好氧反硝化反应器中微生物群落的碳代谢特征

本文采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术,分析了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)5、6、7h和进水硝酸盐(NO3ˉ-N)浓度50、100、150mg/L时,好氧反硝化反应器微生物群落结构和代谢功能特征。研究结果表明:在同一进水硝酸盐浓度下,水力停留时间越长,微生物代谢活性越强(P0.05);在同一水力停留时间下,不同进水NO3ˉ-N浓度下微生物平均吸光值(用平均颜色变化率AWCD指示)的大小顺序为50150100mg/L(P0.05),说明进水NO3ˉ-N浓度对微生物代谢活性有一定影响。反应器内微生物对不同碳源的代谢利用由强到弱的顺序是:多聚物氨基类碳水化合物羧酸类胺类酚酸类。不同处理组的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、Mc Intosh指数相互之间差异显著(P0.05),其中HRT为7h、NO3ˉ-N为150mg/L以上处理组微生物多样性指数最高。本实验采用Biolog-ECO板来分析在好氧反硝化反应器中微生物的群落代谢特征,研究结果可为通过碳源调节生物滤池水处理效果提供科学依据,以此提高水处理效率。     

电流强度对硫/碳混合复三维电极-生物膜反应器还原高氯酸盐的影响

本研究考察了电流强度变化对硫/碳混合复三维电极-生物膜反应器自养还原高氯酸盐的影响。在水力停留时间为10h和进水高氯酸盐浓度为9.3~14.8mg/L时,电流强度在0~50mA范围内高氯酸盐去除率随着电流强度增加而增大。电流强度在50mA时高氯酸盐的去除率可高达99.9%,出水的pH范围为7.98~8.93,出水中SO2-4浓度低于常规的硫自养高氯酸盐处理系统出水浓度。研究结果表明,复三维电极-生物膜反应器具有较强的高氯酸盐还原能力,能同步实现硫自养和电化学氢自养还原水源水中的高氯酸盐。     

循环水养殖系统中好氧反硝化细菌的分离和应用

为了分离好氧反硝化细菌,探究其好氧反硝化过程。利用BTB培养基,从珍珠龙胆(♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂Epinephelus lanceolatu)循环水养殖系统的生物滤池中筛选出具有硝酸盐去除能力的细菌,并选择脱氮效果良好的菌株进行好氧反硝化反应器的构建,开展反硝化应用研究。本研究共分离出8株具有去除硝酸盐能力的菌株,经反硝化性能测定,都可大幅去除硝酸盐,同时也存在不同程度的氨氮和亚硝酸盐的积累;选择Z1、Z8两株脱氮效果较好的菌株进行好氧反硝化反应器的混合接种试验,结果显示反应器挂膜迅速、高效,接种2周后即达到相对稳定的水处理状态,硝酸盐去除率超过98.8%(约0.827g NO-3-N/(m2·d)),总氮去除率超过71.8%(约0.687g TN/(m2·d)),亚硝酸盐和氨氮的积累不明显,脱氮效果良好。     

水力停留时间对硫自养还原高氯酸盐和硝酸盐性能的影响

以填充单质硫颗粒(S0)的生物膜反应器作为研究对象,研究了水力停留时间(HRT)变化对硫自养还原高氯酸盐(ClO-4)和硝酸盐(NO-3)性能的影响。研究结果表明,在进水NO-3-N和ClO-4分别为20mg/L和100μg/L时,在HRT从16h逐渐缩短到0.5h过程中,NO-3-N去除率能在较短时间内达到99%以上。与硫自养还原NO-3-N相比,HRT的缩短导致ClO-4去除率趋于稳定所需时间增加,说明硫自养还原NO-3-N过程先于硫自养还原ClO-4的过程。在不同HRT下未发现中间产物ClO-3和ClO-2的积累,ClO-4摩尔数减少量与Cl-摩尔数增加量比约为1∶1,出水中SO2-4的实际产生量远大于理论产生量,出水pH值范围为6.8~7.1。通过PCR-DGGE图谱和测序结果分析可知,属于α-proteobacteria菌群在反应器中占优势地位,β-proteobacteria菌群次之。其中,具有NO-3和ClO-4还原能力的Denitromonas sp.和Azospirillumsp.存在于反应器的底部、中部和上部的生物膜,能还原ClO-4的Dechloromonas sp.MissR被发现存在于反应器中部和上部的生物膜。     

