多孔介质水油两相系统相对渗透率与饱和度关系试验研究

相对渗透率和饱和度定量关系是多孔介质多相流动系统中重要的动力学参数关系。使用设计的试验装置及试验方法测定了一维砂柱中油水两相动态流动系统的相对渗透率及饱和度数据,由试验结果分析表明:所测得的相对渗透率与实际情况吻合较好;细砂的强亲水性对不同先湿条件下的油、水相相对渗透率及饱和度有较大影响,并造成了不同先湿条件下流体间驱替机制的差异;相饱和度是影响相对渗透率的主要因素,孔隙空间中两种流体的分布方式和流体的饱和历史也影响各相相对渗透率。对试验结果用VGM模型(Parker-Lenhard模型)进行拟合所得结果较好;在水先湿条件下,将van公式拟合毛细压力-饱和度数据所得拟合参数用于VGM模型预测相对渗透率-饱和度曲线,所得结果与VGM模型直接拟合所得结果有差异,但两者所得结果均较好。     

多孔介质两相系统毛细压力与饱和度关系试验研究

两相系统毛细压力-饱和度(h~S)关系曲线的确定是多孔介质多相流动研究的基础。采用简易试验装置对理想和实际介质中水-气和油-水两相系统中的h~S关系曲线进行了测定。试验结果表明,对于相同两相系统,多孔介质孔隙度愈小,同一毛细压力对应的饱和度相应愈大;对于不同两相系统,理想介质的关系曲线在一定毛细压力以下平缓,较大毛细压力时陡直,实际介质关系曲线走势相对较陡。分析结果表明,水-气和油-水两相系统的实测数据符合Parker等提出的基于van Genuchten(1980)关系式的折算理论;应用折算理论,可以在同一多孔介质某一两相系统h~S关系已知的情况下较好地估计同一孔隙度条件下其它两相系统的h~S关系曲线。     

模拟裂隙多孔介质中变饱和渗流的广义等效连续体方法

描述了一种计算裂隙多孔介质中变饱和渗流的广义等效连续体方法。这种方法忽略裂隙的毛细作用,设定一个与某孔隙饱和度相对应的综合饱和度极限值,并假定：（1）如果裂隙多孔介质的综合饱和度小于该极限值,水只在孔隙中存在并流动,而裂隙中则没有水的流动;（2）如果综合饱和度等于或大于该极限值,水将进入裂隙,并在裂隙内运动。分析比较了等效连续体模型的不同计算方法,并给出了一个模拟裂隙岩体中变饱和渗流与传热耦合问题的应用算例。结果表明,所述方法具有一般性,可以有效地模拟裂隙多孔介质中变饱和渗流的基本特征。     

基于土水特征曲线预测多孔介质毛细上升过程

多孔介质中毛细吸力作为其重要物性参数,有着重要的工程应用背景。本文结合Gardner模型的土水特征曲线和Micro-CT(Micro computerized tomography)断层扫描仪获取的多孔介质的结构形态参数,根据吸力和饱和度的拟合关系,建立了一维非饱和毛细上升模型。同时,采用有限差分方法对多孔介质非饱和毛细水上升模型进行非稳态求解,获取不同时刻湿度场和毛细吸力的分布情况,并给出了一种量化多孔介质毛细上升过程的理论方法。为验证该方法的有效性,本文在室内以窄筛分洗砂作为研究对象,通过室内试验测定其毛细吸渗上升过程及稳定时的湿度分布。结果证实,模拟结果和实测结果整体上具有较高的吻合性。本文提出的多孔介质毛细上升的预测方法具有可行性,可用于预测砂土的毛细水上升高度和湿度场的分布状态。     

