汶川大地震中土坝破坏程度与坝体几何形状的关系分析

调查、搜集和研究了汶川地震中被评定为高危以上险情的147座小型水库土坝的地震破坏情况,给出了高危以上险情土坝的地震破坏程度划分为中等破坏、严重破坏和极严重破坏三个等级的原则和标准,以及土坝的地震破坏程度与地震烈度、土坝的宽高比、上游坡比、坝高的经验关系表,可发现:土坝的几何形状对其破坏程度起着重要的作用;对于6～8度地震烈度区,土坝的宽高比越小,或上游坡比越小,或坝体越高,则土坝的破坏程度越严重;对于9度以上地震烈度区,土坝通常发生极严重破坏。依据高危以上险情土坝的地震反应分析结果,给出了土坝地震破坏程度与土坝宽高比、坝高、土坝上游坡比及坝顶加速度放大系数、坝体最大动剪应力的经验关系曲线,发现在相同的地震烈度水平下,土坝的宽高比越小,或上游坡比越小,或坝高越大,且坝顶加速度放大系数越大或坝体最大动剪应力越大,则其地震破坏程度越严重;坝体最大动剪应力超过30kPa的土坝,通常发生严重或极严重破坏,坝体最大动剪应力大于100kPa的土坝,通常发生极严重破坏;土坝离发震断层越远,则其坝顶加速度放大系数越大。本文给出的高危以上险情土坝的地震破坏程度与坝体几何形状的经验关系,可为今后土坝抗震设计提供参考依据。     

镇江市地震台RZB型分量钻孔应变仪地震记录特征与地震参数相关性分析

选取镇江市地震台RZB型分量钻孔应变仪2014年5月至2018年3月记录的全球142次地震,探讨该应变仪地震记录能力,分析震级、震中距与最大振幅之间的关系,以及地震波传播方向与四分量中振幅最大分量方位的关系。结果发现：该应变仪可记录研究时段全球发生的所有8级以上地震,理论上震级越大,记录的地震震中距越大;震级相同,震中距越大,应变仪记录的地震波最大振幅越小,拟合曲线较为符合幂函数关系;震中距相近,震级越大,应变仪记录的地震波最大振幅也越大,拟合曲线较为符合幂函数关系。偶有数据点偏离拟合曲线较远,是因为：①地震震源较深;②应变量的最大值或最小值未被记录到,量取值非实际最大和最小振幅;③有时地震波形周期难以分辨。多数地震最大振幅所在分量方向与地震传播方向基本相同。     

Response of vertical deformation on faults to remote strong earthquakes

Vertical coseismic deformation on non-causative fault caused by remote strong earthquakes(epicentral distance≥1500 km,MS≥7.0)are observed by fault-monitoring instruments of new type during recent two years.The monitor-ing result shows,delay time,maximum amplitude and duration of vertical deformation on the non-causative faulthave remarkable close relationship with earthquakes magnitude and epicentral distance.The delay time of verticalcoseismic deformation have positive linear relationship with epicentral distance.The velocity of coseismic defor-mation is 5.5 km/s,close to the velocity of surface wave in granite.The logarithms of maximum amplitude of co-seismic deformation and epicentral distance have remarkable linear relationship with magnitude.The greater themagnitude and the closer the epicentral distance are,the bigger the maximum amplitude of coseismic deformationon non-causative fault will be.Relative to the epicentral distance,the magnitude is the most important factor to theduration of coseismic vertical deformation on the non-causative fault.Stronger earthquake causes longer vibrationduration of coseismic deformation.The experiential equation of co-seismic deformation faults obtained by thiswork is significant on the coseismic deformation research.     

The saros–marmara earthquake of 9 August 1912

This paper examines one of the largest earthquakes in the Balkans in this century which remains hitherto imperfectly known and in need of evaluation. It shows that, given certain conditions, it is perfectly feasible to study in detail an earthquake that occurred three-quarters of a century ago. This earthquake destroyed more than 300 villages and towns, killing over 2,000 people just north of the Dardanelles. The earthquake, which had a magnitude of M = 7.4, was associated with an oblique, 50 km long fault-break, and with the liquefaction of river deposits at large epicentral distances. Landslides and fire added to the damage which can be expressed in terms of a damage ratio that in turn allows the establishment of a loss–intensity relationship. The results may be used to estimate losses to houses of similar type due to future earthquakes.     

