冻胀作用对孢粉聚集速率测定的影响

孢粉聚集速率是描述孢粉产量的一个定量指标。多年冻土区孢粉聚集速率的确定受到冻胀作用的强烈影响。主要体现在两个方面:首先,野外测得的沉积物厚度是冻胀后的数值,显然偏大,因而影响到沉积物沉积速率的计算。其次,样品中分凝冰透镜体的存在,影响到孢粉样品体积的测定。由于孢粉聚集速率是一个包含沉积物沉积速率及孢粉样品体积的多变量函数,因而冻胀作用对孢粉聚集速率的测定产生显著影响。加拿大育空西南部一条冻土钻孔剖面的孢粉资料表明,冰分凝引起的冻胀作用是导致孢粉聚集速率误差的主要因素。     

神农架南坡表土孢粉植物群初步研究

神农架南坡表土孢粉分析表明,从山麓到山顶可以划分出五个特征明显的孢粉带,代表五个不同高度带内的主要植物群落。它们基本反映了现代植被的整体特征,在群落类型和主要成分等方面具有一致性,在种属数量、相对比率和分布高度等方面基本相似,略有差异.     

川北若尔盖高原玛曲-红原一带表土中孢粉组合的特征

通过对四川若尔盖高原玛曲—红原一带20个表土孢粉样的分析,研究了该区域表土孢粉组合与现代植被的关系。结果显示,玛曲—红原一带表土的孢粉组合基本反映了现代植被的整体特征,与现代植被在植被类型、植被带的空间排列、主要建群种属和优势种属等方面基本一致。依据孢粉的百分含量,可以划分为亚高山灌丛植被区,亚高山灌丛、亚高山草甸植被区和高寒草甸、草原植被区3个植被带。表土花粉的代表性因种属的不同而各有差异,松属和菊科花粉具超代表性,云杉属花粉的代表性较好,禾本科和莎草科具低代表性,而桦木属则不具有超代表性,可能与桦木属花粉不易搬运有关。3个植被区中的表土孢粉的种类、比例与现代植被均存在一定的差别,这可能与植被退化有关。     

Late glacial and Holocene landscape change and rapid climate and coastal impacts in the Canal Beagle,southernmost Patagonia

Palaeoenvironmental data for the Late Glacial and Holocene periods are provided from Caleta Eugenia, in the eastern sector of Canal Beagle, southernmost Patagonia. The record commences at c. 16 200 cal a bp following glacier retreat in response to climatic warming. However, cooler conditions persisted during the Late Glacial period. The onset of more temperate conditions after c. 12 390 cal a bp is indicated by the arrival of southern beech forest and later establishment at c. 10 640 cal a bp , but the woodland growth was restricted by lower levels of effective moisture. The climate signal is then truncated by a rapid marine incursion at c. 8640 cal a bp which lasted until a more gradual emergence of the coast at c. 6600 cal a bp. During this period the pollen record appears to be dominated by the southern beech woodland. A punctuated hydroseral succession follows the isolation of the site from the sea leading to the re‐establishment of a peat bog. Between c. 5770 cal a bp and the present there were several periods of short rapid climatic change leading to drier conditions, probably as a result of late Holocene periods of climatic warming. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯东部4000余年来的环境与人地关系的初步探讨

本文依据地处39°28′08″N,110°09′92″E,海拔1219m的伊金霍洛旗杨家湾古土壤剖面取得的高时间分辨率孢粉分析和炭屑含量统计资料揭示:4500aB.P.之前,鄂尔多斯东部的毛乌素沙地地区曾出现明显的流沙扩展,此后,气候变得比较湿润,流动沙丘逐渐被固定下来;4200～3500aB.P.是本区的气候适宜期,这里曾有针阔叶混交林生长;3500aB.P.以后,气候变得干燥起来,森林从本区消失;2700～2400aB.P.,草原植被中藜科植物增加,气候进一步向干的方面发展,但降水量仍比现在高;2400aB.P.以后,在全新世晚期气候变干和人类活动的共同作用下,全新世中期本区发育的黑垆土遭到严重破坏,流动沙丘再次活跃起来。鄂尔多斯杨家湾古土壤剖面的炭屑浓度变化、考古遗址的发现较好地反映了人类活动强度的变化。     

Seasonality of modern pollen and sediment deposition in an estuarine context: the Severn Estuary Levels,southwest England

