粉尘颗粒的形成机制与影响因素

通过测定沉积物粒度来获取环境信息已经成为环境变化研究的常规手段之一,多组分分离的方法也逐渐被广泛采用,但对于粒度分布中不同组分的成因存在着不同的看法。Alfaro的碰撞理论认为当母质所遭受的碰撞能量大于母质中集合体的内聚力时,能够产生与之对应的特征组分,即特定的风速能量决定了特定组分的形成。为了对Alfaro碰撞理论进行论证检验,研究选择屏蔽了搬运分选过程、纯经机械碰撞形成的岩石碎屑和粮食表面附着物,进行粒度分析。分析发现:1)不论无机质组成的岩石还是有机质组成的粮食,其颗粒粒径主要受控于母质成分,且粒度分布均具有与种类密切相关的特征。2)虽然少部分物质的粒度分布也存在Alfaro风洞实验中出现的中值粒径较稳定的组分,但其碰撞理论很难解释大量的不相符现象和各种物质种内差异小于种间差异等现象。证明了粉尘颗粒的粒径与其物质成分特点存在密切联系,而与外界碰撞过程没有直接对应关系,能量碰撞作用并不能直接导致粉尘颗粒优势组分的形成。因此,本研究认为形成粉尘不同粒度组分的影响因素是多方面的,其中风力(能量)只是其中之一,起尘区和降尘区的大气动力条件、粉尘在搬运过程中的分选作用以及粉尘的形成母质性质和环境都是影响粉尘粒径多组分特征的重要因素。     

应力作用下岩石的化学动力学溶解机制研究

通过结合化学热力学及动力学、过渡态理论和岩石力学等方面的知识,建立了应力作用下岩石的溶解动力学模型,分析了应力作用对岩石固相物质活度及矿物溶解动力学速率的影响,探讨了应力作用下水岩相互作用机制。研究结果表明：岩石所承受应力与周围流体压力之间存在的应力差所产生的化学势差是应力作用下溶解反应的驱动力;应力的施加显著提高了岩石中固相物质的活度,由此加快了矿物溶解反应的动力学速率;应力作用下的岩石细观溶解机制可根据固液界面应力分配及优先溶解部位上的差别分别用水膜扩散模型或岛渠模型进行描述;应力作用下水岩相互作用存在着应力、化学与渗流的3场耦合问题：应力推动化学反应的发生,化学作用使得岩石表面的细观形貌发生改变,局部的应力分布及大小也随着形貌的变化而改变,进而影响化学反应发生的位置及进程,同时也改变渗流通道的演化规律     

基于改进粗糙表面Greenwood-William接触模型的离散元方法

颗粒材料的表面粗糙度在很大程度上影响颗粒集合体的力学特性,传统离散元方法中对颗粒具有光滑表面的假设,使得其无法准确描述真实颗粒材料的接触行为,因此有必要发展可以定量考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的随机离散元方法。在介绍经典粗糙表面接触模型Greenwood-Williamson(简称G-W)模型的基础上,分析了G-W模型应用于离散元模拟的缺陷,提出了分别考虑颗粒重叠光滑部分和粗糙部分的改进模型,并推导出了相应的无量纲形式,对比了经典G-W模型与改进模型计算得到的粗糙颗粒接触时压力分布、变形分布、总接触力等结果。结果表明,改进的接触模型能够更直观地反映颗粒表面粗糙度对颗粒接触的影响。基于改进的接触模型,采用两步曲线拟合手段,得到了可以直接应用于离散元模拟的随机法向接触定律。将该定律通过开发用户自定义接触模型引入到颗粒离散元程序PFC~(3D)中。通过数值试验观察了表面粗糙度在不同加载路径下对颗粒集合体力学特性的影响。     

南海西部异常高温高压气藏区域产能预测技术

南海西部存在大量高温高压高二氧化碳气藏,“三高”气藏气井测试费用高、产能预测难度大,设计变内压建束缚水应力敏感实验、含CO₂天然气PVT实验研究应力敏感、CO₂含量、表皮系数对高温高压气井产能的影响.通过大量实验,明确了高压气藏“两段式”应力敏感变化规律,得到了靶区应力敏感综合评价系数;分析不同压力下CO₂含量对天然气偏差系数、黏度等参数的影响,高压下影响较低压下大,基于实验数据推导建立一种适用于高中低二氧化碳含量的全范围偏差系数校正模型.最终建立同时考虑应力敏感、二氧化碳、表皮系数影响的区域产能预测图版,提高产能预测精度,降低测试费用,在南海西部高温高压气井应用效果较好.      