四川地区强震前弱震空区的变化特征

本文使用四川台网地震目录全部资料,适当参考邻省地震目录,对于四川省从1970年下半年以来发生的15组5级以上地震(另有5组缺乏完整资料无法讨论),作 R-t 图、D-t 图寻找时间空区,并作相应的平面空区图.通过对比分析,发现6组6级以上和4组5级地震前震中附近出现空区现象.根据形成空区的变化过程可分为先扩(大)后缩(小)型和逐渐扩大的开放型两种类型.平面空区的位置和形状往往与构造展布有关.有5组5级震例,或因震前震中区小震不断,或因震中及其附近地区小震太少,看不出明显的空区.本文利用出现空区的10个震例,总结出空区参数与未来地震的震级的经验关系:M=5.50 lg Rmax-2.331.32 M=2.98 lgT+2.941.06 M=2.52lg(RmaxT)-0.510.96文中将上述结果与大竹政和的结果作了对比.空区不同变化形态可用金森博雄概括的突起点模式加以解释.      

高土石坝震害与抗震措施评述

目前,我国西部地区正建或拟建一大批高土石坝,这些高坝都位于地震高烈度区,做好抗震设计非常重要。本文总结了地震荷载作用下土石坝常见的几种破坏形式,包括地震永久变形、滑坡失稳、液化、防渗体破坏、次生破坏;针对这些破坏形式,总结了地震高烈度区高土石坝的抗震措施,包括预留超高、坡脚压重、坝顶加固、抗液化措施、防渗体处理等;提出了现阶段高土石坝抗震的计算方法和抗震措施存在的缺点和不足,并对我国今后的高土石坝抗震稳定研究提出了建议。     

用763长周期地震仪台网测定面波震级

根据成层介质中面波的传播理论,考虑到介质的吸收、地球介质与763地震仪所组成的线性滤波器对面波振幅和周期的影响,并假定面波最大振幅对应于Airy相,则可从理论上导出测定面波震级的量规函数为: 763（△）=3.9+0.16（△/TP）+1/3 Ig△+1/2 lg（sin△）+IgTP （1p为Airy相对应的周期。该量规函数在震中距△=20——160范围内,与IASPEI所推荐的量规函数相一致,与实际观测资料在2——178范围內都拟合得很好。 763（△）推广了IASPEI推荐的量规函数使用的震中距和周期范围,这点对我国特别重要,因为发生在中国而又被中国台网记到的地震,震中距大部分在1——20范围内。 用我国763长周期地震仪台网所观测到的垂直向面波最大振幅、周期资料,测定了103个地震的面波震级MS,763,其台网震级误差为0.14,比SK仪台网的（0.20）要小。与NEIS使用世界标准台网测定的真MSZ相比较,发现MS,763与MSZ之间,在统计上无系统差,即△MS=MS,763——MSZ的均值接近于零,而△MS的标准误差为0.21级。      

Behavior of large fill dams during earthquake and earthquake damage

This paper describes the behavior of and damage to large fill dams during earthquakes. Although fill dams have been constructed since olden times, there are only records of recent earthquake damage. We analyzed the behavior of fill dams of at least 15 m in height during earthquakes, and investigated the damage to the fill dams. The fact that fill dams that are designed and constructed based on the modern design standards have never been failed but have been only slightly affected by past earthquakes in Japan and other nations suggests that such large fill dams are highly earthquake resistant. The modern conventional design methods (soil engineering control of the bank soil, method for evaluating slip safety, and evaluation method of the foundation ground) are thus fully adequate for determining earthquake resistance.     

Seismic risk analysis for Northern Iraq

In this study the seismic risks of northern Iraq have been evaluated by a probabilistic method. The data contain about 500 earthquakes which occurred between 1840 and 1978. The epicentral locations and magnitudes of the included earthquakes have been presented. A linear relationship between magnitude and frequency has been assumed. The attenuation of intensities has been presented as a function of magnitude and epicentral distance. The seismic risk has been calculated for 225 points of the analysed area. The equiseismal maps related to a certain risk level have been plotted by using these point values of intensities, and assuming a linear variation between the points. The significance of the standard deviation of the attenuation law and the strict lower bound intensity has been investigated by sensitivity analyses. The intensity contours related to the annual return period of 50, 100 and 200 years have been presented, and also the intensity contours with an occurrence probability of 10 per cent during 50, 100 and 200 years have been drawn.     

