南海北部海底沙波地貌

南海北部水深８０－２５０ｍ的外大陆架和上大陆坡海底，有大片沙波地貌分布，它们主要是晚更新世末次冰期低海面时遗留下来的滨海沙波，沿岸沙后，沙堤和沙垄，属残留沙体地貌。它们明显沿着末次冰期时形成的最低海岸线两侧分布，但在现代海底底流作用下，其两翼及沙波谷部发育有次一级的小型沙波或沙纹，它们的形态细小，排列紧密，与残留沙体地貌组成复式海底沙波。这就是流动沙波，是不稳定的地质因素，对海底工程有一定危害，但     

南海北部海底沙波地貌动态研究

南海北部水深80～250m的外陆架和上陆坡海底,有大片沙波地貌分布,它们主要是晚更新世末次冰期低海面时遗留下来的滨海沙波、沿岸沙丘、沙堤和沙垄,属残留沙体地貌,它们的分布规律明显沿着末次冰期时形成的最低海岸线两侧分布,但在现代海底底流作用下,其两翼及沙波谷部发育有次一级的小型沙波或沙纹,它们的形态细小、排列紧密,与残留沙体地貌组成复式海底沙波。人们称这些沙体地貌为流动沙波,它们是不稳定的地质因素,对海底工程有一定危害。但根据外陆架实侧底流数据,运用计算机数学模型方法计算,表明在细砂和中细砂大面积覆盖区,其海底沙波每年均以0.168～0.534m的速度向深海方向迁移,其移动速度相当缓慢,对海底工程实施不会造成直接危害。     

台湾海峡的潮流沉积沙体研究与展望

海底沙体是海洋资源开发利用、环境保护、灾害防治和军事行动等必须密切关注的底质类型。台湾海峡沙体面积分布广泛,主要有台湾浅滩、台中浅滩及海峡内受中小型山溪性河流影响的沙体。近年来,台湾浅滩沙体空间分布、大型沙波与小型沙波形态特征及剖面结构研究等领域取得了许多新进展;台中浅滩不同区域的沙体演化对应了地貌发育的不同阶段;而海峡西侧陆架上残留的中小河流沙体地貌也获得了一些新发现。本文归纳了台湾海峡窄陆架上不同沙体的平面分布特征、剖面结构及成因。今后工作的重点应聚焦于进一步获取不同区域高分辨率的地层、地貌证据,并进行对比研究。这些工作能深化对末次盛冰期以来台湾海峡不同地区沙体成因、关联及演化的认识,并有助于了解人类海洋活动与海底沙体演化的响应关系,丰富海底沙体发育和演化理论。     

南海东沙群岛以北海底沙波稳定性分析

利用在南海东沙群岛北部至西北海域为工程目的所采集的海底地形测量、底质取样、海底底流测量资料,以及以往的区域地质、地球物理资料,采用沉积学、构造学和海洋水动力学综合研究方法,对该区海底沙波形成及稳定性进行了综合分析。认为该区海底沙波是在目前水动力环境下所形成,为今生,海底表层沉积物为晚更新世地层受到冲刷改造的再沉积。沙波形成主要受潮流底流的水动力作用控制,并与构造抬升有关。沙波具有一定的活动性,主要由SE向NW方向移动,且活动性逐渐减弱。北区段海底沙波稳定,中区段海底沙波较稳定,它们对海底工程建设不会造成影响;而南区段海底沙波较为活动,当沙波发生较大规模移动时,对海底工程建设会造成一定影响。     

