酸碱污染Q3黄土的一维压缩特征试验研究

随着黄土地区工业化和城镇化的不断发展,工业废水和生活污水中酸、碱以及pH值发生改变的雨水对土壤的污染问题日渐突出,地基土体受污染后在地表建筑物荷载的作用下会发生不同程度的二次沉降次生灾害。为研究酸碱污染对Q3黄土在不同压力区间内压缩指标的变化特征,对经过不同浓度污染后的土样进行标准固结试验。试验结果表明,对比孔隙水为蒸馏水的工况,酸污染土的总变形量增大,且最大压缩变形压力段下降;碱污染土的总变形量减小,且最大压缩变形压力段上升;土样经过酸污染后压缩系数增大,中压缩性变为高压缩性,但碱污染后的压缩系数却有不同程度的降低;酸污染土的压缩系数、压缩模量、体积压缩系数和压缩指数等压缩指标在小于400 kPa的中、低压力区间更敏感,碱污染土在大于400 kPa的高压力区更敏感。在该基础上对侧限条件下的应力?应变关系进行分析,发现在不同污染情况下污染黄土的应力?应变曲线较好的符合Guanry关系。     

厦门淤泥的变形性质

本文首先研究厦门淤泥的孔隙比、压缩系数、压缩指数和压缩模量随固结压力的变化特性。其次,研究了固结系数随固结压力、孔隙比的变化规律。最后,讨论淤泥在恒温恒压条件下次固结变形随时间的变化发展过程,定量地描述次固结量和主固结量的比值与次固结时间和固结压力水平的关系。     

酸碱及可溶盐溶液对桂林红黏土压缩性影响实验研究

为探讨水环境对红黏土工程地质性质的影响,以桂林岩溶地区典型地段的红黏土为研究对象,对浸泡于不同浓度的 HCl、NaOH、Fe（NO3）3和 Al（NO3）3溶液中的试样进行固结实验。结果显示：（1）在 HCl 和 NaOH 溶液中浸泡后,红黏土的压缩模量都降低,压缩系数都增大,且溶液浓度越大其值降低或增大的幅度越大;（2）浸泡在 NaOH 溶液中的红黏土的压缩模量比浸泡在 HCl 溶液中的大,且压缩模量值随着溶液浓度的增加而减小,压缩系数则相反;（3）在 Fe（NO3）3和Al（NO3）3溶液中浸泡后,红黏土的压缩模量会随着溶液浓度的增大而增大,压缩系数随着溶液浓度的增大而降低,且 Fe（NO3）3溶液对红黏土的压缩性影响作用比 Al（NO3）3溶液的大。     

黏性土压缩指标及其与饱和度的关系

压缩系数、压缩模量是评价土的压缩性的两个非常重要的参数指标,对于地基沉降计算具有重要意义。然而在实际工作中对于确定压缩性指标的方法上还存在一定的问题。本文从压缩系数、压缩模量的定义出发,对土的压缩模量、压缩系数及孔隙比之间的关系进行理论分析,推导了三者之间的两种关系式,分析了三者之间的对应关系。以合肥地区的弱膨胀性黏土为研究对象,通过6组不同饱和度下的黏性土样的多循环加卸载快速固结试验,讨论了快速固结试验中常用的变形量校正方法存在的问题,提出了改进的校正系数计算方法。探讨了土样压缩指标与加卸载循环次数及土样饱和度的关系,对压缩模量与饱和度之间的关系采用指数函数进行了曲线拟合,并对曲线拟合系数进行了概率统计分析。研究结果表明:随着加卸载循环次数的增加,土样由塑性状态向弹性状态过渡;压缩模量随着饱和度的增加而减少,并逐渐趋于稳定。     

镁质水泥固化淤泥一维压缩特性研究

采用低碳、环保的镁质水泥对淤泥进行固化处理,结合一维压缩试验研究了不同龄期下固化淤泥的压缩特性。首先开展了不同养护龄期下镁质水泥固化淤泥一维压缩实验,结果表明:固化淤泥的e-p曲线与淤泥变化趋势类似,而且随着养护龄期的增加,固化淤泥的孔隙比e逐渐减小。因此,镁质水泥对固化淤泥的孔隙有很好的填充效果。与此同时,固化淤泥的压缩系数随养护龄期呈指数减小趋势,根据压缩系数与龄期之间的函数关系,对太沙基一维固结理论进行修正,建立符合镁质水泥固化淤泥压缩特性的一维固结模型。     