Seismic microzoning from synthetic ground motion earthquake scenarios parameters: The case study of the city of Catania (Italy)

The city of Catania (Italy) in the South-Eastern Sicily has been affected in past times by several destroying earthquakes with high values of estimated magnitude. The seismogenic area to the south of Volcano Etna, known as Iblean Area, is placed between the African and the Euro-Asiatic plates on the west of the Ibleo-Maltese escarpment, to the south of the Graben of the Sicilian channel and on the east of the overlapping front of Gela. Basing on the seismic history of Catania, the following earthquake scenarios have been considered: the “Val di Noto” earthquake of January 11, 1693 (with intensity X-XI on MCS scale, magnitude M_W=7.41 and epicentral distance of about 13 km); the “Etna” earthquake of February 20, 1818 (with intensity IX on MCS scale, magnitude M_W=6.23 and epicentral distance of about 10 km). The soil response analysis at the surface, in terms of time history and response spectra, has been obtained by 1-D equivalent linear models for about 1200 borings location available in the data-bank of the central area of Catania of about 50 km², using deterministic design scenario earthquakes as input at the conventional bedrock.Seismic microzoning maps of the city of Catania have been obtained in terms of different peak ground acceleration at the surface and in terms of amplification ratios for given values of frequency.     

倾斜固体潮对我国若干地震的触发作用浅析

本文研究了我国历史与现今中强以上地震的发震时刻与倾斜固体潮的关系。结果表明,地震发震时刻位于震中区当天倾斜固体潮的峰值时段上。孤立型地震的发震时刻往往与震中区倾斜固体潮极大值对应;原地重复发生的地震,其发震时刻所处的倾斜固体潮背景相同;逼近地震与主震发震时刻的倾斜固体潮背景相同的占70%;大震后有60%的强余震与主震发震时刻的倾斜固体潮背景相同。据此,成功地预报了门源6.4级地震后的较大余震。     

青海钻孔应变映震效能研究

利用青海省6套YRY-4分量钻孔应变仪2007—2015年的观测资料,将该地区符合扫描范围的地震从震前异常和同震特征两方面进行研究。结果显示:湟源、德令哈分量钻孔应变差应变曲线地震前大多有短期超差异常;分量钻孔应变仪的同震响应幅度与震级、震中距都有关。同一地震,多台仪器多数情况同震响应幅度与震中距成反比,少数成正比;一般单台仪器同震响应幅度与地震震级成正比关系,震级越大同震响应幅度越大;分量钻孔应变仪的同震响应延迟时间大多与地震震中距成正比,震中距越远同震响应延迟时间越长;分量钻孔应变仪同震响应持续时间与震级基本成正比,震级越大同震持续时间越长。     

Sand blows as a potential tool for magnitude estimation of pre-instrumental earthquakes

A worldwide database of liquefaction-induced sand blows has been compiled to generate empirical relationships between earthquake parameters and sand blow geometries. Curves resulting from these empirical relationships can be used afterwards for the study of historic and pre-historic earthquakes that formed sand blows. This database only incorporates instrumental earthquakes inducing sand blows, characterised in terms of magnitude (Mw), hypocentral location and focal mechanism solution. Two relationships are herein presented. The first curve, minimum likelihood of liquefaction occurrence (magnitude/epicentral distance), displays a logarithmic behaviour, as others already proposed. The second curve of sand-blow diameter vs epicentral distance is the first proposal of this kind, whose shape follows a negative power-law. Magnitude estimations of (pre-)historic earthquakes then may be attempted through these empirical relationships. Resulting magnitudes derived from these curves should be mostly considered as underestimated. The curves will reflect actual magnitudes only if, correspondingly, the farthest and largest blow has ever been reported during the after-earthquake survey. Following the same principle, a magnitude estimation resulting from the measuring of a sand blow can only be considered as minimal because it is almost impossible to ascertain that the measured feature is the biggest one produced by the earthquake under evaluation. Finally, these results call for thorough surveys of induced effects after every future moderate-to-large earthquake, as any empirical relationship simply improves by incorporating new data.     

基于各向异性介质模型讨论地电阻率各向异性变化

讨论了均匀方位各向异性介质模型,运用电阻率变化的视各向异性与真各向异性的理论关系。研究了20个强震近震中区31个地电台的视电阻率变化各向异性与主应力的关系发现:与主压应力方位正交的测向(包括近于正交的测向)月速率变化幅度大于平行主压应力方位测向(包括近于平行的测向)的变化幅度;视各向异性变化与地震震级、震中距等均有一定的关系。     

1976年唐山地震前土层水平最大剪应变的时空分布

土层应变仪观测网的观测结果表明:土层水平最大剪应变在唐山地震前有异常,异常后便发生了主震;异常时间等值线从震中向外围传播,其传播速度为每天0.1—6.6公里,从震中区向外围加快,以沿着通过唐山主震震中区的北东和北西向断裂带的传播速度为最快;最高等值线圈闭震中或在震中附近     

Earthquake parameters and spatial distribution of coseismic effects in Southern Siberia and Mongolia