多孔介质渗透率的分形描述

针对土壤、岩石等多孔介质结构的复杂性,从其结构形成的物理机制和达西定律出发,利用分形几何理论,将土壤等作为在统计意义上具有分形特征的多孔介质来研究其水力参数与结构之间的关系,建立了饱和多孔介质渗透率与其分维数之间的定量化的函数式。试验应用扫描电镜法研究了多孔介质断面微结构并算出分维数。试验结果表明:利用该模型预测的多孔介质渗透率与实测值基本吻合,能够比较精确地预测多孔介质水力参数。     

非均匀多孔介质等效渗透率的普适表达式

多孔介质渗流是普遍的物理过程,涉及地下工程、地热开采、环境工程等各行各业,尤其是工程建设,常面临防渗问题。由于地质条件的复杂性,工程区域地层受到成岩、压实、风化、生物作用等各种影响,故渗流性质复杂,常需要对建设区域的渗流状况进行数值模拟,从而为工程的设计施工提供决策依据。数值仿真结果依赖于对地层介质关键参数的选取,但目前工程多将其视为均匀介质处理,对于介质的非均匀特性考虑较少。文章旨在研究非均质多孔介质渗透率空间分布与等效渗透率的关系。基于连续介质假定、达西定律以及非均匀多孔介质渗透率空间分布函数,建立一维到三维的达西渗流问题模型,通过求解偏微分方程和理论推导,得到基于渗透率空间分布函数的等效渗透率理论表达式,并与有限元计算的数值解进行对比分析,结果表明理论值和数值解误差很小,证明等效渗透率的表达式的合理性。利用该成果可通过多点局部渗透率的测定构建渗透率空间分布函数,从而对整体渗流区域的渗透性质进行快速计算和评估,从而简化异常复杂的工程地质模型以减少计算量需求,对于工程仿真的快速计算和结果评估有重要意义。     

分形多孔介质孔隙微结构参数与渗透率的分维关系

根据分形几何理论的基本概念,就无序分形多孔介质孔隙率φ和渗透率K与多孔介质结构分数维数Df的关系进行了推导,利用Sierpinski固相分形体(Solid mass fractal)与孔相分形体(Pore mass fractal)概念对分形多孔介质微结构特征、孔隙累积数量-尺寸分布和孔隙率φ等参数及其物理关系给予了详细论述,定量地分析和讨论了基于不同模型的渗透率-分形维数关系与它们的差异.     

利用机器学习从切片的孔隙结构特征预测多孔介质渗透率

利用机器学习模型预测多孔介质的渗透率是当前孔隙尺度模型的关键研究方向之一。由于三维多孔介质数据无法直接应用于经典机器学习模型,对孔隙空间结构进行特征提取是有必要的。深度学习模型作为经典机器学习模型的进阶,在多孔介质三维数字图像预测渗透率方面取得许多成功,但模型的计算成本相当高。该研究提取多孔介质切片的孔隙结构特征,将数字图像转化为多维向量并作为机器学习模型的输入,在减少数据输入量、大幅度提高训练效率的同时,模型保持了出色的预测能力,其中长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）的预测结果最佳。     

断裂多孔岩石中的复杂反应流体动力学

:断裂多孔介质中的流体流动和组分输运过程对于理解金属成矿过程、油气运移、污染物质的输运和分布十分重要 ,近 2 0年来得到了广泛的研究。文中综述了这一领域的进展 ,涉及断裂多孔介质中的流体流动和组分输运的连续介质模型、多孔介质和断裂多孔介质的渗透率关系 ,特别是重点介绍了渗滤理论及其在断裂多孔介质中的流体流动和组分输运中的应用     

层状非均质多孔介质中LNAPLs污染物运移与分布的锋面扩展模型

通过建立二维物理模型,研究非饱和层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体LNAPLs(Light Non-a-queous Phase Liquids)的入渗机制与变化特征,建立LNAPLs运移与分布的锋面扩展模型,探讨入渗阶段油流锋面扩展速率的变化规律。结果发现:模型中砂土的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数对LNAPLs运移的锋面扩展速率影响较大,而油的饱和度与压头变化对其影响较小。当LNAPLs由中砂进入细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体时,砂的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数减小,这种介质结构面的突变改变了LNAPLs锋面扩展速率,其在中砂中锋面扩展速率快而在细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体中锋面扩展速率慢。此外,当LNAPLs进入干湿界面后,由于毛细作用的增强与含水量的加大,其横向比垂向运移的平均锋面扩展速率大。     

