的重同位素,且矿石与围岩中的硫化物的硫同位素分布范围均较为集中。绢云石墨片岩中的黄铁矿的δ~(34)S值在+19.4‰~+23.4‰之间,具有和当时海水硫酸盐相似的硫同位素组成,指示围岩中的不规则黄铁矿是孔隙水(海水)中的硫酸盐被完全还原后形成的。矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S值在+28.3‰~+31.3‰之间,相比围岩中的黄铁矿明显富集硫的重同位素,指示两者具有不同的硫源。矿石中的硫可能源自基底地层中蒸发岩的溶解,由此形成的硫酸盐占主导的热液流体可萃取大量铅、锌等金属,当遇到狼山群地层中富含有机质的沉积岩时发生热化学还原反应,从而造成硫化物的大量卸载,形成金属硫化物矿床。     

贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床金的赋存状态初步研究

采用电子探针背散射电子图像、波谱和能谱分析技术,对贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床原生富矿石中的含砷黄铁矿Au、As等元素含量及其分布规律进行了系统研究.结果发现有两种金的赋存形式:①不可见金,主要赋存在含砷黄铁矿之中,Au与As之间呈楔形分布关系,推测金以化学结合态金(Au )的形式进入含砷黄铁矿的结构;②显微-次显微自然金颗粒(0.1～6 靘),分布在含砷黄铁矿的边缘.提出含金-砷黄铁矿的形成可能与含Au热液-岩石相互作用过程中含Fe碳酸盐矿物溶解释放Fe有关,含Fe碳酸盐赋矿围岩是形成高品位、大型卡林型金矿床最重要的控制因素之一,与去碳酸盐化有关的碳酸盐脉可能是寻找深部隐伏卡林型金矿体的重要标志.     

甘肃阳山金矿田载金矿物特征及金赋存状态研究

采用电子探针分析,详细研究了甘肃阳山类卡林型金矿田原生矿石中不同成矿阶段载金矿物的Au、As、S、Fe等元素含量及其分布规律,确定含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是最重要的载金矿物,发现不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿具有不同的成分特点;沉积成岩期黄铁矿为草莓状、胶状,砷和金含量最低,分别为0.10%和0.08%;热液成矿期早阶段黄铁矿粒度较粗(0.40～1.00mm),是较高温度(270～300℃)下缓慢结晶的产物,其砷和金含量较低,分别为0.27%和0.09%;热液成矿期主阶段(包括M1,M2和M3亚阶段)黄铁矿粒度微细(0.05～0.20mm),是210～270℃条件下快速结晶的产物,砷和金含量最高,M1亚阶段分别为3.45%As和0.11%Au,M2亚阶段分别为3.88%As和0.14%Au.在含砷黄铁矿中,金可能有自然金和离子金两种存在方式.沉积成岩期和热液成矿期早阶段低砷黄铁矿中金主要以纳米级自然金(Au~0)颗粒形式分布,而在热液成矿期主阶段含砷黄铁矿中金主要以Au+的形式存在.当热液中As活度高时,含砷黄铁矿在快速生长条件下,其生长面的空穴和缺陷较多,有利于热液中Au(HS)~0络合物通过吸附反应直接进入含砷黄铁矿生长表面.此外,主阶段流体的硫化和沸腾作用均可导致H_2S的减少,有利于形成砷黄铁矿和Au沉淀富集.     

The Nature of Ore‐forming Fluids of the Carlin‐type Gold Deposit in Southwest China: A Case from the Zimudang Gold Deposit