含水率对重塑黄土的变形特性影响的实验研究

采用侧限压缩实验,对相同干密度、不同含水率的重塑黄土进行压缩固结实验。借鉴原状黄土湿陷性的研究方法,分析了含水率对于重塑黄土的变形影响。结果表明:低含水率时,孔隙比随应力的变化近似为线性、割线模量随应力的变化表现明显的非线性、应变速率衰减得快;高含水率时,孔隙比随应力的变化表现为明显的非线性、割线模量随应力的变化近似为线性、应变速率衰减得慢。     

广州饱和软土固结过程微孔隙变化的试验分析

软土的孔隙特征及其变化规律对软土的压缩性和渗透性有重大的影响,软土孔隙特征随荷载变化规律的试验研究为揭示软土排水固结过程与变形规律,建立基于孔隙压缩规律和渗流机制的排水固结模型提供有力依据。利用美国全自动压汞仪,对不同压力下固结的广州番禺淤泥土样的孔隙及其尺度分布进行测试,根据测试结果对土样孔隙尺度分布特征及其随固结压力的变化规律给出了定量分析。试验结果表明：淤泥土中介于0.4～2.5 μm范围的颗粒间及团粒内的小孔隙所占比例最大,而大于10 μm的大孔隙和小于30 nm的超微孔隙所占比例均很小;较大的孔隙更易于被压缩而湮灭或被分裂成微小孔隙;固结压力将显著改变淤泥土的孔隙尺度及其分布特征,以致改变土体的压缩性和渗透性。在固结前期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度较大,压缩系数和渗透系数较大并随固结压力增加而快速减小;在固结后期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度小,压缩系数和渗透系数小,且随固结压力增加的变化趋于平缓。     

外荷载作用下软土压缩模量的动态演化规律研究

在软土地基的压缩性评价和变形计算中,压缩模量是一个重要的土性参数,目前一般是通过室内侧限压缩试验曲线得到,通常是一个常数。实际上,压缩模量在地基固结过程中会随着土体固结度的增加而逐渐增大,因此,探讨外荷载作用下软土压缩模量的变化规律显得十分必要。以珠江三角洲地区某高速公路代表性软土地基为研究对象,采集天然状态和超载预压后两种状态的淤泥质土样,分别开展不同压力条件下的室内固结试验,通过分析比较两种状态土样的试验数据,得出了两种状态下淤泥质土压缩模量随压力变化的定量关系和压缩模量随压力及时间演化的规律。在此基础上,结合天然状态和超载预压后的淤泥质土样在室内再压缩前后的微观结构图像,分析了两种状态下淤泥质土压缩模量随压力和时间演化的机理。从而为软土变形计算的参数合理取值提供了有用的参考,且对软基堆载预压过程中控制加荷速率和分级荷载的大小具有重要的现实意义。     

华北平原典型黏性土体固结特性的试验研究

针对华北平原地面沉降区衡水市漏斗中心分层标处所采土样,在其压缩固结试验基础上分析了典型黏性土体的固结特性,即压缩系数.根据黏性土结构、矿物成分及阳离子交换量的测试结果,得出黏性土的孔隙分维值、矿物质量分数与压缩系数呈正相关关系,阳离子交换量与压缩系数随埋深变化基本呈正相关关系.通过分析影响黏性土固结特性的内在因素和数量关系,阐明了黏性土物理化学性质对黏性土体固结特性的影响.     

碱渣变形性质的试验研究

目前碱渣压实后用作填垫地基比较广泛,碱渣的变形特性是分析填垫地基沉降和变形的关键。因此,利用压缩试验研究击实碱渣的变形性质非常重要。本文以5种不同含水量的击实碱渣的压缩试验为基础,分析了击实碱渣压缩系数、压缩模量和固结系数的变化规律。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.