小分子有机碳、氮源对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)生长和去除高浓度无机三态氮的影响

采用高浓度无机三态氮(铵氮4NH?-N、亚硝氮2NO?-N和硝氮3NO?-N)共存的模拟海水体系,在最适生长条件下,研究了小分子有机物(糖类、有机酸、醇、有机氮)和p H对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)YL28去除水体无机三态氮的影响。结果表明:以葡萄糖、乙酸钠和乙醇为唯一碳源时,水体中的高浓度2NO?-N和3NO?-N均能被完全去除,4NH?-N的去除率分别为93.40%、84.55%和66.63%;碳源为乙酸钠时菌体生长最好,体系中添加蛋白胨或尿素,仅4NH?-N的去除效果明显降低。p H值在6.0—9.0时,该菌株对4NH?-N、2NO?-N和3NO?-N均具有去除能力。由此可知:YL28菌株对模拟海水养殖水体中高浓度无机三态氮具有良好的去除能力,高浓度有机氮化物(蛋白胨和尿素)对4NH?-N的去除能力有明显影响,但对2NO?-N和3NO?-N仍保持高效的去除能力。本研究为不产氧光合细菌制剂在水产养殖中的合理应用提供参考。     

小清河口春季亚硝酸盐偏高问题探讨

2008年春季对莱州湾小清河口的走航调查发现,调查区域大部分水体的DOC,CODMn,NH4+-N,PO43--P高于4类海水的限定值,处于严重污染状态。水体CHla的浓度范围在1.02~37.92μg/L之间,但DO饱和度却在23%~96%之间,盐度小于15水体的DO饱和度低于50%,水体缺氧严重。河口存在NO2--N含量偏高现象。由河口向外,NO2--N浓度逐渐增加,至盐度24.4的水体达到0.27 mg/L的高值,NO2--N增加主要是NH4+-N的硝化反应产生的。NH4+-N生成NO2--N主要受DO和NH4+-N比例与浓度的影响,DO饱和度在30%~70%,NH4+-N大于3.33 mg/L的水体中NO2--N生成速率最快。     

好氧颗粒污泥对污泥碳源的反硝化出水处理效果

为了进一步降解以污泥水解液为碳源的反硝化出水中残留的有机物和含氮化合物,试验采用接种了好氧颗粒污泥的序批式反应器(SBR)对污泥碳源的反硝化出水进行处理。结果表明,系统NH_4~+-N的平均去除率为80.3%,而总无机氮(TIN)和溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)并未去除,反应器中发生了NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N的积累,蛋白质的平均去除率为9.8%,三维荧光测定结果显示,出水中的酪氨酸类和色氨酸类蛋白物质分别降低6.6%和15.6%;将反硝化出水与污泥水解液混合,NH_4~+-N平均去除率提高到98.3%,TIN和SCOD的平均去除率分别达到69.1%和56.6%,糖类和蛋白质的平均去除率分别为68.61%和64.02%。经过好氧颗粒污泥的处理,反硝化出水中的TIN、糖类和蛋白质含量均有所降低,实现了反硝化出水中有机物和含氮化合物的进一步去除。     

固定化活性污泥处理海水冲厕污水研究

确定了固定化污泥最佳的包埋剂配比,研究了不同温度、作用时间、pH值、微生物浓度和氯离子浓度条件下固定化污泥对人工海水冲厕污水的处理效果。结果表明,包埋剂最佳配比为聚乙烯醇(PVA)80 g/L、海藻酸钠4 g/L、活性炭10 g/L、SiO210 g/L、CaCO31.25 g/L。在30℃下固定化污泥对NH3-N和CODCr的去除效果最好,12 h时其去除率分别为83.9%和84.2%。固定化污泥在pH4~10之间均有很好的去除效果,其适宜用量为75 g/L,氯离子浓度的增大对NH3-N的去除几乎没有影响,但对CODCr的去除效果降低。曝气试验表明,固定化颗粒运行2个月情况良好,出水NH3-N和CODCr符合二级污水综合排放标准。     

