固体潮时频分析新方法

对传统时频分析方法的特点和局限性作了介绍。采用Huang．Hilbert Transformation方法分析了固体潮数据，即利用经验模态分解，将复杂信号分解成有限个本征模态函数之和，求取三维时频空间的Hilbert谱。仿真实验和重力固体潮实例分析表明，该方法适用于调频调幅信号特征的提取。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换和随机子空间识别的模态参数识别

基于Hilbert-Huang变换和随机子空间识别技术提出了两种土木工程结构的模态参数识别方法。方法一是基于Hilbert-Huang变换和自然激励技术,通过经验模态分解和Hilbert变换提取信号的瞬时特性,进而利用自然激励技术和模态分析的基本理论识别结构的模态参数;方法二是基于经验模态分解和随机子空间识别技术,通过经验模态分解对信号进行预处理,进而运用随机子空间识别方法处理得到的结构单阶模态响应以识别结构的模态参数。利用这两种方法,通过对一12层钢筋混凝土框架模型振动台试验测点加速度记录的处理,识别了该模型结构的模态参数。识别结果与传统的基于傅里叶变换的识别结果及有限元分析结果的对比验证了这两种方法的可行性和实用性。     

利用Hilbert变换计算重力归一化总梯度

针对提高重力勘探正反演解释的分辨率问题,提出利用Hilbert变换计算和研究重力归一化总梯度.文中从理论上详细地证明了方法的可行性,给出了适合计算机实现的计算方法.为探讨该方法对油气藏的分辨能力,在模型计算中,分别利用Fourier级数法、Fourier变换法和本文提出的Hilbert变换法计算模型的GH场值,发现当三度体储油球冠模型（模拟似三度贮油气藏背斜模型）油气藏部分（低密度体）厚度减小到低于球冠厚度的十分之一时,Fourier级数及变换法不能分辨出低密度体所产生的异常,而Hilbert变换法仍然可以清晰地识别,这说明用Hilbert变换法计算的GH场对异常识别的分辨率优于其他两种方法.     

典型振动信号时-频分析方法研究

首先对比较简单的单分量信号和多分量信号进行时-频分析,对比了不同时-频分析方法(STFT、WD、Hilbert时-频谱分析、连续小波分析)的分析精度。结果表明对单分量信号和可以分解为若干单分量信号叠加的多分量信号,Hilbert时-频谱分析精度最好,WD和STFT次之,连续小波变换的精度最差;由于Hilbert时-频谱分析和WD方法要求信号为单分量信号或可以分解为若干单分量的信号,故其不适用于复杂信号的时-频分析;对多分量信号,STFT时-频谱较连续小波时-频谱精度高些。需要指出的是,当使用STFT方法时,取不同的窗参数,STFT的时-频分析精度相差很大,必须使用合适的窗参数,以取得较好的分析效果。此外还对El Centro波的两水平分量和人工合成的地震动进行了时-频分析,虽然STFT的时间分辨率和频率分辨率存在矛盾,但它对信号的适应性最强,对复杂信号的时-频分析精度一般可以满足需要,而连续小波变换进行信号的时-频分析时,时-频分辨精度最差,且对于大于30Hz的频率分量,随频率的增加,时-频分析的效果和精度迅速变差,说明小波变换并不适合于做时-频分析,尤其对于高频信号,用连续小波变换得到的时-频谱图看起来很粗糙,而且很难准确解释。进一步对比了真实地震动和人工地震动的时-频分布,认为用胡聿贤教授合成人工地震动的方法合成的地震动在时-频域上的分布和真实地震动相似。     

采用双向调谐质量阻尼器的大跨度桥梁风振控制仿真分析

传统的调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）设计均仅针对结构某一阶模态单独设置,当用于密频结构减振时会导致附加质量过多。为减小TMD的附加质量,结合大跨度斜拉桥结构的密频与风致耦合振动特点,提出了一种新型的双向共享质量与电涡流阻尼式TMD。具体实现方式是：水平、竖向TMD的刚度构件分别采用悬臂梁与压簧,将水平向TMD整体置于压簧上面,从而构成竖向TMD的质量;导体板固定不动,使安装在TMD质量块的永磁体阵列随质量块竖向或水平方向运动,从而分别产生竖向与水平向的电磁涡流阻尼。研究结果表明：（1）电涡流阻尼可以很好地实现双向TMD装置的共享阻尼,且电涡流阻尼的大小可以很方便地调节;（2）采用双向TMD进行斜拉桥的风致振动控制减振效果良好,可行性强。     