基于近底原位观测的小尺度海底沙波地形小波分解

浅海海床发育着不同尺度的活动性砂体,在大型活动性砂体上常叠加发育着大量小尺度沙波(纹),分析这些小尺度沙波(纹)有助于揭示活动性砂体的成因机制。但它们的尺度较小,常规分析方法往往将其作为高频噪声滤除,难以对该尺度海底沙波(纹)进行分离量化研究。为了解决这个问题,本文设计并实现了一种基于小波分析的小尺度海底沙波地形分解方法,并以台湾浅滩典型区域的高精度近底原位观测数据为例,实现了小尺度海底沙波地形的分解和定量分析,分解出背景地形、小型沙波和沙波纹(波长小于0.6 m)3种地貌类型。本文提出的小尺度海底沙波地形分解量化方法,可广泛应用于浅海高活动性地貌发育演化和海底边界层沉积动力过程研究,对评估海洋工程的稳定性也具有一定的实用价值。     

南海北部海底沙波研究

南海北部水深100~250 m的陆架和陆坡斜坡海底分布着大片沙波地貌,本文采用底形相图参数近似计算和泥沙起动流速2种计算方法,结合海底微地貌的实际形态,研究了沙波的沉积特征及其成因机理。研究认为,区内的沙波为现代沉积地貌;控制沙波形成发育的主要水动力因素是潮流与风暴条件下风海流的叠加;区内泥沙颗粒粒径适宜,海底坡度平缓,有利于海底沙波的发育。     

南海北部陆架主要地貌特征及灾害地质因素

利用最新高精度多波束水深资料,对南海北部陆架地貌类型和特征进行了系统的识别和分析,发现研究区活动沙波、滑塌体、隆起脊、沟槽和麻坑等灾害地质因素发育。沙波多为直线型沙波,小、中、大型沙波均有发育,自北向南随着水深增大,沙波规模增大,沙波的活动性显著增强。底流内波特征变化与沙波规模和迁移情况具有一致性,沙波的形成和迁移与内波活动密切相关。根据滑塌特征地貌识别出7处滑塌,新老滑塌均有发育,新滑塌多呈线状延伸,梯状滑塌特征明显,分析认为新滑塌近期并无进一步滑动的趋势。受古岸线残留地貌控制,南部地形起伏较大,发育一系列隆起脊,K1—K4隆起脊近NE—SW走向平行排列,K5隆起脊为E—W走向与之相交。另外,研究区发育大量麻坑,直径30～100m,麻坑深度1.0～3.0m。     

台湾浅滩多尺度沙波地貌的地形傅里叶分解

海底沙波在全球广泛分布、成因复杂，但往往多种尺度的沙波叠加在一起形成复杂的沙波地貌体系，导致难以进行量化研究。针对该问题，本文提出一种实用的傅里叶分析方法，设计了巴特沃斯滤波器，将水深数据变换到频率域，进而将复杂沙波地貌分解成不同频率的单一类型沙波。并以台湾浅滩复杂的沙波地貌体系为例进行了分析研究，分解量化出3种空间尺度的沙波:巨型沙波(波长>100 m，波高>5 m)、中型沙波(波长5～100 m，波高0.4～5 m)和沙波纹(波长<5 m，波高<0.4 m)。本文提出的海底沙波地貌量化分析方法，有助于研究不同尺度海底沙波的成因与机理，对沙波区海洋工程的安全评估也具有实用价值。     

南海北部沙波区海底强流的内波特征及其对沙波运动的影响

2008年3月6日至2008年4月9日, 在南海北部外陆架与陆坡上的沙波区进行了海底流速的连续观测，观测结果表明潮流与海流较弱，但时有流速达30—77cm.s-1的海底强流发生。强流方向与南海北部内波传播方向相对应，多分布在偏NW向与偏SE向。偏SE向流强于偏NW向流，与内波在传播方向上的下坡流大于上坡流的特征一致。对流速序列进行了旋转功率谱分析，结果表明，高于M2分潮的频率中，众多的振荡分量具有内波流性质，说明阵发性强流为内波所致。采用观测流速计算了沙波的移动速度，计算结果得出强流能起动海底泥沙，由于NW向传播（上坡方向）的内波导致了SE向（下坡方向）的净流动，沙波偏SE向移动，但沙波移动速度不大，小型沙波移动速度小于1.6m.a-1。采用潮流、风暴潮耦合模型计算了强台风驱动的海底流速过程，表明潮流、风暴潮耦合也能移动海底沙波，但沙波移动方向与台风路径相关，不一定为SE向，且移动距离更小，潮流、风暴潮耦合不是沙波移动的主要动力机制。     