Recent sedimentological and palynological research on subfossil Holocene banded sediments from the Severn Estuary Levels suggested seasonality of deposition, registered by variations in mineral grain‐size and pollen assemblages between different parts of the bands. Here we provide data that strengthen this interpretation from sampling of modern sediments and pollen deposition on an active mudflat and saltmarsh on the margin of the Severn Estuary, and comparison with a vegetation survey and contemporary records of climate, river and tidal regimes. The results of grain‐size analysis indicate deposition of comparatively coarse‐grained silts during the relatively cool and windy conditions of winter and comparatively fine‐grained sediments during relatively warm and calm summer months. Pollen analysis demonstrates the significance of long‐term storage of pollen grains and fern spores in the estuarine waterbody, superimposed on which seasonal variations in pollen inputs from local and regional vegetation remain detectable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吉林柳河哈尼湖13.1～4.5cal.kaB.P.古气候演化的高分辨率孢粉记录

利用哈尼湖钻孔剖面深837～304cm高分辨率的123个孢粉数据和序列中的8个14C测年数据重建中国东北地区13.1～4.5cal.kaB.P.的植被与气候历史:13.1～11.9cal.kaB.P.植被变化明显,整个时段气温较低,后期有回暖趋势,在12.8～12.1cal.kaB.P.的快速变干可能是新仙女木事件在本区的体现;11.9～10.0cal.kaB.P.孢粉显示为以云杉、冷杉等针叶树为主,气候湿冷;10.0～8.2cal.kaB.P.针叶林逐步演替为落叶阔叶林,为升温阶段;8.2～4.5cal.kaB.P.落叶阔叶林进一步发展,气候温暖湿润。同时孢粉序列也反映出,东北地区在气候变暖后发生了一系列的冷暖干湿波动,大致可与我国北方和南方其他地区的气候事件对应。经频谱分析表明,本区在研究期间存在1100a,700a,500a及300a的气候变化的准周期。     

Advance in Pollen Source Area

The conception of pollen source area has attracted broadly attention since it was proposed in the 1960s. In this paper,it can be subdivided into Normal Source Area of Pollen (NSAP) and Relevant Source Area of Pollen (RSAP) based on reviewing former studies and our recent work of vegetation survey and pollen analysis in the Northern China. The NSAP means a source area of pollen input a sedimentary basin,indicating a distance area beyond where the pollen contents of major pollen types do not show evident increase with increased distance. The RSAP means a source area of pollen assemblages in a basin has the closest relationship with surrounding plants,indicating a distance area beyond where the relationship between pollen assemblage and surrounding vegetation do not show obvious increase with increased distance. The changes of sedimentary basins radii and pollen grain size influence the NSAP and RSAP evidently. Wind speed also changes the NSAP, but does not significantly affect RSAP. The pollen of a sedimentary basin is composed of local pollen,regional pollen and extra regional pollen,which usually account for 30%~45%,25%~60% and 10%~30%,respectively. Local pollen which refers to the pollen coming within the RSAP range,is a reflection of the surrounding vegetation,and has important implications to the reconstruction and succession of local vegetation. Regional pollen which refers to the pollen coming from within the range of NSAP and excluding the range of local pollen,is the important carrier of studies for vegetation restoration and climate change. The pollen that comes outside the range of NSAP is called Extra regional pollen,which is mainly from greater distance by upper air flow,and has no indicator significance to the regional vegetation.     

Pliocene—pleistocene boundary in the Kleszczów Graben at Belchatów,central Poland

The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, defined using pollen analysis, has been recorded in sections at the Belchatów outcrop, Kleszczów Graben, central Poland. The boundary is located at the top of the green clay subunit of the Tertiary Clayey-sandy unit. A pollen flora of Reuverian C type, dominated by pine, 10–20% of ‘Reuverian elements’ and scarce thermophilous Tertiary trees, was found directly below this subunit. Cold stage floras of Praetiglian type were, in turn, recorded in the ?ekińsko Formation, lying directly on the green clays. The Pliocene—Pleistocene transition at Belchatów demonstrates the characteristic features of this boundary in western Europe, that is, the disappearance of Tertiary thermophilous tree pollen taxa, followed by a cooling to open-forest or forest-steppe conditions. Both pollen analysis and geological data suggest continuous sedimentation at least from the Upper Pliocene to the Prae-Tiglian, with no change of sediment sources and no marked hiatuses. The fluvial deposits of the Praetiglian ?ekińsko Formation, although Pleistocene in age, mark a final period in the Tertiary evolution of the Kleszczów Graben. Later, there is a hiatus to the deposition of the first glacigenic sediments in the region possibly of Elsterian age.     

