南洛河流域洛南盆地表土孢粉与植被的关系(英文)

The catchment of South Luohe River in Central China is an important region for investigating modern pollen-environment relationship, because it is located in the transitional zone between south and north China, an environment which is sensitive to climate changes. In this study, 40 surface samples under ten vegetation types were collected to reveal the relationship between pollen assemblages and vegetation. The results show that the surface pollen assemblages reflect the vegetation quite well. In forest topsoils, the average of arboreal pollen content is greater than 40%, and the Selaginella sinensis spore is high. As to sparse forest grassland and shrub community, the average arboreal pollen is 13.2% and 16.6% respectively, and the shrub pollen is relatively higher than that of grassland samples. The grassland and farmland are characterized by low percentage of tree and shrub pollen(<10% and <1%), and high percentage of herbs(>80%). Pinus, Quercus and some other arboreal pollen can indicate the regional vegetation because of their dispersal ability. Quercus pollen is under-representative and so is Pinus. Artemisia pollen is significantly over-represented, has poor correlation with the plant coverage, and may reflect human disturbance. Gramineae can indicate plant quite well, but with low representation. High content of Chenopodiaceae probably suggests human impact. Predominant Selaginella sinensis can be used as an indicator of forest environment. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis of pollen assemblages can distinguish forest and non-forest vegetation well. The former method is better at separating pine and mixed forests, while the latter is more stable and could better differentiate farmland and other non-forest area. The first axis of PCA mainly reflects the humidity.     

南洛河流域洛南盆地表土孢粉与植被的关系

选取南洛河上游洛南盆地10 种植被类型下40 处样点表土苔藓开展孢粉与植被关系的研究.结果表明,表土中孢粉组成能很好地反映植被类型.森林表土中乔木植物花粉含量平均值大于40%,且有较高含量的中华卷柏孢子;疏林草原、灌丛群落中乔木植物花粉平均含量分别为13.2%和16.6%,灌木植物花粉相对草丛群落含量较高;草丛群落和农田中乔木花粉平均含量均<10%,草本植物花粉>80%,灌木植物花粉<1%.洛南盆地表土孢粉总浓度平均为1.42×10⁵粒/g,与植被覆盖度关系较弱,而与植被类型有一定联系,能辅助植被类型的辨识.聚类分析和PCA分析都能较好区分森林和非森林植被,前者能较好地区分松林和混交林,后者能较好地区分农田和灌、草丛植被,且比聚类分析更加稳定.松属、栎属等乔木花粉具有较强的扩散能力,能指示区域植被,松属没有表现出很强的超代表性,栎属具有低代表性;蒿属花粉与植被覆盖度间的相关关系较差,具有明显的超代表性,其大量出现与人类的干扰有一定的联系,禾本科花粉具有很好的植被指示性和低代表性,藜科花粉的高含量主要指示了高强度的人类活动;中华卷柏孢子在地层中的大量出现具有指示森林或松林环境的意义.     

太白山北坡花粉通量与表土花粉研究

太白山北坡各森林植被带乔木花粉百分比多高于45%,与植被组成类似。高山草甸带捕捉器样品乔木花粉百分比低于15%,与植被组成一致,但表土花粉组合中乔木花粉百分比高于50%,外来花粉数量较多,进行高山带古环境研究应予注意。太白红杉林花粉通量最低,高山灌丛草甸最高。落叶栎林带表土花粉浓度最低,红桦林带最高。表土中松、冷杉属花粉百分比远高于花粉捕捉器,表明其在表土中有较好的保存能力。落叶松属和杜鹃花科花粉在表土及捕捉器中百分比均较低,表明对植被指示性良好。栎属与桦属花粉通量类似,但桦属花粉浓度大于栎属,表明栎属较桦属易于保存。     

南京幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建研究

在大量野外工作的基础上,借助AutoCAD技术,运用植被生态学、恢复生态学的原理与方法,对幕燕山地森林植被的恢复与重建进行了研究。建立了幕燕山地植被分类系统,包括3个植被型组、5个植被型、5个植被亚型、8个群系组、12个群系,绘制了幕燕山地1∶5000植被群系图,计算了幕燕山地各群系的面积。分析了南京地区山地森林植被10个主要群系(青冈+栓皮栎林,枫香林,白栎林,栓皮栎林,麻栎林,黄连木+黄檀林,朴树+构树林,刺槐林,马尾松林,黑松林)间的演替关系,构建了南京地区森林植被次生演替模式。根据上述研究结果,提出了幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建的关键措施,预测了上述措施实施后幕燕山地植被类型构成的变化,并绘制了幕燕山地森林植被恢复重建规划图(1∶5000)。     

Modern pollen assemblages of the forest communities and their relationships with vegetation and climate in northern China

53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation (r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples).     