大亚湾海域沉积物中的硝化与反硝化作用

2004年1、4、8、10月在大亚湾海域的4个站点采用自行设计和制作的无扰动沉积物采样器采集沉积物样品,通过使用AIT技术(乙炔同时抑制硝化与反硝化作用),进行实验室同步恒温受控模拟培养实验,并同时测定沉积物上覆水的温度、盐度、DO和pH值,沉积物的Eh值和有机质含量,间隙水的NO3-、NO2-和NH4 浓度,研究沉积物中的硝化与反硝化速率及其影响因素。结果显示大亚湾沉积物的硝化速率范围为[(0.00—4.68)±0.87]μmol/(m2·h);反硝化速率范围[(0.00—2.88)±0.41]μmol/(m2·h);硝化与反硝化作用之间存在耦合,比例范围为0%—100%。沉积物的硝化、反硝化速率和耦合比例与上覆水的温度、DO含量,及沉积物中的有机质含量和Eh值密切相关,人类活动对沉积物的硝化与反硝化作用有明显的影响。     

一株新型异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌GJWA3的脱氮性能及定量检测

从水产养殖水体中分离出一株具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的菌株Halomonas sp. GJWA3,该菌株在单一氮源条件下(10 mg·L~(-1))对NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N和NO~-_3-N的48 h去除率分别为96.44%、99.42%和78.27%,氮平衡分析结果表明该菌株能够去除水体中大部分无机氮。该菌株在pH为7.0～8.5、温度为25～35℃、C/N为10～20、盐度为24～40条件下表现出优良的NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N去除能力。通过酶联免疫吸附测定法建立菌株GJWA3的定量方法,定量范围为1×10~4～1×10~8 CFU·mL~(-1),线性相关性为R~2=0.957 2,通过此方法检测到该菌株在实际养殖水和废水中均能保持较高丰度,同时其48 h对TN的去除率分别为49.01%和62.48%。安全性实验表明,该菌株无溶血作用,且对凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)有较高的生物安全性。研究结果表明,菌株GJWA3具有优异的脱氮能力、良好的水产养殖环境适应性和应用安全性,可在养殖水处理领域进行实际应用。     

利用臭氧氧化实现复合生物反应器污泥减量

采用复合生物反应器,对应用臭氧氧化实现污泥减量进行了研究。2个相同的复合生物反应器平行运行,1个作为对照系统,1个作为氧化系统。反应器内装有半软性填料,投加量为10%。曝气池中悬浮污泥浓度为1 500 mg/L左右,生物膜浓度为2 000 mg/L左右。试验结果表明,随着臭氧氧化污泥比例的增加,污泥表观产率系数也随之降低,当臭氧投量为0.05 g O3/gSS,每天氧化的污泥分别为反应器内污泥的10%,20%,30%时,污泥表观产率系数分别减少28.2%,44.9%,75.8%。虽然随着污泥氧化比例的增大,氧化系统出水CODcr略有增加,但氧化系统仍能保持其生物处理能力,CODcr去除率在92%以上;2个系统之间氨氮的去除率相差不大,氧化系统的硝化能力基本没有受到臭氧氧化的影响。     

Practical considerations for the segmented-flow analysis of nitrate and ammonium in seawater and the avoidance of matrix effects

In this study we describe measures taken in our laboratory to improve the long-term precision of nitrate and ammonia analysis in seawater using a microflow segmented-flow analyzer. To improve the nitrate reduction efficiency using a flow-through open tube cadmium reactor (OTCR), we compared alternative buffer formulations and regeneration procedures for an OTCR. We improved long-term stability for nitrate with a modified flow scheme and color reagent formulation and for ammonia by isolating samples from the ambient air and purifying the air used for bubble segmentation. We demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the residual nutrient content of the artificial seawater used for the preparation of calibration standards. We describe how an operating procedure to eliminate errors from that source as well as from the refractive index of the matrix itself can be modified to include the minimization of dynamic refractive index effects resulting from differences between the matrix of the samples, the calibrants, and the wash solution. We compare the data for long-term measurements of certified reference material under two different conditions, using ultrapure water (UPW) and artificial seawater (ASW) for the sampler wash.     