泥炭沉积中植硅体对环境指示的意义--以吉林敦化泥炭剖面为例

泥炭地作为环境变化的敏感带,成为当前环境气候研究的热点之一.植硅体的抗腐蚀、耐高温、个体小、产量高的特点为第四纪环境变迁的研究提供了有效途径.相比孢粉分析而言,植硅体在提高分辨率和恢复局部区域环境方面体现了其优越性.对泥炭沉积中的植硅体进行了分析,初步证实植硅体对重建泥炭地古环境变迁模式起着重要的作用,对提高古气候变化的分辨率有很大的帮助.     

The vegetation and climate of northwest Iberia over the last 14,000 years

A new pollen record from an upland lake in north-west Spain, Laguna de la Roya, spans the last ca 14,500 yrs and includes clear evidence of a Weichselian Lateglacial event correlative with the Younger Dryas. Pollen-climate response surfaces have been used to make quantitative reconstructions of palaeoclimate conditions at this and two other sites in the region. These reconstructions indicate that the climate was dry and cool during both the Late Weichselian and the Younger Dryas; in contrast, conditions during the Lateglacial Interstadial were relatively moist. During the early Holocene the climate was more continental in character than it has been for the last three millenia. Human activity has had a substantial impact upon the upland vegetation around Laguna de la Roya only during the last two millennia.     

Pollen analytical biostratigraphy of the last five climatic cycles from a long continental sequence from the Velay region (Massif Central,France)

In the volcanic region of Velay (Massif Central, France), lake sediment sequences derived from maar craters situated close to one another (Ribains, Praclaux and Lac du Bouchet) have been correlated on the basis of tephrostratigraphical analyses. This has enabled the construction of a sequence (2980 pollen spectra) that begins during the glaciation preceding the Holsteinian and ends in the present. This sequence covers the period from 450 ka, i.e. from the end of marine oxygen isotope stage 12, to the present time, and includes five climatic cycles. The study of a second core from the Praclaux site completed the long Velay sequence. The biostratigraphy of the whole sequence is described in detail and illustrated by a synthetic and simplified pollen diagram. Thirteen temperate forest episodes (interglacials or interstadials) and as many cold periods (glacials or stadials) are defined. Each temperate episode is characterised by particular forest development and vegetation dynamics, and all of them, with the exception of the Holocene, begin and end with a Pinus forest. The vegetation dynamics observed during the Holocene resemble more closely those recorded during the interstadials than during the interglacials. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东昆仑山区更新世植被与环境变化的孢粉学证据

昆仑山垭口羌塘组和三岔河组的孢粉分析表明，羌塘高原的干旱环境在早更新世时已经确立，孢粉反映的古气候以干湿变化为主，冷暖变化不明显，可能与青藏高原隆起有关，在2～1.8 Ma BP，羌塘高原的古植被是以麻黄、藜科、蒿等为主的荒漠或草原荒漠植被，1.8～1.3 Ma BP气候变得比较温和稍湿，古植被演变成草原植被，在1～0.68 Ma BP，本区在构造抬升和冰期气候控制之下植被极不发育，0.68～0.65 Ma BP可能为一小间冰段，古植被为蒿、藜科、麻黄和众多草本植物组成的草原植被，羌塘组和三岔河组缺失650～350 ka BP的沉积，可能仍为荒漠植被，倒数第二次间冰期时期，在三岔河组的沟谷里可能生长着云、冷杉组成的暗针叶林、随的，古气温明显变干，针叶林消失，60 ka BP之后，气候进一步变干，古植被又演变成荒漠植被。     

Towards automation of palynology 3: pollen pattern recognition using Gabor transforms and digital moments

The classification of pollen grains using texture information in combination with shape features is presented in this paper. The surface texture of pollen is characterised by using Gabor transforms, the geometric shape is described by using moment invariants, and the pollen grains are classified by an artificial neural network. In an experiment with five types of pollen grains, more than 97% of samples are correctly classified. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palaeoenvironmental history of Bap-Malar and Kanod playas of western Rajasthan,Thar desert