辽东湾海底残留地貌和残留沉积

全新世以来,世界海面大幅度上升,渤海海区发生了明显的海侵,玉木冰期低海面时期的近海广大陆域皆沉溺于海平面以下。辽东湾由于地质构造复杂及沉积作用速度分布不均匀等因素,海底保存了一部分玉木冰期低海面时期陆地或滨海区的地貌形态及相应的老沉积物的遗迹。它们虽然经过了后期水动力条件及沉积作用的改造,但是,仍不同程度地反映出原始地貌的迹象和某种残留沉积的特征。 关于辽东湾残留地貌和残留沉积的问题,过去曾有报道;本文在以往调査的基础上,结合近期有关资料,对此作进一步的探讨。     

东海中陆架泥质区及其周边表层沉积物碳的分布与固碳能力的研究

对东海中陆架泥质区及其周边的表层沉积物分别利用容量法、元素分析仪法进行了ＩＣ、ＯＣ含量分析,利用筛析法和沉降法进行了粒度分析。结果表明,研究区ＩＣ含量均明显高于ＯＣ含量。ＯＣ含量在泥质区高,砂质区低;ＩＣ含量分布为：近岸细粒沉积区为相对高值区,中陆架砂质区为低值区,中陆架泥质区为高值区,外陆架砂质区为特高值区．ＯＣ富集主要受控于上覆水体的生物生产量、沉积动力环境以及海底物理化学条件。ＩＣ的分布受物     

Tidally incised valleys on tropical carbonate shelves: An example from the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

The formation of incised valleys on continental shelves is generally attributed to fluvial erosion under low sea level conditions. However, there are exceptions. A multibeam sonar survey at the northern end of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, adjacent to the southern edge of the Gulf of Papua, mapped a shelf valley system up to 220 m deep that extends for more than 90 km across the continental shelf. This is the deepest shelf valley yet found in the Great Barrier Reef and is well below the maximum depth of fluvial incision that could have occurred under a − 120 m, eustatic sea level low-stand, as what occurred on this margin during the last ice age. These valleys appear to have formed by a combination of reef growth and tidal current scour, probably in relation to a sea level at around 30–50 m below its present position.

Tidally incised depressions in the valley floor exhibit closed bathymetric contours at both ends. Valley floor sediments are mainly calcareous muddy, gravelly sand on the middle shelf, giving way to well-sorted, gravely sand containing a large relict fraction on the outer shelf. The valley extends between broad platform reefs and framework coral growth, which accumulated through the late Quaternary, coincides with tidal current scour to produce steep-sided (locally vertical) valley walls. The deepest segments of the valley were probably the sites of lakes during the last ice age, when Torres Strait formed an emergent land-bridge between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Numerical modeling predicts that the strongest tidal currents occur over the deepest, outer-shelf segment of the valley when sea level is about 40–50 m below its present position. These results are consistent with a Pleistocene age and relict origin of the valley.

Based on these observations, we propose a new conceptual model for the formation of tidally incised shelf valleys. Tidal erosion on meso- to macro-tidal, rimmed carbonate shelves is enhanced during sea level rise and fall when a tidal, hydraulic pressure gradient is established between the shelf-lagoon and the adjacent ocean basin. Tidal flows attain a maximum, and channel incision is greatest, when a large hydraulic pressure gradient coincides with small channel cross sections. Our tidal-incision model may explain the observation of other workers, that sediment is exported from the Great Barrier Reef shelf to the adjacent ocean basins during intermediate (rather than last glacial maximum) low-stand, sea level positions. The model may apply to other rimmed shelves, both modern and ancient.     