提高阻尼识别精度的ITD两步法

由于无限介质中辐射阻尼的存在，地下结构抗震安全评价中正确地识别阻尼影响十分重要。阻尼从理论上指出了ITD时域识别技术在阻尼比识别方面存在误差的原因，并提出了一种改进的阻尼识别方法，算例表明，提出的方法，能显著地提高阻尼的识别精度。     

基于反褶积短时傅立叶变换的油气检测

低频阴影现象为油气识别的一个重要标志.然而对于薄储层,低频阴影现象仍然较弱,因此有必要采用更高时频分辨率的时频分析方法进行低频阴影的识别.将信号的短时傅立叶变换谱与窗函数Wigner-Ville分布进行二维反褶积可得到信号Wigner-Ville分布,该二维反褶积方法即为反褶积短时傅立叶变换.该方法不仅提高了时间和频率分辨率而且减少了交叉项.文中对两种理论信号进行多种时频分析方法的计算机仿真效果对比,结果证明,反褶积短时傅立叶变换与传统的时频分析方法相比更具优势.文中采用反褶积短时傅立叶变换的方法对信号进行时频分析,首次将该方法用于单频剖面的提取.由低频阴影现象的数值模拟结果可知,该方法比广义S变换在薄储层预测中取得了更好的效果.在实际资料的应用中证实了此方法检测含油气储层的可行性.     

无填充墙基础隔震RC框架在环境激励下的动力特性

对一基础隔震钢筋混凝土框架结构在无填充墙情况下进行了环境激励下的动力测试,重点利用Hilbert-Huang变换与随机减量技术相结合的方法识别了其模态参数,并与随机子空间识别法、有理分式多项式法识别的结果进行了对比。识别结果表明在环境激励下,基础隔震结构的基本周期远小于多遇和罕遇地震工况下设计计算的基本周期;等效黏滞阻尼比很小,近乎于基础固定模型。对隔震层阻尼特性的分析表明,环境激励下可以将基础隔震结构视为经典的比例阻尼系统。进一步以识别的模态参数为基准,采用优化的方法数值反演了环境激励下该结构隔震层的实际水平等效刚度,结果表明其值为多遇地震下计算刚度取值的10.75倍。     

基于希尔伯特-黄变换的九寨沟M7.0地震加速度记录时频分析

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟M7.0地震是继2008年汶川M8.0地震和2013年芦山M7.0地震之后,青藏高原东缘在不到10年的时间内发生的第3个震级M7.0以上的强震,震中位于青藏高原巴颜喀拉块体东缘东昆仑断裂带东端的塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂交汇部位,四川省地震局的数字强震台网共有37个台站获取了主震的三分量强震加速度记录。由于傅里叶（Fourier）变换仅能提供强震记录的频域信息,故本文在对九寨沟M7.0地震的加速度记录进行时频分析时采用了一种基于聚类经验模态分解（EEMD）的希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）方法提取信号时频特性,通过对震中附近台站的加速度记录进行EEMD分解和希尔伯特（Hilbert）变换及谱分析,最终有效获得了信号能量的时频分布特征,量化提取了中心频率、Hilbert能量、最大振幅对应的时间等特性,并与Fourier变换进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:对于非线性的强震记录采用EEMD能够有效抑制经验模态分解（EMD）中存在的模态混叠问题,FFT谱与Hilbert边际谱相比,它在低频处会低估地震动的幅值,随着频率的增加,FFT谱又会放大其幅值。      

希尔伯特—黄变换在地震信号时频分析中的应用研究

将希尔伯特—黄变换(HHT)应用于天然地震信号处理中,通过对天然地震波信号进行HHT时频分析,获得该信号的三维Hilbert时频谱、边际谱、瞬时能量谱和Hilbert能量谱。通过分析,可以看出HHT方法能敏感地提取到地震波信号随时间和频率动态变化的不同阶段的主要特征,其图像清晰,能够反映能量突变点信息,其时频局部定位能力较强。边际谱、瞬时能量谱和Hilbert能量谱能提取出地震波信号其他新的特性,可对信号的时频分析起到补充作用。结果表明,HHT方法能准确描述地震信号的非线性时变特征,是地震信号时频分析的有效工具。     

