喀斯特流域水文地貌系统汇流分析─—以喀斯特峰丛洼地谷地流域为例

在回顾目前汇流理论基本问题的基础上,根据喀斯特径流试验场水文资料,提出喀斯特流域水文地貌系统汇流结构场由地貌形态结构和含水介质结构组成,从而认识到喀斯特流域汇水流量过程的双层结构,并运用系统论的观点探讨了流域汇流特性。      

矿山泥石流沟谷形态的分形分维

以2个区域的矿山泥石流为背景,利用分形理论分析了矿山泥石流沟谷形态特征,并与4个区域的自然泥石流沟谷形态进行比较研究。沟谷形态的分形维数具有相同的地学意义:维数越小,该要素对沟道及泥石流的发育和形成的影响越大。沟道比降、汇水面积和沟道长度3个沟谷形态要素中,汇水面积影响最为显著;但矿山泥石流沟谷具有汇水面积少、沟谷尺度小,沟谷比降陡的特点;在此基础上提出了自然—矿山型泥石流的概念。     

新疆开都河流域主要地貌形态特征研究

自然环境组成要素中没有一个要素与地貌形态无相互影响,人类的任何一个生产活动也与地貌形态具有密切联系.以新疆开都河流域地貌形态为研究对象,探讨流域尺度地貌形态类型、不同地貌形态的空间变异特征.在开都河流域实地考察、制图分析、对地貌形态分类和测定不同地貌类型的面积和相对高度、各地貌类型相互影响的数据基础上,采用地貌类型学和地统计学的方法,对研究区的地貌形态进行了制图分类及其特征变异分析,并采用GIS定位测定方法,做出开都河流域的地貌类型空间数字地图.结果表明:开都河流域地貌形态复杂多样,虽然开都河流域是以天山山脉中段南麓的山间盆地——焉耆盆地为中心,但是在流域中陆地上的地貌类型均有分布.该流域是典型的封闭性盆地地貌为主,多种地貌形态并存而交叉分布;该流域由三个盆地地貌单元组成,表现出山间盆地地貌类型的环状分布特点.     

土林地貌分类研究

土林地貌是指在干旱-半干旱地区, 由半松散-半固结的碎屑沉积物经过流水剥蚀、堆积形成的林柱状、墙状及沟谷等一系列地貌的统称。以往对土林的研究不够系统和全面, 甚至将其归为黄土地貌。本文通过统计土林地貌在全世界范围内的分布, 分析研究了土林地貌的分布规律、物质组成和形成原因, 认为土林地貌具有自身独特的形成规律和形态特征。土林地貌从物质组成和形态上属于沉积岩地貌; 从成因上划分应属于剥蚀地貌中的流水剥蚀地貌, 并伴随有流水堆积地貌的特征, 其中剥蚀地貌进一步划分为沟谷地貌、林柱地貌和潜蚀地貌。     

祁连山西段党河流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义

党河流域位于祁连山西段,流域内发育有三危山断裂、阿尔金断裂、野马河断裂和党河南山断裂等.这些断裂晚第四纪新活动性明显,控制着区内的构造变形、山体隆升与河流水系地貌发育.流域地貌参数指标能够很好地反映区域构造变形特征,因而党河流域地貌的发育和演化过程也记录了该区构造活动的重要信息.本文基于GIS空间分析技术,利用SRTM-DEM数据,系统提取了研究区内水系网络并对其进行Strahler分级后,获取党河流域各级亚流域盆地共计554个,进而计算了各亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分(HI)值,并对HI值进行空间插值,获取党河流域HI值空间分布特征.通过对比区内各个地貌参数指标,发现其与构造活动具有很好的相关性和同步性,表明构造活动对于流域地形地貌发育具有强烈的控制作用.区内亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分值分布特征表明,HI低值区与第四纪断陷盆地的范围相一致,而HI高值区则与晚更新世以来主干断裂的逆冲活动山体隆升范围相一致,反映了该区山体隆升和盆地沉降作用的总体面貌.     

