近海多种卫星测高联合数据处理技术

海域海况复杂多变 ,潮汐不但受外海能量输入的控制 ,而且在复杂的海岸线、浅海海底和内陆河流运输的作用下变得异常复杂。卫星测高由于受复杂的海洋动力环境和陆地反射的影响 ,数据质量普遍较深海差。将多种卫星测高数据联合处理 ,可以大大提高近海海域平均海面高的精度与分辨率 ,增强测高卫星监测近海复杂动力现象与反演近海复杂动力机制的能力。本文讨论近海多种卫星联合数据处理的技术与方法 ,分别从提取海平面稳态和时变信息的角度较系统地研究了多种卫星测高联合数据处理方法 ,通过提取不同测高卫星海平面观测数据中与时间无关的系统偏差 ,建立多种卫星测高数据的海平面时变基准 ,从而将多种测高卫星海面监测数据融合到一个动力系统中。大大提高测高卫星海平面监测的时空分辨率 ,为联合多种卫星测高数据在大地测量与近海海洋动力学研究中的应用创造基本条件。     

Jason-2近海海面高的最优高斯低通滤波半径选择

使用测高卫星Jason-2传感器地球物理数据记录（sensor geophysical data record,SGDR）的近海海面高观测数据,基于最大似然估计4参数法,对波形数据进行重跟踪。考虑到星下点沿轨方向前后相邻海面高观测值中高频改正信号具有相关性的特征,提出了确定海面高的最优高斯低通滤波半径选择的技术方法,即对星下点沿轨方向观测值进行差分计算,形成差分数据序列,根据序列的相关系数性来确定滤波半径。对于SGDR数据,若对其进行低通滤波,建议滤波半径选为2 km,既可抑制沿轨海面高数据的高频误差,又可保证该数据没有被过度平滑。研究成果可为充分利用卫星测高数据建立高精度近海海面高模型提供参考,进而促进高精度陆海无缝垂直基准的技术体系建设。     

垂线偏差-大地水准面与逆范宁-梅尼兹公式的应用——联合多种卫星测高数据求解全球海平面与海洋重力异常

卫星测高开辟了地球科学研究的新纪元。平均海面高(MSSH)和海洋重力异常是卫星测高在大地测量和地球物理应用领域的重要成果。平均海面高对于建立全球潮汐模型、海平面变化研究以及海洋测深等方面有重要意义。关于海洋重力异常的应用,Sandweel与Smith(1997)已进行了说明。根据卫星测高数据计算垂线偏差(DOV)是恢复重力异常的一个新途径。对利用改进的卫星测高数据进一步提高全球平均海面高和重力异     

中国近海及邻近海域高精度高分辨率海面高的确定

利用新的海潮模型(NAO99B)更为合理的共线方法和交叠平差技术,有效改善了ERM数据的径向轨道误差和时变海面高的影响,提高了浅海海域测高数据的测高精度。     

同步激光测高数据的垂线偏差解算与分析

针对传统的垂线偏差计算过程中东西分量与南北分量差异过大的问题,提出了利用新型ICESat-2海面高数据获取高精度东西分量的方法,选定南中国海域(0°～23°N、103°～120°E)作为试验区域,基于ICESat-2 ATL12海表面高度数据产品进行垂线偏差解算.与此同时,采用XGM2019e_ 2159模型检核,对比同时间序列长度的Jason-2解算结果,分析了ICESat-2多波束同步观测模式的垂线偏差解算优势.数值试验表明:ICESat-2获取的海面高观测值精度优于传统雷达测高模式,计算的沿轨垂线偏差精度与Ku波段测高模式相当.ICESat-2中间束强波束的垂线偏差解算精度优于两侧强波束,并且多波束组模式首次提供了跨轨方向的同步观测数据,解算的跨轨垂线偏差精度可靠,可以提升垂线偏差东西向分量的确定精度.     

确定局部海区海平面变化的交叉点平差

卫星雷达测高仪以连续的观测方式对全球海洋进行测量，其轨道升降弧段交叉点构成了交叉点平差的基础。本文根据测高卫星运动的动力学模型，利用交叉点上的测高数据可以看作重复“观测”的特点，通过建立动力学交叉点平差模式，试图更好地消除或削弱轨道误差的影响，提高海面高变化的测定精度。     

用T／P测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面高及海面地形

描述了利用Ｔ／Ｐ卫星测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面地形。处理了Ｔ／Ｐ５９～８２周（Ｃｙｃｌｅ）１９９４年第８３ｄ～３１１ｄ的数据，将５９～８２周数据分成两部分分别估计海面高，并分析了海面高变化。结果与Ｂａｓｉｃ和Ｒａｐｐ１９９２年确定的海面高作了比较。利用Ｓｈｅｐａｒｄ曲面拟合方法给出了３０′×３０′平均海面高结果，分别以ＯＳＵ９１和ＷＤＭ９４地球重力场模型作为参考重力场，计算了相应的３０′×３０′平均海面地形。     