中国北方森林群落现代花粉与植被和气候的关系

来自中国北方10 座山地16 个森林群落53 个样点的表土和Tauber 捕捉器花粉研究揭示了中国北方森林群落的花粉组合特征及其与植被和气候的关系。捕捉器花粉组合与表土花粉组合具有较好的相似性, 花粉组合中共有类型80 个, 共有类型花粉百分比占总数的90%以上, 植被中的优势种通常也是花粉组合的主要类型。松林中松花粉浓度和通量均较高, 表明花粉产量与保存能力均较高; 云、冷杉林中云、冷杉花粉通量较低, 但花粉浓度较高, 显示虽然花粉产量较低, 但花粉保存能力较好; 栎林、桦林中, 栎属和桦属花粉通量较高, 但花粉浓度较低, 说明虽然花粉产量较高, 但花粉保存能力较差。花粉与植被关系判别分析表明, 表土样品与捕捉器花粉组合均能较好地反映不同区域森林群落特征及其差异, 但表土样品能 更好地反映植被的优势成分。花粉组合与样点气候因子的DCCA 分析表明, 花粉组合与最冷月温度相关最显著(相关系数: 捕捉器0.84, 表土0.72), 其次为年降水量(相关系数: 捕捉 器0.73, 表土0.71)。     

西北干旱区石羊河流域表土花粉分析

干旱区石羊河流域不同植被带55个表土样的花粉分析结果显示,本流域表土花粉组合可以分为两部分,第一部分是荒漠草原带以上的山地植被花粉组合,其特征是云杉花粉占绝对优势,除森林带以外,基本不反映当地植被;第二部分是荒漠带以下的表土花粉组合,主要以灌木和草本植物花粉占优势,基本能反映当地的植被状况。影响石羊河流域表土花粉组合的主要因素是风力。主要科属花粉的浓度与植被状况对应良好,峰值区基本都位于其母体植物占优势的植被带中,但花粉百分含量受研究区气候、植被分布等因素影响,与现代植被的对应关系稍差。大部分灌木和草本花粉的含量变化基本能反映植被,但乔木花粉含量不能正确反映森林分布状况。     

中原地区不同植被类型花粉组合特征及对周围植被的代表性

中原地区落叶松林、阔叶杂木林、栎树林、油松阔叶混交林、竹林、柏树林、杨树林、河口草甸、农田花粉组合特征研究表明,森林植被花粉组合均以乔木花粉为主(占50%以上),平原区杨树林、河口草甸和农田均以草本花粉为主(占84%以上),均较好地反映了样点周围植被特征。松树林松树花粉高于70%,周围有少量松树的样点松树花粉占50%左右,周围没有松树的样点松树花粉在30%以下。落叶松林中落叶松花粉仅占2.4%,杨树林样品中未发现杨树花粉,竹林样品中禾本科花粉仅占3.4%,表明落叶松、杨树、禾本科花粉均具低代表性;判别分析也表明落叶松和杨树花粉呈低代表性。受周围和区域性植被影响,农田样点农作物花粉占30%左右,说明农田环境不利于花粉保存,故花粉浓度较其他植被类型低。     

石羊河上游林区景观空间邻接特征及生态安全分析

在干旱区山地,荒地斑块特征可反映植被的破碎化及退化状况,农田斑块特征可反映自然植被景观受农田开垦的威胁程度,而其它景观类型与这两种类型斑块的邻接特征可间接反映这些类型潜在的植被退化风险大小或受农田开垦的威胁程度。以Landsat/TM及林相图作为数据源,在桌面GIS下解译出石羊河上游的哈溪林区各景观类型,计算了各景观类型与荒地和农田的空间邻接长度和数目比例,并利用缓冲区分析方法计算了荒地和农田对各景观的影响面积。在此基础上通过计算各类型植被退化风险大小和受农田开垦的威胁程度,定量分析了研究区各景观类型的生态安全性。结果表明：灌丛和草地与荒地的邻接边长和数目较大,由放牧活动引起的植被破碎化和退化的风险较大,而乔木林种与农田的邻接长度、数目较大,受农田开垦的威胁较为严重;景观整体植被退化的风险（0.28）高于受农田威胁程度（0.11）;各类型植被退化风险值的差别不明显,但灌丛草地相对较高,而各乔木林种受农田开垦的威胁程度明显高于灌丛和草地;基于景观类型空间邻接的生态安全评价分析可以初步反映干旱区山地景观受人类活动影响的威胁程度。     