砂性土成拱应力释放特性的模型试验及数值模拟研究

通过室内模型试验研究了卸荷尺度及孔隙率对砂性土成拱应力释放特性的影响,并应用离散元分析软件PFC2D进一步对颗粒摩擦性质影响、成拱后应力场以及位移场变化规律和应力释放分区进行了细观研究。研究发现：（1）数值模拟对卸荷尺度影响因素的研究结果与室内试验一致,应用PFC2D研究砂性土应力释放特性是可行的。（2）应力释放区内竖向应力释放大于应力加载区,而水平应力释放小于应力加载区;侧压力系数在应力释放区内距离卸荷位置越近增量越大,而在应力加载区距离卸荷位置越近增量越小。（3）砂性土摩擦性质会减小土体成拱对应力释放以及侧压力系数变化的影响。（4）应力释放随着卸荷尺度及孔隙率的增大而增大;对于侧压力系数,在应力释放区内随着卸荷尺度或孔隙率的增大而增大,而在应力加载区随着卸荷尺度或孔隙率的增大而减小。     

位移释放率对双护盾TBM护盾压力的影响研究

为了研究隧洞纵向位移（LDP）释放率对双护盾隧洞掘进机（TBM）围岩变形及护盾压力的影响,在FLAC3D中采用应力释放法对LDP曲线实现了较好的控制,并指出采用计算时间步控制的缺陷,在考虑护盾与围岩之间不均匀间隙情况下,详细分析了应力释放率对TBM掘进中围岩LDP曲线变化规律、护盾所受挤压力及围岩塑性区的影响。得出了以下结论：（1）不同岩体力学参数下,LDP曲线受应力释放率的敏感程度不同;（2）随着应力释放率的逐渐增加,围岩LDP曲线特征及与TBM护盾相互接触的部位有所不同,TBM护盾接触挤压力和所受摩擦阻力逐渐增大;（3）护盾外围塑性区的形状与应力释放率和护盾与围岩之间的不均匀间隙有关,当在较大的应力释放率下,塑性区呈现自上而下逐渐减小的特征。     

考虑多因素影响的低渗气藏气井产能预测新方法

由于低渗气藏具有低孔、低渗的特点,导致气水渗流特征较为复杂,传统意义上的经典渗流规律不再适用于低渗气藏。大量实验研究证实在低渗气藏生产过程中存在启动压力梯度、应力敏感和滑脱效应。目前,关于低渗气藏产能的研究中,大多都只考虑单一影响因素对气井产能的影响。鉴于此,建立了新的低渗气藏气井产能预测模型,该模型考虑了启动压力梯度、应力敏感及滑脱效应的影响,推导出了相应的气井产能方程。最后,应用新的产能预测方法对某低渗气藏气井进行了实例分析。     

煤岩应力敏感性的有限元数值模拟

利用有限元软件对比了煤岩与砂岩的裂缝界面应变分布规律。有限元法模拟表明:煤岩与砂岩的应力分布有较大差异,煤岩裂缝的最大应变约为砂岩裂缝最大应变的25倍,且煤岩裂缝更容易闭合;结合煤岩裂缝在不同有效应力条件下的应变规律,给出了渗透率随有效应力变化的拟合公式。参照砂岩应力敏感实验程序,对不同围压下煤岩渗透率变化规律的实验研究发现,渗透率拟合公式计算值与实验实测值变化趋势一致,部分煤样渗透率实验值与预测值平均误差小于10%,拟合精度高。研究结果对预测实际煤岩的渗透率和不同有效应力下煤岩渗透率的变化规律具有较高的实用价值。      

差应力对辉长岩熔融程度影响的实验研究

利用高温高压的实验分别对辉长岩进行差应力和温度与岩石熔融程度测试,并进一步分析讨论差应力和温度等岩石熔融程度的关系。动、静态的实验结论表明:(1)静态熔融条件下,岩石的熔融程度主要受温度的影响并且岩石熔融程度与温度呈正相关关系;(2)在保持一定温度不变的动态熔融条件下,岩石的熔融程度还与差应力呈正相关的关系;(3)差应力可以降低熔点,促使熔融提前发生并且使熔融强度增大;(4)差应力对岩石的熔融具有明显的控制作用;(5)以700℃为基准,差应力每增加5MPa其带来的影响与温度升高50℃的效果相当;(6)基性岩石的熔融对差应力的敏感程度最高。该实验结果还表明在研究岩石深熔作用时尤其是在构造作用较强烈地区要考虑差应力的影响因素。     