The Zimudang gold deposit is a large Carlin‐type gold deposit in the Southwest Guizhou Province, China, with an average Au content of 6.2 g/t. Gold is mainly hosted in the fault zone and surrounding strata of the F1 fault and Permian Longtan Formation, and the ore bodies are strictly controlled by both the faults and strata. Detailed mineralogy and geochemistry studies are conducted to help judge the nature of ore‐forming fluids. The results indicate that the Au is generally rich in the sulfides of both ores and wall rocks in the deposit, and the arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite are the main gold‐bearing sulfides. Four subtypes of arsenian pyrite are found in the deposit, including the euhedral and subhedral pyrite, framboidal pyrite, pyrite aggregates and pyrite veins. The euhedral and subhedral pyrite, which can take up about 80% of total pyrite grains, is the dominant type. Au distributed unevenly in the euhedral and subhedral pyrite, and the content of the Au in the rim is relatively higher than in the core. Au in the pyrite veins and pyrite aggregates is lower than the euhedral and subhedral pyrite. No Au has been detected in the points of framboidal pyrites in this study. An obvious highly enriched As rim exists in the X‐ray images of euhedral pyrites, implying the ore‐forming fluids may be rich in As. The relationship between Au and As reveals that the Au may host as a solid solution (Au⁺) and nanoparticles of native gold (Au⁰) in the sulfides. The high Co/Ni ratio (>1) of sulfides and the enrichment of W in the ores all reflect that the gold‐bearing minerals and ore‐forming process were mainly related to the hydrothermal fluids, but the magmatic and volcanic activities cannot be neglected. The general existence of Au and As in the sulfides of both ores and wall rocks and the REE results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids may mainly be derived from the basin itself. The enrichment of Tl suggests that the ore‐forming fluids may be enriched in Cl. The Ce and Eu show slightly or apparently negative anomalies, which means the ore fluids were probably formed under reducing environment. The Y/Ho ratios of ore samples fluctuate around 28, implying the bicarbonate complexation and fluorine were both involved in the ore‐forming process. Combined with the previous studies and our results, we infer that the ore‐forming fluids enriched Au, As, HS^? and halogen (F, Cl) were derived from the mixture of reducing basinal fluids and magmatic or volcanic hydrothermal fluids.     

Metallogeny of the Lannigou Sedimentary Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposit in Southwestern Guizhou Province, China

The Lannigou deposit is a large-sized sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold （SRHDG） deposit located in the Youjiang Basin. It is hosted by the Middle Triassic turbidite. Wall rock alterations, including silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, carbonatization and argillization, commonly occur along fractures. PGE study demonstrates that either Permian basalts or Triassic ultrabasic intrnsives are unlikely to be the main source of gold mineralization. Coupled with the lack of other nmgmatic activity in the vicinity of the mining area, an amagmatic origin is proposed. Organic matter compositions and GC-MS analysis of the ores and host rocks show that the organics in the ores and the host rocks have a common source; the organic matter in the ores was mainly indigenous. The positive correlation between S2 and Au contents, along with the common occurrence of organic inclusions, suggest involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming process in terms of promoting Au leaching from the source rocks, making colloidal Au migration possible, as well as hydrocarbon reduction of sulphate. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Lannigou deposit suggest that it was formed through circulation of meteoric water and probably less importantly organic bearing formation water driven by high geothermal gradient caused by late Yanshanian extension, which leached Au from the source bed, and then migrated as Au-bisnlfides and colloidal Au, culminating in deposition by reduction-adsorption and surface complexation of gold onto the growth surface of arsenlan pyrite.     

滇黔桂“金三角”卡林型金矿含砷黄铁矿和毒砂的矿物学研究

滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同矿床亚类的典型矿床硫化物显微镜下观察和电子探针显微分析(EP-MA)表明,含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是主要的载金矿物.载金黄铁矿主要以环带状含砷黄铁矿、细粒自形含砷黄铁矿为主.环带状黄铁矿核部贫As、Au,富S、Fe,而环带则相反,且Au与As具有正相关关系.核部贫As的黄铁矿成因复杂,既有成矿早阶段的热液成因,又有受热液蚀变交代的沉积成因.核部和环带是不同成矿阶段的产物.元素的相关关系表明环带中As主要取代S的位置.多环带的特点还表明,热液活动是脉动式的,含矿流体化学成分也是在不断变化的.不论是核部还是环带,均有Au含量高出检出限的测点,但环带是主要的载金部位.细粒含砷黄铁矿为均质结构,具有高As、Au,低S、Fe的特点,类似环带状黄铁矿的环带特征,推测与富砷环带是同期热液活动形成的.毒砂-黄铁矿集合体中的黄铁矿分为环带结构和均质结构2种,并分别具有上述2种黄铁矿的特点.载金毒砂可以细分为3个世代,具均质结构,热液成因.各世代毒砂Au含量均有高出检出限的测点,同时Au、As、S、Fe的含量变化不大,均为主成矿阶段的产物.载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿→富砷的细粒黄铁矿颗粒和富砷黄铁矿环带→毒砂.黄铁矿和毒砂中的Au在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示分布是不均匀的,环带状黄铁矿中Au元素图出现的均匀结构可能为一种假象,说明金主要以"不可见"的纳米级超显微包裹金形式存在,少量为"不可见"晶格金和微米级显微"可见金".整个滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同亚类矿床之间的载金矿物特征和金的赋存状态没有本质区别,说明它们具有相同的成矿作用过程和成矿背景.     