河北省中南部农田孢粉组合特征

河北省中南部82 个农田表土花粉组合研究表明：农田花粉组合不仅有农作物花粉类型,也有临近山区的植物成分。山区农田乔木花粉含量与浓度高于平原,对平原的影响随距离增加而降低,距太行山0～50 km 松属花粉含量为20%～30%,50～100 km 为10%～20%,100～150 km 增至20%～30%,海滨区降至16%以下,平原中部含量增加可能与焚风效应有关;山区至平原乔木花粉含量空间上的变化,可能类似于历史时期人类活动介入森林区后时间上的变化。山区和平原灌木花粉含量较低,但主要成分不同,山区以胡颓子科、榛属、虎榛子较常见,平原区蔷薇科、葡萄科花粉相对较多。平原区草本花粉含量高出山区,其中藜科花粉由山区向平原逐渐增高,可能反映人类活动不断增强的特征。山区中华卷柏含量高于平原,但平原区高达7%。中华卷柏不易被风搬运,推测平原区农田的中华卷柏可能是平原沉积时由河流从山区搬运而来。相同类型农业单元乔木、灌木花粉和蕨类百分比山区一般高于平原,草本低于平原;不同类型农业单元乔木、草本百分比平原区相近,山区差异较大。山区乔木花粉含量差异主要受草本类型影响,平原区草本花粉组合差异主要是农作物花粉(人工禾本科、十字花科) 含量的差异;不同农业单元孢粉浓度差异主要为草本花粉浓度不同。     

哈拉湖流域表土花粉与植被关系研究

哈拉湖位于青海省境内祁连山系西部,属于高山内陆湖泊。对哈拉湖域进行了植被样方调查及表土、湖底表层沉积物花粉分析,结果显示该流域表土花粉组合能较好地反映样方植被群落特征,高寒荒漠草原植被样点花粉组合以蒿属、菊科、藜科花粉为主,高寒草甸样点莎草科花粉占绝对优势。R值分析结果显示藜科、莎草科和蒿属花粉具有超代表性,而禾本科、菊科、豆科花粉具有低代表性特征。湖底表层沉积物中的花粉分析结果显示湖泊沉积物花粉受控于湖泊近源植被,花粉组合能较好反映湖区整体植被特征,花粉分布具有均一性。沉积物表层花粉组合以蒿属、藜科为主,双气囊型花粉如云杉属、松属等少量出现,表明河流和风力是哈拉湖沉积物花粉输入的主要动力。该研究为在哈拉湖地区利用花粉重建古植被提供了重要的参考依据。     

艾比湖流域植被生态需水量

基于遥感数据,通过SEBAL模型估算蒸散量,计算艾比湖流域不同植被类型下植被生长季（59月）的生态需水量。结果表明：研究区植被主要为牧草地、灌木林地、耕地、乔木林地,面积分别为13 944km²（50%）、8 071km²（29%）、5 022km²（18%）、566km²（2%）。SEBAL模型估算的日蒸散量7月最大,为4.36mm。5、6、8、9月日蒸散量分别为4.26、4.07、4.24、4.15mm。SEBAL模型估算结果整体相对误差在10%以内,在允许范围内。20002015年生长季植被生态需水量整体上呈现出增加-减少-增加的变化趋势,2000、2005、2010、2015年分别为151.003×10⁸、149.611×10⁸、144.431×10⁸、136.374×10⁸m³。各植被类型下的生态需水量相比,牧草地 > 灌木林地 > 耕地 > 乔木林地,牧草地约占总生态需水量的53%～55%,而灌木林地、耕地的生态需水量分别占21%～25%、19%～20%,乔木林地的生态需水量所占比例最小,仅为2%～3%。     

Late Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in subtropical Taiwan inferred from pollen and diatoms in lake sediments