利用ICESat确定北极海面高及其变化

利用ICESat数据计算了海冰覆盖的北冰洋海域海面高,获得的北极平均海面高模型ICESat MSS与DTU13MSS模型存在-10.0±9.6 cm的差异。分别根据EGM2008和ArcGP大地水准面模型计算的平均海面动力地形在总体趋势上完全一致,准确地展现了北冰洋的主要洋流特征。根据ICESat计算的海面高分析了北极海平面的季节性变化,与验潮站数据的对比表明不同ICESat任务期之间存在系统差异。     

基于多源测高卫星的日本海域平均海面高模型建立

平均海面模型是研究海图基准及海平面化的重要参考.经过数据预处理、重复周期观测数据共线平差、非重复周期观测数据海面时变校正、多种卫星测高数据联合交叉点平差、海面高格网化等几个环节,利用1993—2012年近20年的测高数据,建立日本海域(30° ～45°N、130° ～145°E)2′ ×2′网格分辨率的平均海平面模型(Japan Mean Sea Surface,JPMSS),与WHU2013、CLS15、DTU18三种全球平均海面高模型以及TP(Topex/Poseidon)/J1(Jason-1)/J2(Jason-2)平均参考框架,进行比较分析,结果显示,在研究区域内,JPMSS相比于其他模型误差最小,精度较为可靠.     

卫星测高海面高平差中误差模型的确定

本文在定义测高海面高系统性偏差概念的基础上,分析测高海面高观测中的主要误差源,从而建立与目前卫星测高技术发展相适应的测高海面高误差模型。     

海面温度异常时间序列的谱分析

利用了傅里叶功率谱和小波功率谱分析方法,分析了太平洋中、东部地区海面温度异常时间序列的时频特征,发现了海面温度异常信号具有2~6年左右的周期特征。     

Role of ocean variability and dynamic ocean topography in the recovery of the mean sea surface and gravity anomalies from satellite altimeter data

Procedures to calculate mean sea surface heights and gravity anomalies from altimeter-derived sea surface heights and along-track sea surface slopes using the least-squares collocation procedure are derived. The slope data is used when repeat track averaging is not possible to reduce ocean variability effects. Tests were carried out using Topex, Geosat, ERS-1 [35-day and 168-day (2 cycle)] data. Calculations of gravity anomalies in the Gulf Stream region were made using the sea surface height and slope data. Tests were also made correcting the sea surface heights for dynamic ocean topography calculated from a degree 360 expansion of data from the POCM-4B global ocean circulation model. Comparisons of the anomaly predictions were carried out with ship data using anomalies calculated for this paper as well as others. Received: 19 August 1996 / Accepted: 14 April 1997     

Influence of Tide Models on the Use of Altimetry Data to Research Sea Level Anomaly

A tide model (named DN1.0), which contains 12 principal constituents over China seas and the Northwest Pacific is estimated by along-track harmonic analysis with TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data taken from 1993 to 2002. CSR3.0, FES95.2 and DN1.0 are used respectively to detide the data for the time series of sea level anomaly (SLA) in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and Northwest Pacific. The SLA curves and the power spectral density show that the major components that exist in SLA in China seas arise from the error of the tide models.     

Influence of tide models on the use of altimetry data to research sea level anomaly

A tide model (named DN1.0), which contains 12 principal constituents over China seas and the Northwest Pacific is estimated by along-track harmonic analysis with TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data taken from 1993 to 2002. CSR3.0, FES95.2 and DN1.0 are used respectively to detide the data for the time series of sea level anomaly (SLA) in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and Northwest Pacific. The SLA curves and the power spectral density show that the major components that exist in SLA in China seas arise from the error of the tide models.     

Global mean sea surface and marine gravity anomaly from multi-satellite altimetry: applications of deflection-geoid and inverse Vening Meinesz formulae