流域地貌形态特征多重分形算法研究

为研究流域地貌形态特征的量化指标,提出基于高程分布概率的多重分形计算模型,结合大理河岔巴沟流域和大堡岔流域DEM数据进行多重分形计算,对流域地貌形态特征多重分形谱的表征意义进行了探讨。结果表明:流域地貌形态特征多重分形谱可以更加敏感、更加全面地对流域地貌形态的总体特征进行描述;多重分形谱的顶点对应简单分形的容量维,多重分形谱的宽度可以定量表征流域表面的起伏程度,多重分形谱的端点维数的差别可以间接地反映流域峰谷数目的比例;流域地貌形态特征多重分形谱能够分层次地刻画流域内部的精细结构,从而更加突出地表现异常局部地貌变化特征;流域地貌形态特征多重分形谱的无标度区间的合理范围,应该确定为DEM像元尺度到流域最大高程值的1.5倍左右最为合适。     

岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义*

晚新生代以来发育岷山构造带内部的岷江水系流域盆地,无论是流域盆地内的新生代沉积记录,还是其流域地貌所呈现的典型特征,都深刻指示了青藏高原东缘地区的新构造活动。文章基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据空间分析技术,利用最新获取的高精度SRTM-DEM数据,系统提取了岷江水系中上游流域汇水盆地以及67个亚流域盆地的典型地貌参数,如流域面积、河流长度、分支比等。通过对流域地貌参数以及纵向河道高程剖面等的统计分析,认为岷江水系东西两侧具有截然不同的地貌特征,东侧流域盆地主要表现为面积小、河流长度短、分支比低以及河流梯度大等特征。由于岷江水系东西两侧地层岩性的对称发育以及整个岷江流域盆地对气候因素具有同一的响应特征,所以亚流域盆地典型参数特征指示了岷江水系两侧晚新生代构造活动的差异性,反映并印证了岷江断裂东西两侧晚新生代以来的不均衡抬升。晚新生代以来岷山构造带的快速隆起以及龙门山构造带内部差异活动是造成岷江水系东侧各支流发育程度低,东西两侧亚流域差异地貌特征形成的主要原因。     

湘桂走廊地貌发育特征的地学意义及形成机制研究

为了探讨湘桂走廊内岩溶发育特征、水文地貌学意义及区内峰林平原形成原因,文章通过实地调查区内地貌形态、岩性以及地貌类型的空间展布特征,运用岩溶水文地貌学理论探讨区内水文地貌的形成与演化。根据区内地貌形态的空间展布特征,分析认为区内水系经历一次反向袭夺过程;区内地貌演变受到越城岭、海洋山两个隆起的影响,平原面积变小,湘江向东北退缩;区内地貌演化至少经历了古湘江期、灵河孕育期、灵河期等三个夷平时期。文章在分析区内峰林平原形成动力机制的同时,提出岩溶流域潮间带概念模型和岩溶流域牵动交互式袭夺模式,丰富了峰林平原成因类型和岩溶水文地貌学的研究方法,提出的科学术语具有重要科学意义。     

基于GIS 分析喀斯特流域下垫面因素对枯季径流的影响——以贵州省河流为例

本文采用GIS 作为空间分析的工具, 分析了喀斯特流域地貌类型等下垫面因素对枯季径流的影响, 并从流域结构的角度, 选择了空间尺度、岩性、地貌类型、森林植被等自然因素作为参数, 借助于SPSS 软件, 运用多元统计学的方法, 建立了多元回归方程数学模型, 对喀斯特流域枯季最小日流量进行预测。      

基于能量累积的水系裂点提取分析

快速有效的提取沟谷裂点,对水文地貌、河流侵蚀的研究具有重要意义。通过对比其他沟谷特征点可以发现：沟谷裂点不具备一致的几何特征,但相较于其他的河网节点,裂点处的能量较大。运用GIS窗口分析的方法与原理,设计基于DEM数据的裂点提取方法,通过能量的汇集来实现裂点的提取。该方法具有可靠的精度并具有较高的效率。     