High-resolution analysis of the deposition pattern on the Amazon sub-aquatic delta and outer continental shelf

Continental shelves off major river deltas or estuaries act as an interface between terrestrial environments and marine depo centers like the Amazon Fan. In order to understand sedimentary processes on the Amazon sub-aquatic delta and outer shelf, Late-Quaternary erosional and depositional structures have been investigated with an ultra high-resolution seismic survey system (4 kHz). The wavy morphology of the outer shelf implies the presence of tidal sand ridges or meandering channels. In the latter case, the local presence of channel fill deposits suggests several cut-off loops (ox bows). The inter-channel areas are consequently interpreted as levees, which reach their maximum height of 10 m in the area between the Amazon river mouth and the Amazon canyon. The morphology of terraces in front of the sub-aquatic delta reflect erosional processes which presumably occurred during accelerated sea level rise at the beginning and the end of the Younger Dryas. A carbonate platform is present in the northwestern survey area close to the shelf break. Its water depth of 120–130 m implies an evolution during the last glacial maximum. The asymmetric shape of the Cabo Norte Shoal on the topset of the sub-aquatic delta is typical of bottom current produced shoals. The steeper northwestern flank lies in the lee position of the northwest flowing coastal current. Southeast of the shoal the <10 m thick uppermost sequence of presumably Holocene age consists of lobes that dip with the same apparent angle as the foreset towards the offlap break. Within the area 20 km northwest of the shoal the uppermost sequence forms a smooth depression and may be erosionally truncated at the seafloor. Here, the prograding direction includes a northwest component. A shale diapir, which rises from a transparent underlying sequence, marks the transition to an area where the upper sequence is not resolved in the data.     

The bathymetry of the North Victoria Land continental margin

Abstract

The very unique continental margin of North Victoria Land, Antarctica, is characterized by complex bathymetry, reflecting control by glacial, tectonic, and marine processes. The abnormally shallow shelf can be divided into a deep, rugged, glacially dominated inner shelf and a smoother, shallower outer shelf, which is dominated by marine and glacial marine processes. Deep u‐shaped glacial troughs incise the shelf, while relict v‐shaped canyons incise the upper slope. Trending northwest‐southeast along the eastern edge of the area lies a rugged chain of seamounts representing the southern extension of the Balleny Fracture Zone. The continental slope is dominated by strong contour currents and gravity processes.     

莺歌海油气资源开发区工程地质和灾害地质特征

根据单道地震、浅地层剖面、旁扫声纳和海底取样等实测资料,分析和评价了莺歌海油气资源开发区的工程地质和灾害地质环境。研究结果表明,研究区海底地形地貌较为复杂,存在潮流沙脊、侵蚀冲沟、海底沙波、麻坑、埋藏古河道和古湖泊、浅层气、埋藏珊瑚礁和滑塌断层等潜在的灾害地质因素,对海上石油平台和输油管线等工程设施构成直接或潜在的危害。根据地形、地貌和沉积物物理力学特征,将研究区划分为内陆架堆积平原区、陆架潮流沙脊区、内陆架侵蚀平原区、外陆架平原区和大陆坡区5个工程地质区。其中研究区东部的潮流沙脊区和东南部的陆坡区,海底地形复杂,活动性的潮流沙脊和断层发育,是海底工程建设的危险区,应引起高度重视。     

Sediments on the continental shelf and slope between Napier and castlepoint,New Zealand

Sediments from the seabed off the eastern side of the North Island, New Zealand, are divided into 12 facies on the basis of grain size and mineralogy of the sand fraction. The facies are grouped into three types; modern detrital sediments, relict detrital sediments, and non‐detrital sediments. The sediments are described in terms of a modified Wentworth grain‐size scale and a modified Folk sediment classification.