Two playas in the arid core of the western margin of the Thar desert viz., Bap-Malar and Kanod, have been investigated using palynology, geomorphology, archaeology, AMS-radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes, evaporite mineralogy and geoarchaeology. The principal objective was to obtain a reliable lithostratigraphy of the playa sediments. These are about 7 m thick in the Bap-Malar and > 2.5 to 3 m thick in the Kanod. AMS¹⁴C dates of > 15 ka BP on pollen from sediment layers indicates that the Bap-Malar playa possibly existed even during the LGM. These playas were full of water during the early Holocene (8 ka BP — 5.5 ka BP) and were ephemeral during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and early to mid to late Holocene. The playas dried almost 1000 years earlier than those occurring on the eastern margin. Pollen of graminaceae, chenopodiaceae/amaranthaceae, cyperaceae etc. and evaporite minerals like gypsum, halite in the profiles indicate that the playas were surrounded by vegetation dominated by grass and that, they remained brackish to saline even during the mid Holocene, lake full stage. Stable dune surfaces, pediments with regoliths, and gravelly channels of ephemeral streams provided a favorable geomorphic niche for nomadic human activity since ∼ 7 ka BP. Though local ecological factors have played an important role in the evolution of the playas, the winter rains, connected with northwesterly depressions, most likely played a vital role in maintaining these playas     

Climate changes inferred from integrated multi-site pollen data in northern Taiwan

In this study, we synthesized the fossil pollen data from 10 lake sediments and 2 land cores to integrate the alteration of forest covered areas in northern Taiwan with changes in humidity and temperature over the last 2000 years. The abundance of arboreal pollen, fern spores and Tsuga pollen in the pollen and spore assemblages were used as indicators. Our results suggested that the climate in northern Taiwan was stably cool and dry during 2000–1000 cal. yr BP, but changed to wet and warm during 1000–500 cal. yr BP, which corresponded to the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). In addition, an increased density and dispersal of Tsuga pollen corresponding to 500–200 cal. yr BP was observed, which corresponded to the Little Ice Age (LIA). In recent years, a decline in Tsuga pollen density and increased fern spore density has been observed, which indicates an increase in temperature associated with elevated rainfall. Based on the synthesized data set, we conducted GIS mapping of such changes in the north of Taiwan over time. The results revealed that the temporal and spatial climate changes could be inferred from the palynological GIS mapping method, and that the fluctuations in temperature over time matched well with the global climate events, including MWP, LIA and recent warming.     

新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物的孢粉分析

通过对新疆博斯腾湖的表层沉积物孢粉的分析, 探讨了干旱区大型湖泊中表层沉积物孢粉与周围植被的关系以及孢粉在湖泊中的分布和传播规律. 研究发现, 博斯腾湖表层沉积物中孢粉主要是来源于周围荒漠植被中的藜科、蒿属、麻黄等植物以及湖泊四周浅水地带生长的香蒲等水生植物. 藜科、蒿属、麻黄等花粉的传播过程主要受大风作用的影响, 而且百分比含量在整个湖盆中的分布比较稳定, A/C值能够反映区域目前的干旱状况; 香蒲等水生植物花粉的百分比含量主要受其母体植物分布的影响. 云杉花粉在河口区域的相对高百分比含量表明其河流传播特征; 云杉花粉在湖泊中的低百分比含量与整个流域的植被及其分布状况以及区域的气候条件有关; 云杉花粉具有超代表性. 近河口湖泊表层样品孢粉组合受河流和近岸植被的影响较大, 但距离超过2 km以后湖泊沉积花粉百分比含量较为稳定. 孢粉的质量浓度分布显示, 孢粉在湖盆中的分布有比较强的趋中性. 博斯腾湖中部沉积物孢粉序列能够很好记录区域的植被变化历史和环境演化特征.     

黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉与累积花粉组合特征初步研究*

对从2011年9月至2012年6月在黄河兰州段采集的24个水样进行了孢粉分析,并探讨了河流搬运花粉组合随时间变化的特征以及累积花粉的组合状况。结果表明,河流中花粉组合和花粉浓度随时间具有明显的变化,春夏时段花粉组合以榆属、杨属、柳属和桦属等乔木花粉为主,秋冬时段以蒿属、藜科等草本花粉为主,且花粉浓度和河流含沙量有较好的正相关关系。根据河水流量与花粉浓度积分计算得出样品采集时段的累积花粉通量,其组合特征与各时间点的花粉组合具有明显的差异,表明单个时间节点花粉组合由于影响因素较多不能够反映流域植被状况,而累积花粉组合可以指示泥沙和花粉源区的植被状况。本研究中黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉可能指示黄河兰州段以上至刘家峡水库之间黄土区的植被情况。