饱和多孔介质材料的应变局部化萌生条件

在单相介质和非渗流饱和多孔介质应变局部化萌生条件的基础上,应用饱和多孔介质控制方程和Liapunov稳定理论,导出了渗流条件下的固相应力-应变描述和有效应力-应变描述的多孔介质固相部分的应变局部化的萌生条件。不同应力描述下的萌生条件的形式有一定变化。应用简单算例,讨论了Terzaghi有效应力描述的应变局部化萌生条件中两种固、液相对运动特例下的饱和多孔介质应变局部化破坏的形式。     

Numerical modeling of multiphase fluid flow in deforming porous media: A comparison between two- and three-phase models for seismic analysis of earth and rockfill dams

In this paper, a fully coupled numerical model is presented for the finite element analysis of the deforming porous medium interacting with the flow of two immiscible compressible wetting and non-wetting pore fluids. The governing equations involving coupled fluid flow and deformation processes in unsaturated soils are derived within the framework of the generalized Biot theory. The displacements of the solid phase, the pressure of the wetting phase and the capillary pressure are taken as the primary unknowns of the present formulation. The other variables are incorporated into the model using the experimentally determined functions that define the relationship between the hydraulic properties of the porous medium, i.e. saturation, relative permeability and capillary pressure. It is worth mentioning that the imposition of various boundary conditions is feasible notwithstanding the choice of the primary variables. The modified Pastor–Zienkiewicz generalized constitutive model is introduced into the mathematical formulation to simulate the mechanical behavior of the unsaturated soil. The accuracy of the proposed mathematical model for analyzing coupled fluid flows in porous media is verified by the resolution of several numerical examples for which previous solutions are known. Finally, the performance of the computational algorithm in modeling of large-scale porous media problems including the large elasto-plastic deformations is demonstrated through the fully coupled analysis of the failure of two earth and rockfill dams. Furthermore, the three-phase model is compared to its simplified one which simulates the unsaturated porous medium as a two-phase one with static air phase. The paper illustrates the shortcomings of the commonly used simplified approach in the context of seismic analysis of two earth and rockfill dams. It is shown that accounting the pore air as an independent phase significantly influences the unsaturated soil behavior.     

Theoretical analyses of nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution‐induced instability in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media

This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)‐dissolution‐induced instability in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media including solute dispersion effects.After some weaknesses associated with the previous work are analyzed and overcome, a comprehensive dimensionless number, known as the Zhao number, is proposed to represent the main driving force and three controlling mechanisms of an NAPL‐dissolution system that has a finite domain. The linear stability analysis is carried out to derive the critical value of the comprehensive dimensionless number of the NAPL‐dissolution system in a limit case as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration to the density of the NAPL approaches zero. As a result, a theoretical criterion that can be used to assess the instability of planar NAPL‐dissolution fronts in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media of finite domains has been established. Not only can the present theoretical results be used for the theoretical understanding of the effect of solute dispersion on the instability of an NAPL‐dissolution front in the fluid‐saturated porous medium of either a finite domain or an infinite domain, but also they can be used as benchmark solutions for verifying numerical methods employed to simulate detailed morphological evolution processes of NAPL‐dissolution fronts in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含水层的一种普遍规律:渗透系数随深度衰减

国内外多个含水层的研究都发现渗透系数具有随深度衰减的规律。给出了多孔介质和裂隙介质中渗透系数随深度衰减的一般模型及简化模型,并用该简化模型分析了多个含水层的渗透系数随深度衰减的规律。研究发现,随着渗透系数测试深度的增大,衰减系数明显变小;渗透系数测试深度相近的含水层,岩性对衰减系数有一定程度影响。渗透系数随深度衰减的规律应该在地下水科学的相关研究中引起重视。     