海水中硝酸盐铜镉柱还原测定操作步骤的优化研究

本文比较了硝酸盐测定的铜镉柱还原法在两个规范中技术指标和操作工艺的差异.针对本实验室具体条件,对该测定方法的某些步骤(如镉柱制备、蠕动泵、流速选择、加氯化铵缓冲液方法等)进行优化研究,选择适宜的改进方法,以便将硝酸盐铜镉柱还原测定方法结合进本实验室已有的营养盐测定系统中.     

A groundwater quality survey of an unsewered,semi‐rural area

A baseline groundwater quality survey of 120 household wells in an unsewered area at Yaldhurst, near Christchurch, was carried out between September and December, 1976. Ammonia‐N levels were below the detection limit (0.02 g m^‐3) in all samples. Nitrate‐N, conductivity, and chloride levels tended to vary according to well depth and location, being lower in the deeper wells and in wells located in an area of shallow, stony soils. Approximately 33% of the wells contained coliform bacteria, faecal coliform bacteria or faecal streptococci. A subset of 25 wells was sampled fortnightly from January to August 1977. From January to June, mean nitrate‐N and conductivity levels remained stable at approximately 1.5 g m^‐3 and 11.2 mS m^‐1 respectively. An increase in these levels to 3.3 g m^‐3 and 15.8 mS m^‐1 in July‐August corresponded with a rise in the water table. Leaching losses from soils probably accounted for most of the nitrate entering the Yaldhurst aquifers, the contribution by septic tank systems being estimated at 20–30%. No direct evidence of contamination of the wells by septic tank effluent was found, although 23 of the 25 wells exhibited intermittent contamination by indicator bacteria throughout the 8 month sampling programme. Although a localised health hazard may exist, septic tank systems in the area were not considered likely to constitute a health threat to the confined aquifers underlying Christchurch city.     

Modeling of coastal effluent transport: an approach to linking far-field and near-field models

One of the challenges in effluent transport modeling in coastal tidal environments is the proper specification of initial dilution in connection with the far-field transport phenomena. An approach of external linkage of far-field and near-field effluent transport models is presented, and applied to simulating the effluent transport in the Port Angeles Harbor, Washington in the Strait of Juan de Fuea. A near-field plume model was used to calculate the effluent initial dilution and a three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate the tidal circulation and far-field effluent transport in the Port Angeles Harbor. The hydrodynamic model was driven by tides and surface winds. Observed water surface elevation and velocity data were used to calibrate the model over a period covering the neap-spring tidal cycle. The model was also validated with observed surface drogue trajectory data. The model successfully reproduced the tidal dynamics in the study area and good agreements between model results and observed data were obtained. It is demonstrated that the linkage between the near-field and far-field models in effluent transport modeling can be achieved through iteratively adjusting the model grid sizes such that the dilution ratio and effluent concentration in the circulation model grid cell match the concentration calculated by the near-field plume model.     

Estrogenic and CYP1A response of mummichogs and sunshine bass to sewage effluent

Recent studies demonstrating feminization of effluent-exposed wild-caught male fish in the UK have prompted much research regarding the estrogenic activity of effluent from municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs). To investigate the estrogenicity and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction potency of MSTP effluent, two species of fish, adult male mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, and juvenile sunshine bass, Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops, were exposed to un-chlorinated effluent (75% effluent, 25% seawater) from a large MSTP in Yonkers, NY, USA. After a 21-day static-daily (75%) renewal exposure, significant elevations over controls were observed in levels of vitellogenin (VtG) in plasma (1730%) and liver (131%) in effluent-exposed sunshine bass. In contrast, hepatic VtG was not elevated in mummichogs; plasma VtG was not measured in this species. Effluent exposure elevated hepatic CYP1A protein (140-145%) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity (408-598%) in both species. These findings suggest ontogenetic and/or species differences in response to estrogenic compounds in MSTP effluent. Furthermore, the elevation of CYP1A in response to sewage effluent exposure indicates the presence of additional compounds that may alter xenobiotic and/or steroid biotransformation in fish.     