基于DEM和高分辨率遥感影像的“膨胀-融合”式地表沟壑提取

地表沟壑的精细化提取是地形地貌特征的重要内容.针对现有沟壑提取结果中存在断裂区域和伪沟壑区域的情况,提出一种基于DEM和高分辨率遥感影像的地表沟壑“膨胀-融合”式提取方法.该方法综合了D8算法、坡向变率算法和面向对象分类方法的提取结果,首先引入距离制图算法对初始沟壑进行方向性膨胀,然后通过栅格重分类和代数运算进行沟壑融合,剔除伪沟壑区域,最终实现研究区域内沟壑的精细化提取.以GDEM v2数据和高分二号影像数据为数据源,精细化提取了湖北省神农架林区举黑沟至麻湾村一带的地表沟壑.采用随机点验证法对实验区域内的沟壑提取结果进行了精度评价,结果表明该方法的总体精度为92%,能有效弥合数据中的断裂区域,同时剔除伪沟壑区域,达到提高沟壑提取精度的目的.      

Debris flow hazard assessment at Dongmatun Village in Laomao mountainous area of Dalian,Northeast China

After a heavy and continuous rainfall from July 27 to 28, 1981, geological disasters involving large debris flow affected the northern part of Wafangdian City and Pulandian City in Dalian, northeast China, and caused considerable loss of life and property. In recent years, precipitation has continued to increase significantly in Dalian, where the largest debris flow gully, named the Dongmatuncun main ditch, is situated. The Dongmatuncun main ditch is 2 km away from the north side of the right bank of the Fudu River in Wanjialing, Wafangdian City. The geomorphological and hydrological conditions, combined with the characteristics of the debris flow solid source, are conducive to debris flow development. Moreover, with an increase in rainfall, debris flow recurrence becomes increasingly likely. We study the debris flow gully in Dongmatun Village by analyzing the formation conditions through field survey. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process are used to evaluate the risk of debris flow. Results indicate that the debris flow gully in Dongmatun Village is highly dangerous and debris flow occurs during heavy rainfall. In addition, the breakout of debris flow can threaten human life and property.     

震后都汶公路沿线泥石流沟堵江危险性评估

震后泥石流松散物质显著增多,临界雨量降低,导致泥石流暴发频率增加、规模增大,从而使震后灾区泥石流堵江事件频繁发生,给灾区带来严重的二次灾害。为了评价震后泥石流堵江概率大小,本文在野外考察基础上,获得研究区泥石流沟基础数据,并根据水文模型计算不同频率下的泥石流规模; 在此基础上利用泥石流堵江公式,获取研究区域泥石流堵江危险程度(数值),并结合研究区域已发生的泥石流堵江事件,界定了泥石流堵江公式的临界值,使之能够更加准确用来判定泥石流堵江概率,并对 5·12 地震极震区都汶公路沿线的7条泥石流在不同频率下的泥石流堵江概率进行评价。评价结果显示:牛眠沟和关山沟在暴发50a及其以上泥石流时,会发生堵江; 烧房沟、红椿沟和磨子沟在暴发10a及其以上泥石流时,会发生堵江事件; 洱沟和太平沟在暴发5a及其以上泥石流时便可能发生堵江; 上述泥石流沟一旦发生堵江,便会给映秀镇和都汶公路带来严重灾难。通过本文获取的堵江临界值可以作为判定泥石流堵江的参考标准,为泥石流防治、预报提供参考,同时可以为灾后重建和预防二次灾害提供科学借鉴。     

Neural network modeling for regional hazard assessment of debris flow in Lake Qionghai Watershed, China