 Global mean sea surface heights (SSHs) and gravity anomalies on a 2^′×2^′ grid were determined from Seasat, Geosat (Exact Repeat Mission and Geodetic Mission), ERS-1 (1.5-year mean of 35-day, and GM), TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) (5.6-year mean) and ERS-2 (2-year mean) altimeter data over the region 0^∘–360^∘ longitude and –80^∘–80^∘ latitude. To reduce ocean variabilities and data noises, SSHs from non-repeat missions were filtered by Gaussian filters of various wavelengths. A Levitus oceanic dynamic topography was subtracted from the altimeter-derived SSHs, and the resulting heights were used to compute along-track deflection of the vertical (DOV). Geoidal heights and gravity anomalies were then computed from DOV using the deflection-geoid and inverse Vening Meinesz formulae. The Levitus oceanic dynamic topography was added back to the geoidal heights to obtain a preliminary sea surface grid. The difference between the T/P mean sea surface and the preliminary sea surface was computed on a grid by a minimum curvature method and then was added to the preliminary grid. The comparison of the NCTU01 mean sea surface height (MSSH) with the T/P and the ERS-1 MSSH result in overall root-mean-square (RMS) differences of 5.0 and 3.1 cm in SSH, respectively, and 7.1 and 3.2 μrad in SSH gradient, respectively. The RMS differences between the predicted and shipborne gravity anomalies range from 3.0 to 13.4 mGal in 12 areas of the world's oceans. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 3 April 2002 Correspondence to: C. Hwang Acknowledgements. This research is partly supported by the National Science Council of ROC, under grants NSC89-2611-M-009-003-OP2 and NSC89-2211-E-009-095. This is a contribution to the IAG Special Study Group 3.186. The Geosat and ERS1/2 data are from NOAA and CERSAT/France, respectively. The T/P data were provided by AVISO. The CLS and GSFC00 MSS models were kindly provided by NASA/GSFC and CLS, respectively. Drs. Levitus, Monterey, and Boyer are thanked for providing the SST model. Dr. T. Gruber and two anonymous reviewers provided very detailed reviews that improved the quality of this paper.     

卫星测高数据的沿轨迹重力异常反演法及其应用

本文给出了一套基于直角坐标系下的垂线偏差求解重力异常公式 ,并将之发展成为一套新的沿轨迹重力异常求解公式。与其他方法相比 ,本方法无须求解交叠点处沿轨迹和跨轨迹方向的海面高斜率 ,仅需计算沿轨迹方向的海面高斜率 ,因而更为简洁、有效 ,而且分辨率可以更高并可与真正的沿航迹实际船测重力相比较、验证。据此 ,利用 Geosat/GM、ERS-1 /35天及TOPEX/Poseidon三种测高数据 ,反演了南中国海域 (0°～ 2 5°N,1 0 5°～ 1 2 2°E)的 2′× 2′重力异常—— IGG-S。通过与实际船测资料和国际同行提供的重力模型相比 ,IGG-S总体精度达到1 0× 1 0 - 5ms- 2。     

Geoid and high resolution sea surface topography modelling in the mediterranean from gravimetry,altimetry and GOCE data: evaluation by simulation

The determination of local geoid models has traditionally been carried out on land and at sea using gravity anomaly and satellite altimetry data, while it will be aided by the data expected from satellite missions such as those from the Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE). To assess the performance of heterogeneous data combination to local geoid determination, simulated data for the central Mediterranean Sea are analyzed. These data include marine and land gravity anomalies, altimetric sea surface heights, and GOCE observations processed with the space-wise approach. A spectral analysis of the aforementioned data shows their complementary character. GOCE data cover long wavelengths and account for the lack of such information from gravity anomalies. This is exploited for the estimation of local covariance function models, where it is seen that models computed with GOCE data and gravity anomaly empirical covariance functions perform better than models computed without GOCE data. The geoid is estimated by different data combinations and the results show that GOCE data improve the solutions for areas covered poorly with other data types, while also accounting for any long wavelength errors of the adopted reference model that exist even when the ground gravity data are dense. At sea, the altimetric data provide the dominant geoid information. However, the geoid accuracy is sensitive to orbit calibration errors and unmodeled sea surface topography (SST) effects. If such effects are present, the combination of GOCE and gravity anomaly data can improve the geoid accuracy. The present work also presents results from simulations for the recovery of the stationary SST, which show that the combination of geoid heights obtained from a spherical harmonic geopotential model derived from GOCE with satellite altimetry data can provide SST models with some centimeters of error. However, combining data from GOCE with gravity anomalies in a collocation approach can result in the estimation of a higher resolution geoid, more suitable for high resolution mean dynamic SST modeling. Such simulations can be performed toward the development and evaluation of SST recovery methods.     

View on Bay of Bengal upwelling area on the basis of 19-years of satellite sea surface temperature

Abstract

The seasonal and interannual variation of upwelling along the east coast of India between 6°N and 22°N was studied for the period 1985–2003 using NOAA–AVHRR sea surface temperature data. The seasonal migration of pronounced upwelling, which follows the seasonal shift of the winds in transition period and northeast monsoon, was confined. The temporal mean sea surface temperature images clearly show the upwelling season, as does the seasonal sea surface temperature anomaly. These dominant features of the upwelling system are also the most variable, with most of the variance being explained by the seasonal cycle. Quasi-cyclic behaviour of sea surface temperature on interannual scales has also been observed.     

我国近海平均海面及其变化的研究

建立了计算平均海面及其变化的动态抗差模型，并把它与计算平均海面的平均值法、抗差法和动态模型法作了实测数据的计算和比较，表明动态抗差模型不仅能顾及海面动态变化反应，而且能削弱海面异常变化的影响，其结果更稳定可靠，优于其他方法。最后应用动态抗差模型，计算了我国42个验潮站的平均海面及其变化，结果表明，从50年代到70提供，我国近海的海面平均以0．621mm/a的速率上升。