悬浮颗粒的浓度对其在饱和多孔介质中迁移和沉积特性的影响

多孔介质中悬浮颗粒迁移和沉积特性的研究对地下污染物净化、石油开采、核废料处置、水土保持等有很重要的意义。对4种不同浓度的悬浮颗粒在3种不同的渗流速度下进行室内试验,研究悬浮颗粒的浓度对其迁移和沉积特性的影响。结果表明,在一定的悬浮颗粒浓度下,随着渗流速度的增加,穿透曲线中的悬浮颗粒的相对浓度也增大。同时,渗流速度一定时,悬浮颗粒的浓度存在一个临界值,小于该临界值,穿透曲线中的相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而增大;大于该临界值时,相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而减小。另外,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度是与渗流速度相关的,随着渗流速度增加,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度也逐渐增大     

A Mathematical Model for Estimating Electroosmosis Effect on Water Displacing Oil Process in Porous Media and Its Application

EIectrical-chemicalproducingmethod(Zhangetal.,1997)(ECPM)wassuggestedtobeanewapproachforin-creasingoilproductionrateandenhancingoilrecoveryinlowpermeabilityreservoirsinrecentyears-Electroosmosisisnoton1yoneofmainmechanicsofECPM,butofanimportantmechanicsofcommonproductionmethodbydirectelectricalfield(Aggouretal.,l994;Aggouretal.,1992lChilingeretal.,l97o).Manydynamicdisplacingexperimentsunderdi-rectelectricalfieldatdifferentelectricalpotentialgradientwereconductedtostudytheeffectofelectroos…     

Modeling Hysteresis in Porous Media Flow via Relaxation

Two-phase flow in a porous medium can be modeled, using Darcy's law, in terms of the relative permeability functions of the two fluids (say, oil and water). The relative permeabilities generally depend not only on the fluid saturations but also on the direction in which the saturations are changing. During water injection, for example, the relative oil permeability k _ro falls gradually until a threshold is reached, at which stage the k _ro begins to decrease sharply. The latter stage is termed imbibition. If oil is subsequently injected, then k _ro does not recover along the imbibition path, but rather increases only gradually until another threshold is reached, whereupon it rises sharply. This second stage is called drainage, and the type of flow that occurs between the imbibition and drainage stages is called scanning flow. Changes in permeability during scanning flow are approximately reversible, whereas changes during drainage and imbibition are irreversible. Thus there is hysteresis, or memory, exhibited by the two-phase flow in the porous medium. In this work, we describe two models of permeability hysteresis. Common to both models is that the scanning flow regime is modeled with a family of curves along which the flow is reversible. In the Scanning Hysteresis Model (SHM), the scanning curves are bounded by two curves, the drainage and imbibition curves, where the flow can only occur in a specific direction. The SHM is a heuristic model consistent with experiments, but it does not have a nice mathematical specification. For instance, the algorithm for constructing solutions of Riemann problems involves several ad hoc assumptions. The Scanning Hysteresis Model with Relaxation (SHMR) augments the SHM by (a) allowing the scanning flow to extend beyond the drainage and imbibition curves and (b) treating these two curves merely as attractors of states outside the scanning region. The attraction, or relaxation, occurs on a time scale that corresponds to the redistribution of phases within the pores of the medium driven by capillary forces. By means of a formal Chapman–Enskog expansion, we show that the SHM with additional viscosity arises from the SHMR in the limit of vanishing relaxation time, provided that the diffusion associated with capillarity exceeds that induced by relaxation. Moreover, through a rigorous study of traveling waves in the SHMR, we show that the shock waves used to solve Riemann problems in the SHM are precisely those that have diffusive profiles. Thus the analysis of the SHMR justifies the SHM model. Simulations based on a simple numerical method for the simulation of flow with hysteresis confirm our analysis.