In this work we review earthquakes that happened in Southern Siberia and Mongolia within the coordinates of 42°–62° N and 80°–124° E and first propose relationships between earthquake parameters (a surface-wave earthquake magnitude M _s and an epicentral intensity(I ₀) based on the MSK-64 scale) and maximal distances from an earthquake epicenter (R _{e max}), hypocenter (R _{h max}), and a seismogenic fault (R _{f max}) to the localities of secondary coseismic effects. Special attention was paid to the study of these relationships for the effects of soil liquefaction. Hence, it was shown that secondary deformations from an earthquake were distributed in space away from an earthquake epicenter, than from an associating seismogenic fault. The effects of soil liquefaction are manifested by several times closer to a seismogenic fault, than all other effects, regardless of the type of tectonic movement in a seismic focus. Within the 40 km zone from an earthquake epicenter 44% of the known manifestations of liquefaction process occurred; within the 40 km zone from a seismogenic fault—90%. We propose the next relationship for effects of soil liquefaction: M _s = 0.007 × R _{e max} + 5.168 that increases the limits of the maximum epicentral distance at an earthquake magnitude of 5.2 ≤ M _s ≤ 8.1 as compared to the corresponding relationships for different regions of the world.     

The mutation sequence of earth resistivity and earthquakes

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华北地区烈度衰减模型建立及其用于震中区域和震级的定量估算.

利用地震烈度资料定量估算历史地震震中区域和震级的方法是由Bakun和Wentworth于1997年首先提出的．该方法定量程度高,对烈度数据较少或发生在近海的历史地震的定位和震级估算尤为有效．按照Baku和Wentworth给出的思路,笔者尝试了对我国华北地区的历史和近代地震的震中和震级进行初步分析．首先,选取20世纪以来发生在该地区的10次有仪器记录的地震（5.3le;MSle;7.8）,对该地区的烈度-震级-震中距衰减关系进行标定并给出了烈度衰减模型,表明华北地区烈度随震中距增大而衰减的速率明显小于美国加州地区（约50%）．在此衰减模型的基础上,提出了确定震级和震中区域的网格搜索试算方法（GSTSL）,并给出了适用于华北地区的圈定震中区域和烈度震级的等值线置信值．最后,讨论了计算震中区域等值线时所引进的权因子Wi及其中参数b对震中区域等值线圈闭性的影响．利用该方法,对发生在1668年莒县——郯城地震,1679年三河——平谷地震,以及1966年隆尧地震和1969年渤海地震进行了分析．需要指出的是,该方法也可推广应用于我国其它历史地震资料丰富的地区．      

Seismically-induced landslides in the Betic Cordillera (S Spain)

A database of seismically-induced landslides in the Betic Cordillera is presented. Data included were classified according to landslide typology. Most of them (≈80%) correspond to small size, disrupted landslides (including rock/earth falls and earth slides that disorganize as mass-movement progresses) and the remaining consist mainly of coherent landslides (slumps in soils and rock-slides). Deep seated induced landslides are uncommon in the study zone and have occurred only after the few events of large magnitude reported in the Cordillera. Data available show that events of small magnitude (M_w<5.0) can induce instabilities in the study zone for comparatively large distances (>10 km) when compared with available upper bound curves for maximum epicentral distances for seismic induced landslides, that concentrate along areas prone to landsliding, like river banks or slopes on soft materials, which points out the importance of the role of slope susceptibility on the occurrence of instabilities during earthquakes. Landslides in the database are then analyzed and a power-law relationship that relates earthquake size, measured as epicentral intensity (I_o), to maximum distance of induced landslide valid for the study zone is proposed. Although included data represent a clear partial and incomplete dataset, they show the landslide state of knowledge for this region.     

中国东北及邻区竖直向地震动强度包络函数参数的确定及其衰减关系

选用2008—2019年中国东北及邻区27次地震竖直向105条强震动记录,以三段式强度包络函数模型为目标,利用加权最小二乘回归方法,尝试建立了东北及邻区竖直向地震动时程强度包络函数参数的衰减公式,以使我国的地震动区域划分更具有普遍性。同以往的研究类似,上升段持时t₁和平稳段持时t_s的确定方法采用了70%能量持时法。所选地震的震级为3.3—5.8级,最大震中距为371 km。基于土层场地的竖直向记录,通过与我国目前常用的时程强度包络函数参数的衰减关系进行对比分析发现,t₁与震级之间有明显的相关性,实际应用中应考虑震级对t₁的影响;地震整体持时较短造成t_s上升趋势随距离的增加而变缓;下降段由衰减系数c的变化可见,记录整体衰减较快。