基于方向性粗糙度参数的节理峰值抗剪强度理论模型

节理裂隙控制着岩石工程的剪切滑移稳定性。现有的节理峰值抗剪强度模型多为经验模型,且较少考虑粗糙节理峰值抗剪强度的采样点距效应及各向异性。采用3D打印技术制备了5组吻合的粗糙光敏树脂节理模具,利用水泥砂浆复制了25组相同壁面强度的人工粗糙节理,开展了5种法向应力水平下节理直剪试验。基于改进的接触面积比-视倾角门槛值关系,建立了仅含一个方向性粗糙度参数的三维粗糙节理峰值抗剪强度理论模型。该理论模型除粗糙度参数外无需拟合其他参数。对比分析发现,新模型比文献中的经验模型预测精度更高。新模型预测效果受采样点距影响较小,且能有效地反映节理峰值抗剪强度的各向异性。     

Study of momentum transfers within a vegetation canopy

Two models have been developed by applying conditions of continuity between the roughness sublayer and the top of vegetation canopy having constant foliage distribution. Massman's cosh-type of wind profile and Albini's exponential wind profile have been used to derive expressions for shear stress, displacement height and roughness length in analytical forms. The computed results compared with those of Massman models (1987, 1997) show similarity with the present models.     

Development of deflation lag surfaces

A series of wind tunnel tests were carried out to investigate the development of deflation lags in relation to the non-erodible roughness element concentration. Glass spheres (18 mm in diameter) were placed along the complete length of the wind tunnel working section in regular staggered arrays using three different spacings (d=18, 30 and 60 mm) and completely covered with a 0.27-mm erodible sand. A pre-selected free stream velocity above threshold (8m s^?1) was established above the surface and the sediment transport measured at 2-s intervals using a wedge-shaped trap in which an electronic balance is incorporated. Throughout each test, the emerging lag surface was periodically photographed from above at two locations upwind of the trap. The photographs were electronically scanned and analysed to calculate the lag element coverage and location, as well as mean height and frontal area for each time period. Test results indicate that lag development has a profound effect on both the sediment flux and wind profile characteristics. Initially, there is an increase in sediment flux above that for a rippled sand bed because of increased erosion around and reduced kinetic energy loss in highly elastic collisions with the emerging roughness elements. With further emergence, a dynamic threshold is reached whereupon the sediment flux decreases rapidly, tending towards zero. At this point, the supply of grains to the air stream through fluid drag follows a reduction in aerodynamic roughness and, therefore, surface shearing stress. At least as important is the lesser potential for grain ejection at impact because of reduced momentum imparted from the air stream during saltation. Although recent shear stress partitioning models indicate when particle movement may commence on varying surfaces, our experimental results demonstrate that this partitioning has a further direct bearing upon the saltation flux ratio.     

Three-dimensional multilayer cylindrical tunnel model for calculating train-induced dynamic stress in saturated soils

This study proposes an improved tunnel model for evaluating train-induced dynamic stress in saturated soils, which can consider multiple moving loads, grouting layer and pore-water pressure. Using Shanghai Metro’s actual parameters for train speed, tunnel, grouting layer and soils, the analysis of the spatial distribution of dynamic stress for soils and stress state of various locations under moving train loads shows that neglecting effects such as pore-water pressure can lead to underestimating dynamic normal stress and overestimating dynamic shear stress in the soils below tunnel. This model can be further extended to investigate principal stress axes rotations and tunnel settlement.     

Wind tunnel experiments on the turbulent transmission over the near surface layer of different surfaces

To understand the generation and development mechanism of soil erosion, data of the wind profile from wind tunnel experiments were used, and the characteristics of the turbulent transmission with free stream velocity and the properties of the surfaces in arid and semi-arid regions were studied by the atmospheric aerodynamic method. The result showed that the turbulent momentum fluxes are proportional to the velocity and the roughness of the surfaces. In addition, they are closely related to the density of the roughness elements; the turbulent exchange coefficient over the near surface layer increases with height.     

Aerodynamic roughness length of sandy beds and gravel beds

A physical model was developed for the aerodynamic roughness length of gravel beds and sandy beds under different atmospheric stability conditions based on Monin?CObukhov similarity theory and dimensional analysis. The relationship between the roughness length, the properties of the roughness elements, the characteristics of the airflow, and an atmospheric stability parameter (the bulk Richardson number) was then studied using the model. Results showed that the roughness length was not only functions of the shape, height, and coverage of the roughness elements and of the airflow, but also dependent upon atmospheric stability. These results were in agreement with results from wind tunnel experiments and field observations.     