Origin of the Dachang gold deposit,NW China: constraints from H,O, S,and Pb isotope data

The Dachang gold deposit is located in the Late Triassic Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt, NE Tibetan Plateau. Gold ore is concentrated as veins along secondary faults and fracture zones in the Bayan Har Group metaturbidites. No exposed felsic plutons are present in the vicinity of the deposit. The auriferous veins contain <15% sulphide minerals, mainly arsenopyrite, pyrite, and stibnite. Gold is commonly enclosed within arsenopyrite and pyrite. Typical alteration around the ore bodies includes silicification, sericitization, and weak carbonatization.

Gold-bearing quartz samples have δ¹⁸O values of 16.9–21.2‰ (V-SMOW) from which δ¹⁸O_H2O values of 6.2–9.6‰ can be calculated from the fluid inclusion temperatures (or 10.0 to 12.7‰ if we used the average arsenopyrite geothermometer temperature of 301°C). The δD values of fluid inclusions in quartz range from –90‰ to –72‰. δ³⁴S values of gold-bearing sulphides mainly range from –5.9‰ to –2.8‰ (V-CDT). Pyrite and arsenopyrite in ores have ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 18.2888 to 18.4702, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 15.5763 to 15.6712, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 38.2298 to 38.8212. These isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids were of metamorphic origin, and the S and Pb may have been derived from the host metaturbidites of the Bayan Har Group. The Dachang Au deposit has geological and geochemical features similar to orogenic gold deposits. We propose that the ores formed when the Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt was intensely deformed by Late Triassic folding and thrusting. Large-scale thrusting resulted in regional allochthons of different scales, followed by secondary faults or fracture zones that controlled the ore bodies.     

西秦岭地区金矿类型及其成矿作用

西秦岭地区是中国最重要的金矿矿集区之一,除产出少数夕卡岩型金矿床外,几乎所有的其他金矿床都可归并为造山型、卡林型和类卡林型3种类型。研究表明,西秦岭地区中生代花岗岩主要形成于中晚三叠世,而金矿成矿主要集中在晚三叠世,它们都是华北板块与华南板块碰撞导致的秦岭造山作用的产物。西秦岭地区造山型金矿床主要赋存在泥盆系和石炭系一套复杂的构造变形和区域变质的绿片岩相岩中,主要受北西西向脆韧性剪切带控制,成矿元素组合主要为Au-Ag。矿石中含有大量显微自然金、银金矿,明金可见。成矿流体主要为变质流体。由造山作用引起的强烈构造运动为成矿流体提供了运移通道,为矿质沉淀提供了有利的场所。虽然一些造山型金矿床与中酸性岩体相邻,但矿化与岩浆活动不具直接的成因关系。西秦岭地区卡林型金矿床主要产于轻微变质的寒武系至三叠系沉积岩中,明显受地层、岩性和构造控制。金矿床中的金以超显微金和存在于含砷黄铁矿与毒砂晶格中的固溶体金为主。成矿元素组合为Au-As-Hg-Sb-Ba。成矿流体由早期形成的地层水被后期大气降水补给活化形成,也有部分岩浆水或变质水的加入。在伸展背景下大气降水通过循环演化形成了较浅层次的流体系统,导致Au等成矿元素发生沉淀而形成浸染状矿石。西秦岭地区类卡林型金矿床主要产于浅变质沉积岩建造中,受脆韧性剪切带的控制,并形成于花岗岩岩体附近。与造山型、卡林型金矿床最大的不同之处在于,类卡林型金矿床的形成与同时期的岩浆活动有密切的成因关系。矿石中存在显微自然金,载金矿物主要为黄铁矿、含砷黄铁矿和碲化物。成矿热液主要是岩浆水与变质水、建造水的混合流体。与造山型金矿床类似,流体不混溶导致类卡林型金矿床的形成。     