We analyzed pollen, spores, diatoms, organic carbon, nitrogen, and δ¹³C of organic matter in lake sediments to infer climate changes and reconstruct the paleo-environment of subtropical Taiwan over the past ∼1300 years. A 31.5-cm sediment core that represents deposition from 650 AD to present was taken from a mountain lake, Duck Pond, located 760 m a.s.l. We differentiated five zones using cluster analysis on pollen and spore assemblages. Fluctuations in the relative abundances of arboreal taxa, herbaceous plants, and ferns reflect changes in the relative amounts of woody versus grassland vegetation. Such shifts are associated with changes in temperature and humidity and are consistent with climatic periods reported for the temperate region of central China. Climate changes inferred from the pollen assemblages are also correlated well with changes in the ratios of fern spores to pollen, with organic carbon to nitrogen, and with the δ¹³C values in the sediments. Fluctuations in these data throughout the entire core were in good agreement with the changes in pH inferred from diatom assemblages. This study provides evidence of climate change in northern Taiwan over the past 1.3 millennia, assuming that climate can be inferred from the ratio of arboreal to non-arboreal pollen and from the pH of the aquatic environment.     

典型喀斯特石漠化地区表土孢粉与现代植被关系

喀斯特石漠化地区6个不同植被类型的25个表土和苔藓样品的孢粉分析表明:(1)研究区植物孢粉共由47科属组成,以草本和蕨类植物占据优势,含量为23.62%~76.47%,其次是乔木[主要为马尾松(Pinus masso-niana)],含量为17.73%~74.05%,灌木植物花粉含量最低,为0~12.50%,显示该区植被退化严重;(2)研究区不同植被类型的表土孢粉组合差别明显,与其相应的实际植被情况大致相同,基本反映了石漠化地区现代植被的基本状况,表明孢粉可以为该区恢复和重建自然生态环境提供参考性依据。     

清代青藏高原东北部河湟谷地林草地覆盖变化

河湟谷地是青藏高原东北缘典型的农牧交错区,清代以来耕地的扩张导致林草地覆盖发生明显变化。本文在现代植被图的基础上,选取土壤、地形因素,并依据历史文献数据,重建河湟谷地潜在林地草地格局,在此基础上结合清代耕地变化的重建结果,推算出清代河湟谷地林草地覆盖的变化状况。结果显示：①清代耕地扩张之前,其林、草地分布与现今各类植被类型的空间分布格局基本一致,林地分布范围比现代略大,灌木林地在空间上连续性更强,草地分布区域更广;②估算出河湟谷地潜在林地、灌木林地、草地面积分别约为0.28×10⁴、0.93×10⁴、2.1618×10⁴ km²,由于耕地开垦,至清代末期,河湟谷地草地、灌木林地、林地面积分别累计减少5180.41、1330.35、441.31 km²,其中草地被垦殖占用的面积最大,程度最深,减少的区域主要集中在湟水谷地中游的乐都盆地、西宁盆地以及黄河谷地的尖扎盆地、化隆盆地等;③清代河湟谷地中人类垦殖原始覆盖类型的差异性不仅受自然环境的限制,同样受到社会政策因素的影响。     

辽西北风沙地不同林草措施土壤水文效应研究

选取辽西北沙地典型农牧交错地带为研究区域,以荒草地作为对照,研究樟子松林地、杨树林地、灌木林地、人工草地4种植被恢复措施下0~100 cm土层内土壤容重、孔隙度、蓄水能力和土壤饱和导水率（K_fs）等土壤水分物理性质的变化特征。结果表明：杨树林地表层土壤容重最小,其次是灌木林地、樟子松林地、人工草地,荒草地最大;随土层的递增,土壤容重均表现出增大的趋势。各样地土壤毛管孔隙度随着土壤深度的增加均呈现出明显的下降趋势,与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系（p=-0.583^*,n=5）。不同植被恢复措施土壤蓄水容量具有一定差异,其范围在3 761.59~4 366.94 t·hm^-2之间,其中蓄水容量最高的是杨树林地,达到了4 366.94 t·hm^-2,蓄水容量最低的是荒草地,为3 761.59 t·hm^-2。不同植被恢复措施有效蓄容位于1 315.50~2 047.62 t·hm^-2之间,其中以杨树林地最大,樟子松林地最小。5种沙地类型K_fs排序为灌木林地（2.49 mm·min^-1）>人工草地（1.81 mm·min^-1）>荒草地（1.73 mm·min^-1）>樟子松林地（1.61 mm·min^-1）>杨树林地（1.44 mm·min^-1）,人工草地和荒草地的K_fs随土层增加先减小后增大,樟子松林地、杨树林地和灌木林地先增大后减小。该地区林木恢复措施效果优于草地,应着重发展林木恢复措施。     