Enrichment of estuarine phytoplankton by the addition of dissolved manganese

The response of natural phytoplankton to additions of excess Mn in an estuary receiving sewage effluent varied with tidal amplitude. During periods of low tidal amplitude, when DOC concentrations were high, carbon uptake by phytoplankton was stimulated. When tidal amplitudes were relatively high, carbon uptake was not affected by Mn addition.The link between high DOC concentrations and stimulation suggests that the Mn addition either relieves a deficiency in available Mn caused by organic complexation or complexes organics from the sewage effluent which are otherwise harmful to phytoplankton productivity.Sewage effluent entering estuaries can be both beneficial and detrimental to the phytoplankton population. Productivity is increased by the addition of inorganic nutrients but may be depressed by the organics contained in the effluent.     

利用市政污水厂尾水培养产油微藻——营养盐去除与生物质生产

将1株产油淡水微藻——微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis sp.MASCC 11)分别接种到青岛市2家市政污水处理厂(STP)的尾水中,根据其生长、油脂产率和营养盐去除情况,评价了利用STP尾水培养微藻以生产富油的藻生物质同时深度净化尾水的可行性。结果表明,团岛污水处理厂(TD-STP)和李村河污水处理厂(LC-STP)尾水中无机氮和磷酸盐的浓度虽然远低于BG11培养基,但仍能支持微藻生长,而且以未经稀释的尾水更具优势,培养8 d后,藻生物量分别达到BG11培养基中生长微藻的65.23%和44.77%。STP尾水经稀释后处于营养盐缺乏状态,有利于藻细胞内脂质积累,但是油脂产率最大值(10.5 mg·L^-1·d^-1)仍出现在未经稀释的TD-STP尾水中,为未稀释LC-STP尾水的1.37倍。LC-STP尾水中微藻的油脂产率较低,可能与该处理厂接纳工业废水而在尾水中残留较多有害物质有关。在微藻的直接和间接作用下,TD-STP和LC-STP尾水中磷酸盐的去除率分别达到94.5%和100%;无机氮的去除率较低(分别为59.2%和45.4%),与尾水中初始N/P较高有关。上述结果表明,与接纳工业废水的污水厂相比,处理生活污水的污水厂所排尾水较适于培养产油微藻,能够实现产油微藻低耗培养与尾水深度净化相耦合。     

Effects of different types of nutrient effluent from shrimp ponds on the seedling growth of Kandelia obovata

Extensive shrimp ponds are located next to the landward edges of most of mangrove forests in China. A shrimp pond may influence mangroves by(1) routine effluent between pond and tide, and(2) dredging effluent from pond-dredging at least once a year. Our study consisted of two experiments to study the effects of these two effluents on the seedling growth of Kandelia obovata. One experiment simulated the effects of routine effluents.The other simulated four sedimentation thicknesses(0 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm, 8 cm) over mangrove soils by dredging effluent from pond-dredging, and revealed the cumulative effects of dredging effluents on K. obovata. At each of the three fixed salinities, i.e., 5, 15 and 25, routine effluent did not result in significant differences in each of the measured growth parameters of K. obovata seedlings. However, effects of dredging effluent on seedling growth of K. obovata were related with sedimentation thickness. Most growth parameters showed maximum values at sedimentation thickness 4 cm. The data indicated that K. obovata accelerated its growth under moderate sedimentation thicknesses and it was tolerant and adaptable to shrimp pond-cleaning effluent sediments up to about 8 cm in our experiment.