The modern detrital sediments range from fine sand near the shore to clayey fine silt on the lower slope. At most places they are bimodal, probably because floes and single grains are deposited together. The relict detrital sediments, which include sands and gravels, occur where deposition is slow on the inner continental shelf and near the shelf edge. Those near the shelf edge include Last Glacial sandy muds that have been winnowed and mixed with Holocene volcanic ash and glauconite. The non‐detrital sediments, which contain forarninifera, volcanic ash, and glauconite, but no detrital sand, occur on anticlinal ridges on the continental slope. In places they overlie muddier sediment deposited during the last glaciation when the sources of river‐borne detritus were nearer than at present and when mud was deposited more rapidly on the ridges than at present.     

海平面变化及其海岸响应

第四纪气温的大幅度冷暖变化，导致全球海平面的变化，引起陆架海侵扣海退。海岸上的各种地貌如海滩、沙坝、三角洲扣陆架沙脊等响应海平面升降而发生新的演化扣变异。东海陆架古岸线、围绕古岸线发育的陆架沙脊、陆架深切河谷扣河谷充填沉积以及冰后期海进型扣海退型沙坝的形成乖演化等沉积事件都是响应海平面升降的结果。近百年来特别是近30年全球海平面普遍上升，引起风暴潮的频度扣幅度的增大。近岸波能增强，越滩浪增多，导致海滩侵蚀，岸线后退。Bruun法则扣其他一些模型能够说明海滩随海平面上升而蚀退的规律，但在预测速率时仍存在很多问题。使用时应注意海平面变化的区域性、海滩发育的滞后性和海滩蚀退因素间的权重关系。     

Sediment distribution and transport processes on the outer continental shelf of the Hebridean Sea

The major topographical features of the study area within the Hebridean Sea consist of two submarine banks lying at the edge of the outer continental shelf, an offshore island slope surrounding the Island of Barra-Head, a basin crossing the area in a SSE—NNW direction, and a deep trench.The present investigation suggests that the area was covered with glacial drifts and morainic accumulations during the Pleistocene and that during a subsequent low sea level the drifts were reworked around the topographically high areas. Much of the clay material has been transported to and deposited in regions off the continental slope.Recent conditions are represented by an erosional and depositional environment. The erosional environment is represented by the summit and leeward side of the two banks and the offshore island slope. In these areas tidal-induced currents and south-westerly swells continue to sweep the remaining sand, resulting in the formation of lag gravel deposits. The depositional environment in the basin results in homogeneous sand cover.     

Detailed seafloor geomorphology of the western region of the North Yellow Sea,China: The result of Holocene erosional and depositional processes sculpting the offshore continental shelf

High-resolution multi-beam/single-beam bathymetric data and seismic profiling data from the latest surveys are used to map and interpret the detailed seafloor geomorphology of the western region of the North Yellow Sea (NYS), China. The mapping area covers 156 410 km2, and incorporates a flat shelf plain, subaqueous accumulation shoals, tidal scouring troughs, and tidal sand ridge groups. Offshore areas with water depths less than 50 m in the western region of the NYS are mainly covered by thick, loose sediments, forming wide spread accumulation geomorphological features; these include the Liaodong Peninsula subaqueous accumulation system containing shoals and rugged scouring troughs, and the large mud wedge of the Shandong Peninsula. In the central part of the NYS, there is a relatively flat residual shelf plain with coarser sediment deposits. This flat shelf plain has a water depth larger than 50 m and a thin layer of sediment, on which there is a large pockmark field caused by seafloor seepage. These geomorphological structures indicate that modern sedimentary processes are the main driving force controlling the sculpture of the current seafloor surface landform. Extensive strong tidal current systems and abundant sediment sources provide the critical external forces and essential conditions for the formation of seafloor geomorphology. The tectonic basement controls the macroscopic morphological shape of the NYS, but is reflected very little in the seafloor geomorphic elements. Our results provide a detailed seafloor geomorphological map of the western region of the NYS, an area that has not previously mapped and also provide a scientific framework for further research into offshore seafloor geomorphology, shelf sedimentary processes, and submarine engineering construction in this region.