陕西镇安丘岭卡林型金矿金的赋存状态和富集机理

丘岭金矿床是西秦岭地区重要的卡林型金矿之一, 金矿化赋存于上泥盆统南阳山组和下石炭统袁家沟组地层中, 容矿岩石的岩性为钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质页岩和泥质灰岩.金矿石中主要金属矿物为黄铁矿和毒砂, 非金属矿物则以石英、方解石和绢云母为主.通过对矿石矿物黄铁矿和毒砂的扫描电镜-能谱分析、电子探针分析和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析, 对丘岭金矿床金的赋存形式和富集机理进行了较为详细的研究.结果表明, 丘岭金矿床中金主要以次显微不可见金的形式存在, 其次为显微可见金.次显微金包括: (1)固溶体金(Au+), 主要存在于环带状细粒黄铁矿的含砷增生边区域和毒砂中, 少量存在于环带状黄铁矿的核部不含砷区域; (2)纳米级自然金颗粒(Au0), 存在于粗晶黄铁矿中.环带状细粒黄铁矿核部的次显微金可能主要以胶体吸附的形式存在, 暗示容矿岩石在沉积成岩过程中有金的初步富集, 而环带状黄铁矿幔部和毒砂中的Au则主要来源于成矿流体, 以S和As的络合物形式搬运.显微可见金主要分布在细粒黄铁矿的晶体边缘和热液蚀变绢云母、石英及方解石中, 粒径通常小于3~5 μm, 其形成可能与成矿流体中金的局部过饱和及成矿流体对细粒黄铁矿和毒砂中次显微金的活化和再次富集有关.      

Geology,mineralogy, geochemistry and δ34S of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits in Song Hien structure,NE Vietnam

The Song Hien rift basin is considered to be one of the most important regions of gold mineralisation in North East Vietnam. A number of gold deposits in the Song Hien rift basin are hosted in Triassic and Devonian sedimentary formations of the basin. The largest among them are the Bo Va, Tham Riem and Khung Khoang deposits. The Bo Va deposit is hosted in carbonaceous sedimentary rocks of Triassic age, whereas the Tham Riem and Khung Khoang deposits are hosted in carbonaceous sedimentary rocks of Devonian ages. Based on the mineral composition of the ores, the deposits can be divided into to two types: (i) pyrite dominated and (ii) pyrite-arsenopyrite dominated. The Khung Khoang is of the first type and the Bo Va and Tham Riem deposits belong to the second type. The isotopic composition of pyrite and arsenopyrite in the Tham Riem deposit however, is close to that for the ores of the Bo Va deposit. The δ³⁴S value for pyrite ranging from −3.7‰ to −7.4‰ and for arsenopyrite ranging from −3.2‰ to 7.4‰. The δ³⁴S of pyrite in the ore from the Khung Khoang deposit however, has a much heavier isotopic composition of +18.9 to +20.2‰. A narrow range of the variation of sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite and arsenopyrite, the presence of visible gold as inclusions, the presence of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and other inclusions in arsenopyrite and pyrite, the large size of the grains of major ore minerals allow us to assume that the primary gold ores of the Bo Va and Tham Riem deposits underwent metamorphic transformations. The absence of arsenic, antimony, mercury and other characteristic elements in the ores of the Khung Khoang deposit, and substantially heavier isotopic composition of sulfur similar to the sulfur isotopic composition of marine sulfates in the Devonian, allow us to assume another source of the ore components, not connected with the Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Song Hien rift.