A wind tunnel simulation and field verification of desert dust deposition (Avdat Experimental Station, Negev Desert)

The deposition of natural dust in an area of 53 ha, situated in the northern Negev desert, is investigated in detail both in the wind tunnel (dust storm simulations over a topographic scale model) and in the field. The wind tunnel results and the field results show a high degree of agreement, indicating that scale-model simulation may be considered an important technique for future loess and desert research. More dust settles on windward slopes than on leeward slopes, which is in contradistinction with the widespread wind shadow concept. Air-flow separation zones immediately downwind of steep windward slopes have an important impact on dust deposition too. In the case of dust deposition on topographic scale models, a restricted height distortion of the model will not necessarily lead to serious problems. In addition, wind tunnel blockage percentages up to 13% may be allowed in order to obtain acceptable dust deposition patterns for the scale model. A mean gross dust deposition of about 200–250 g m^?2 year^?1 is calculated for the northern Negev desert for 1987. Thus, if the settled dust can be protected against erosion in the cultivated areas in the Negev, the dust content of the top soil will markedly increase with time. However, it has to be borne in mind that cultivation activities themselves may also contribute to a higher soil erosion and, hence, to a higher dust content in the atmosphere. At any rate, a higher dust content in the top soil will unquestionably have an important positive effect on agricultural yields. From the air dust concentration data and the dust deposition data, a deposition velocity of 4.7cms^?1 can be calculated for Avdat dust.     

Wind erosion occurrence probabilities maps in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River,China

The watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River suffers serious wind erosion hazards and the areas with high wind erosion probabilities need to be identified to help in the building of the correct wind-sand blown hazard protection systems. In this study, the Integrated Wind-Erosion Modelling System model and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data set were used to identify the distributions of threshold wind speeds and wind erosion occurrence probabilities. Through field observations, the relationships among NDVI, vegetation cover, frontal area (lateral cover), roughness length, and threshold friction velocity were obtained. Then, using these relationships, the spatial distributions of threshold wind speeds for wind erosion at a height of 10 m for the different months were mapped. The results show that the threshold wind speed ranged from 7.91 to 35.7 m/s. Based on the threshold wind speed distributions, the wind erosion occurrence probabilities of different months were calculated according to the current wind speed. The results show that the distributions of wind erosion occurrence probabilities and threshold wind speeds were related to each other. The resulting maps of threshold wind speeds and wind erosion occurrence probabilities would help environmental and agricultural researchers in determining some strategies for mitigating or adapting from wind erosion hazards.     

Assessing the vegetation canopy influences on wind flow using wind tunnel experiments with artificial plants

Wind erosion causes serious problems and considerable threat in most regions of the world. Vegetation on the ground has an important role in controlling wind erosion by covering soil surface and absorbing wind momentum. A set of wind tunnel experiments was performed to quantitatively examine the effect of canopy structure on wind movement. Artificial plastic vegetations with different porosity and canopy shape were introduced as the model canopy. Normalized roughness length (Z ₀/H) and shear velocity ratio (R) were analyzed as a function of roughness density (λ). Experiments showed that Z ₀/H increases and R decreases as λ reaches a maximum value, λ _max, while the values of Z ₀/H and R showed little change with λ value beyond as λ _max.     

Wind Tunnel Experiment of Anti-erosion Efficiency on the Sand Beds Coverd by Different Shapes of Roughness-Elementes

In order to study the relationship between the shapes of roughness-elements on sand beds and the surface sand activity inhibition, we chose six shapes of elements including spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical, square shape, pie and hemispherical shape by hand with equal quality kept. We carried out the experiment with the 10% coverage on the wind tunnel. The results revealed that ① the erosion and anti-erosion rate of spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical and square roughness-elements were better than the pie and hemispherical on the non-sand wind; ② On the sand-driving wind conditions, spherical, triangular, cylindrical covered beds became erosion to erosion-deposition with the increase of wind speed, and the erosion rate was increased with the wind speed. When the wind speed was more than 10 m/s, the sand-beds showed a strong erosion, and the pie and hemispherical elements’ resistance function were weakest; ③ No matter the non-sand wind or sand wind, the erosion rate was affected by the elements’ aspect ratio, height and spacing. The slender elements with a prominent upper edge were clearly superior to broad rounded elements.