上海东部地区晚第四纪沉积的孢粉组合及古环境

通过对上海东部地区南汇鹤鸣孔、东海1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井晚第四纪地层的孢粉研究,划分出了6个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的6个阶段:第1阶段晚更新世晚期,反映气候凉冷稍湿;第2阶段前北方期,反映气候温凉略湿;第3阶段北方期,反映气候温和略干;第4阶段大西洋期,反映气候热暖潮湿;第5阶段亚北方期,反映气候温暖略干; 第6阶段亚大西洋期,反映气候温暖湿润。这为本地区晚第四纪古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

江苏建湖地区全新世孢粉组合及其地质、古地理意义

对江苏建湖地区若干全新世剖面进行了系统的孢粉分析，划分出６个孢粉组合带，恢复了本地区自早全新世以来的古植被演替与古气候古环境变迁，探讨了本区全新世地层时代划分与对比     

Paleolimnological investigations of anthropogenic environmental change in Lake Tanganyika: V. Palynological evidence for deforestation and increased erosion

Pollen spectra from seven short cores taken from deltaic sites in the central and northern parts of Lake Tanganyika provide information about vegetation changes around the lake during the last 5000 years. Pollen analysis was undertaken to understand the history and timing of catchment deforestation and its causal linkage to excess sedimentation and ecosystem change in Lake Tanganyika. The spectra are dominated by grass pollen at all levels in every core. Grass pollen percentage values range between 40 and 80%. Low values of arboreal pollen taxa (1–20%) were documented from most cores except core LT-98-2M. Core LT-98-2M represents the longest duration vegetation record of this study (close to 5000 years BP), and records the onset of increasingly arid conditions in the Late Holocene, especially after 500 A.D., with the probable replacement of forest by open grassland in the Mahale Mountains region. The pollen/spore content for other cores showed a consistent trend of a decrease in grass pollen and an increase in pteridophyte and forest indicator pollen taxa during the last few centuries, contemporaneous with other indications of increased watershed disturbance from forest clearing (especially isotopes and lake faunal change). The timing or strength of this trend is not tied to specific levels of watershed disturbance. However, increasing fern spore abundance does occur progressively later towards the south, where modern human population densities are lower. Although increasing fern spore abundance is consistent with a land-clearing hypothesis, the rising arboreal pollen percentages are seemingly counterintuitive. One possible explanation is that increasing arboreal pollen proportions reflects the recycling of abundant pollen of this type from rapidly eroding soils. Another likely explanation for this finding is that land clearing involved the replacement of miombo woodland, with its mixture of trees producing little pollen and understory grasses producing large amounts of pollen, by the present day cassava, banana, and legume agricultural systems, all of which are poor pollen producers. This shift in catchment vegetation would increase the relative contribution of Afromontane pollen transported long distances from the surrounding highland regions. This hypothesis is consistent with both the lack of correlation of palynological history with specific watershed deforestation attributes, as well as the broader historical record of human habitation in the Lake Tanganyika region. This study also highlights the need for both modern pollen transect data from the region and comparative cores from low elevation swamps or ponds (wetlands) in the region with smaller catchment areas.     

东祁连山表土花粉组合及其数量特征

应用TWINSPAN分类和DCA排序对东祁连山地区7个不同植被类型的表土花粉组合及其与环境的关系进行定量研究。表土花粉类型可分为3组：Group1为花粉产量大的本地花粉，可较好地反映当地植被的特征；Group2为产量小的本地花粉，反映植被特征较差；Group3为外来花粉，在土壤地层中较常见。样地排序结果可划分出6个组：(1)山地草原化荒漠，(2)青海云杉林，(3)祁连圆柏林，(4)金露梅灌丛，(5)矮嵩草草甸，(6)小嵩草草甸，各组具有不同的花粉组合特征；但山杨—白桦林可能是由于花粉自身和花粉保存等原因，花粉组合无突出特征，难以区分。海拔高度和干燥度是影响表土花粉和植被分布的重要因素。藜科／蒿属(C／A)、木本花粉／非木本花粉(AP／NAP)随植被变化也反映出与植被分布的一致性。