System identification of linear structures based on Hilbert–Huang spectral analysis. Part 1: normal modes

Based on the Hilbert–Huang spectral analysis, a method is proposed to identify multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) linear systems using measured free vibration time histories. For MDOF systems, the normal modes have been assumed to exist. In this method, the measured response data, which are polluted by noises, are first decomposed into modal responses using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) approach with intermittency criteria. Then, the Hilbert transform is applied to each modal response to obtain the instantaneous amplitude and phase angle time histories. A linear least‐square fit procedure is proposed to identify the natural frequency and damping ratio from the instantaneous amplitude and phase angle for each modal response. Based on a single measurement of the free vibration time history at one appropriate location, natural frequencies and damping ratios can be identified. When the responses at all degrees of freedom are measured, the mode shapes and the physical mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the structure can be determined. The applications of the proposed method are illustrated using three linear systems with different dynamic characteristics. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system identification method yields quite accurate results, and it offers a new and effective tool for the system identification of linear structures in which normal modes exist. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

随机子空间方法在桥塔模态参数识别中的应用

基于环境振动的结构模态参数识别方法正逐渐成为国内外研究的一大热点。环境振动方法就是仅仅利用结构测试的输出信号进行结构的模态参数识别,随机子空间方法就是其中的一种。随机子空间法是近年来发展起来的一种线性系统辩识方法,可以有效地从环境激励的结构响应中获取模态参数。它属于时域的方法,该方法不需要进行FFT变换,它不仅可以识别结构的频率,而且可以识别结构的阻尼和振型。文章首先介绍了随机子空间的理论,然后用该方法对正在施工中的南京长江三桥的南塔进行模态参数识别,通过与其他方法的识别结果进行比较,证明随机子空间方法不失为一种有效的模态参数识别方法。     

Structural modal parameter identification and damage diagnosis based on Hilbert-Huang transform

Traditional modal parameter identifi cation methods have many disadvantages,especially when used for processing nonlinear and non-stationary signals.In addition,they are usually not able to accurately identify the damping ratio and damage.In this study,methods based on the Hilbert-Huang transform(HHT) are investigated for structural modal parameter identifi cation and damage diagnosis.First,mirror extension and prediction via a radial basis function(RBF) neural network are used to restrain the troublesome end-effect issue in empirical mode decomposition(EMD),which is a crucial part of HHT.Then,the approaches based on HHT combined with other techniques,such as the random decrement technique(RDT),natural excitation technique(NExT) and stochastic subspace identifi cation(SSI),are proposed to identify modal parameters of structures.Furthermore,a damage diagnosis method based on the HHT is also proposed.Time-varying instantaneous frequency and instantaneous energy are used to identify the damage evolution of the structure.The relative amplitude of the Hilbert marginal spectrum is used to identify the damage location of the structure.Finally,acceleration records at gauge points from shaking table testing of a 12-story reinforced concrete frame model are taken to validate the proposed approaches.The results show that the proposed approaches based on HHT for modal parameter identifi cation and damage diagnosis are reliable and practical.     

System identification of linear structures based on Hilbert–Huang spectral analysis. Part 2: Complex modes

A method, based on the Hilbert–Huang spectral analysis, has been proposed by the authors to identify linear structures in which normal modes exist (i.e., real eigenvalues and eigenvectors). Frequently, all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear structures are complex. In this paper, the method is extended further to identify general linear structures with complex modes using the free vibration response data polluted by noise. Measured response signals are first decomposed into modal responses using the method of Empirical Mode Decomposition with intermittency criteria. Each modal response contains the contribution of a complex conjugate pair of modes with a unique frequency and a damping ratio. Then, each modal response is decomposed in the frequency–time domain to yield instantaneous phase angle and amplitude using the Hilbert transform. Based on a single measurement of the impulse response time history at one appropriate location, the complex eigenvalues of the linear structure can be identified using a simple analysis procedure. When the response time histories are measured at all locations, the proposed methodology is capable of identifying the complex mode shapes as well as the mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the structure. The effectiveness and accuracy of the method presented are illustrated through numerical simulations. It is demonstrated that dynamic characteristics of linear structures with complex modes can be identified effectively using the proposed method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic characteristics of non-classically damped structures