This paper presents a neural network (NN) based model to assess the regional hazard degree of debris flows in Lake Qionghai Watershed, China. The NN model was used as an alternative for the more conventional linear model MFCAM (multi-factor composite assessment model) in order to effectively handle the nonlinearity and uncertainty inherent in the debris flow hazard analysis. The NN model was configured using a three layer structure with eight input nodes and one output node, and the number of nodes in the hidden layer was determined through an iterative process of varying the number of nodes in the hidden layer until an optimal performance was achieved. The eight variables used to represent the eight input nodes include density of debris flow gully, degree of weathering of rocks, active fault density, area percentage of slope land greater than 25° of the total land (APL25), frequency of flooding hazards, average covariance of monthly precipitation by 10 years (ACMP10), average days with rainfall >25 mm by 10 years (25D10Y), and percentage of cultivated land with slope land greater than 25° of the total cultivated land (PCL25). The output node represents the hazard-degree ranks (HDR). The model was trained with the 35 sets of data obtained from previous researches reported in literatures, and an explicit uncertainty analysis was undertaken to address the uncertainty in model training and prediction. Before the NN model is extrapolated to Lake Qionghai Watershed, a validation case, different from the above data, is conducted. In addition, the performances of the NN model and the MFCAM were compared. The NN model predicted that the HDRs of the five sub-watersheds in the Lake Qionghai Watershed were IV, IV, III, III, and IV–V, indicating that the study area covers normal hazard and severe hazard areas. Based on the NN model results, debris flow management and economic development strategies in the study are proposed for each sub-watershed.     

基于FLOW-3D的泥石流龙头运动过程模拟研究

由于2020年10月3日四川省阿坝州理县米亚罗镇突发暴雨,二经里沟暴发了泥石流,损坏沟口的高速公路,并堵塞河道。为了探索泥石流龙头运动特征,选取二经里沟为研究对象,通过调查分析得到泥石流物源分布及规模、沟道形态等特征,采用FLOW-3D数值模拟方法对该泥石流的运动特征进行分析。依据泥石流运动过程的不同特征,将全过程划分...     

泥石流容重的内涵诠释及其对灾害防治的启示

容重是描述泥石流性质的重要基础参数。本文基于泥石流运动过程的时空特征,厘定了最大容重、峰值容重和平均容重3个容重特征值。以蒋家沟1987年以来的泥石流观测数据为分析对象,分析了3个容重特征值在数值上的分布规律和影响因素。结果显示：①最大容重与峰值容重的关系式具有较好的相关性,最大容重与平均容重的关系式具有实际计算适宜性;②最大容重和峰值流量均与泥石流峰值流量呈正相关,与泥石流冲出规模关系不明显。在现有泥石流容重计算方法基础上,进一步界定了泥石流容重取样、计算和校验方法,构建了泥石流灾害特征值计算中容重独立取值原则,即峰值流量、流速、冲压力等计算建议选取最大容重,而一次冲出固体物质总量、堵河危险性和危险区范围等计算建议选取平均容重。研究结果可为泥石流灾害防治提供参考。     

三眼峪特大泥石流沟流域分区特征

三眼峪“8．8”特大泥石流属典型的沟谷型泥石流,整个沟域具有明显的形成区、流通区及堆积区。通过野外调查,竹塔沟-桥子沟以上的大、小眼峪上游沟脑为雨洪产流汇流区域,产流区与罐子坪-峪支沟一线之间为主要的固体物源区,大、小眼峪口至三眼峪口之间以过流为主,峪口至白龙江之间为堆积区。通过分析三眼峪流域分区特征和泥石流在不同分区的沿程冲淤变化,以期为建立三眼峪泥石流监测预警体系提供依据。     

泥石流容重的内涵诠释及其对灾害防治的启示

容重是描述泥石流性质的重要基础参数.本文基于泥石流运动过程的时空特征,厘定了最大容重、峰值容重和平均容重3个容重特征值.以蒋家沟1987年以来的泥石流观测数据为分析对象,分析了3个容重特征值在数值上的分布规律和影响因素.结果显示:①最大容重与峰值容重的关系式具有较好的相关性,最大容重与平均容重的关系式具有实际计算适宜性...     

Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent

Wildfire can lead to considerable hydrological and geomorphological change, both directly by weathering bedrock surfaces and changing soil structure and properties, and indirectly through the effects of changes to the soil and vegetation on hydrological and geomorphological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge and identifies research gaps focusing particularly on the contribution of research from the Mediterranean Basin, Australia and South Africa over the last two decades or so to the state of knowledge mostly built on research carried out in the USA.Wildfire-induced weathering rates have been reported to be high relative to other weathering processes in fire-prone terrain, possibly as much as one or two magnitudes higher than frost action, with important implications for cosmogenic-isotope dating of the length of rock exposure. Wildfire impacts on soil properties have been a major focus of interest over the last two decades. Fire usually reduces soil aggregate stability and can induce, enhance or destroy soil water repellency depending on the temperature reached and its duration. These changes have implications for infiltration, overland flow and rainsplash detachment. A large proportion of publications concerned with fire impacts have focused on post-fire soil erosion by water, particularly at small scales. These have shown elevated, sometimes extremely large post-fire losses before geomorphological stability is re-established. Soil losses per unit area are generally negatively related to measurement scale reflecting increased opportunities for sediment storage at larger scales. Over the last 20 years, there has been much improvement in the understanding of the forms, causes and timing of debris flow and landslide activity on burnt terrain. Advances in previously largely unreported processes (e.g. bio-transfer of sediment and wind erosion) have also been made.Post-fire hydrological effects have generally also been studied at small rather than large scales, with soil water repellency effects on infiltration and overland flow being a particular focus. At catchment scales, post-fire accentuated peakflow has received more attention than changes in total flow, reflecting easier measurement and the greater hazard posed by the former. Post-fire changes to stream channels occur over both short and long terms with complex feedback mechanisms, though research to date has been limited.Research gaps identified include the need to: (1) develop a fire severity index relevant to soil changes rather than to degree of biomass destruction; (2) isolate the hydrological and geomorphological impacts of fire-induced soil water repellency changes from other important post-fire changes (e.g. litter and vegetation destruction); (3) improve knowledge of the hydrological and geomorphological impacts of wildfire in a wider range of fire-prone terrain types; (4) solve important problems in the determination and analysis of hillslope and catchment sediment yields including poor knowledge about soil losses other than at small spatial and short temporal scales, the lack of a clear measure of the degradational significance of post-fire soil losses, and confusion arising from errors in and lack of scale context for many quoted post-fire soil erosion rates; and (5) increase the research effort into past and potential future hydrological and geomorphological changes resulting from wildfire.     

Geomorphology and GIS analysis for mapping gully erosion susceptibility in the Turbolo stream catchment (Northern Calabria, Italy)

This work summarizes the results of a geomorphological and bivariate statistical approach to gully erosion susceptibility mapping in the Turbolo stream catchment (northern Calabria, Italy). An inventory map of gully erosion landforms of the area has been obtained by detailed field survey and air photograph interpretation. Lithology, land use, slope, aspect, plan curvature, stream power index, topographical wetness index and length-slope factor were assumed as gully erosion predisposing factors. In order to estimate and validate gully erosion susceptibility, the mapped gully areas were divided in two groups using a random partitions strategy. One group (training set) was used to prepare the susceptibility map, using a bivariate statistical analysis (Information Value method) in GIS environment, while the second group (validation set) to validate the susceptibility map, using the success and prediction rate curves. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the existing data on gully areas locations; therefore, over 88% of the gullies of the validation set are correctly classified falling in high and very high susceptibility areas. The susceptibility map, produced using a methodology that is easy to apply and to update, represents a useful tool for sustainable planning, conservation and protection of land from gully processes. Therefore, this methodology can be used to assess gully erosion susceptibility in other areas of Calabria, as well as in other regions, especially in the Mediterranean area, that have similar morphoclimatic features and sensitivity to concentrated erosion.