The equations of motion of a structure in undamped modal coordinates may have non-zero off-diagonal terms in the damping matrix. Although these terms are commonly neglected, studies have shown that they may have a significant influence on the response to dynamic loads. In this paper, two independent criteria are developed to determine when these damping terms will affect the structure's modal properties and response. It is found that even small off-diagonal damping values can be significant if the structure has closely spaced natural frequencies. To quantify and understand the influence of these damping terms, closed-form analytical expressions are derived for the modal properties and harmonic and stochastic response of structures with closely spaced natural frequencies. One conclusion is that off-diagonal damping terms will decrease a modal damping ratio for each pair of closely spaced modes. This is significant, since a response analysis performed by neglecting these off-diagonal terms will underestimate the true response.     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换和随机减量技术的模态参数识别

傅里叶分析的信号处理方法对非线性、非平稳信号的处理能力差,传统的模态参数识别方法也存在阻尼比识别精度不高的问题。基于Hilbert-Huang变换和随机减量技术提出了一种新的、实用的模态参数识别方法,首先对结构振动信号进行滤波处理和经验模态分解,得到若干阶本征模态响应,然后利用随机减量技术提取自由衰减响应,进而由Hilbert-Huang变换得到信号的瞬时特性,最后结合模态识别的基本理论识别结构的模态频率和模态阻尼比。为了验证这一方法的有效性,对12层钢筋混凝土框架模型振动台试验一测点的加速度记录进行了处理,识别了模态参数,识别结果与其它识别方法及有限元分析结果的对比表明该方法识别模态频率是可靠的,而模态阻尼比识别的精准性仍然难以确认。     

Ambient vibration measurements on a cable-stayed bridge

An extensive programme of full-scale ambient vibration tests has been conducted to measure the dynamic response of a 542 m (centre span of 274 m) cable-stayed bridge—the Quincy Bayview Bridge in Illinois. A microcomputer-based system was used to collect and analyse the ambient vibration data. A total of 25 modal frequencies and associated mode shapes were identified for the deck structure within the frequency range of 0–2 Hz. Also, estimations were made for damping ratios. The experimental data clearly indicated the occurrence of many closely spaced modal frequencies and spatially complicated mode shapes. Most tower modes were found to be associated with the deck modes, implying a considerable interaction between the deck and tower structure. No detectable levels of motion were evident at the foundation support of the pier. The results of the ambient vibration survey were compared to modal frequencies and mode shapes computed using a three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge. For most modes, the analytic and experimental modal frequencies and mode shapes compare quite well, especially for the vertical modes. Based on the findings of this study, a linear elastic finite element model appears to be capable of capturing much of the complex dynamic behaviour of the bridge with very good accuracy, when compared to the low-level dynamic responses induced by ambient wind and traffic excitations.     

Modal analysis of a DAM–Foundation system based on an FE–BE method in the time domain

A modal analysis procedure based on an FE–BE method in the time domain is first formulated and then applied to a dam–foundation system. In the application, horizontal and vertical impulsive responses are calculated for the system having six different impedance ratios. Modal characteristics such as natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes are evaluated from the Fourier spectra of the responses. The proposed procedure allows analysis of not only the underdamped but also the overdamped modes. According to the analysis, the radiation damping pertinent to the vertical vibration is half of that pertinent to the horizontal vibration and the interaction effect on the modes is not negligibly small when the impedance ratio exceeds 0·3.     

Identification of modal parameters of a 600-m-high skyscraper from field vibration tests

Accurate prediction of the dynamic responses of a high-rise building subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquake and wind excitations requires the information of its structural dynamic properties such as modal parameters including natural frequencies and damping ratios. This paper presents the identification results of the modal parameters based on field vibration tests on a 600-m high skyscraper. A set of tests, including ambient vibration test (AVT) and free vibration test (FVT), were conducted on the skyscraper to identify its modal parameters. Firstly, this paper presents and discusses the modal parameters of the skyscraper assessed by several identification methods applied to the AVT measurements. These methods include the wavelet transform (WT) method, the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method, and the random decrement technique (RDT). Secondly, an active mass damper (AMD) system with total mass 1000 tons equipped into the skyscraper was used to excite the building for estimation of the modal parameters by FVT. Thirdly, this paper presents observations on the structural dynamic behavior of the skyscraper with the operation of the AMD system during a typhoon event. The field measurement results show that the AMD system functioned efficiently for suppression of the wind-induced vibrations of the skyscraper during the typhoon. This paper aims to further understand the structural dynamic properties of super-tall buildings and provide useful information for structural design and vibration control of future skyscrapers.