多尺度地理空间点群目标相似关系的计算研究

研究多尺度地理空间点群目标相似关系的计算问题.基于4类点群信息,将点群目标包含的信息重新分成统计信息、专题信息、拓扑信息、几何信息和度量信息,这5类信息是影响点群相似性程度的主要因子.根据这5类信息描述参数的特点,给出了各个因子的相似度计算公式,建立了多尺度地理空间点群目标相似关系的计算模型,并通过算例验证了该模型的可行性与有效性,为地图综合质量的评价提供了一种新方法.     

基于空间相似关系的居民地群组目标地图综合质量评价

数字环境下的计算机自动制图综合质量评价,其本质就是计算综合前原图和综合后结果图之间的相似度,因此该文提出了基于空间相似关系对居民地群组地图要素的制图综合质量进行评价的方法。首先,根据多尺度空间相似关系的定义,提取出居民地群组多边形的特征因子并计算各因子综合前后的相似度;其次,在合理分配权重的基础上,建立居民地群组多边形总体相似度计算模型,并根据相似度计算结果对居民地群组目标要素的制图综合质量进行评价;最后,利用实验验证了该文所提评价方法的有效性。该研究为客观评价地图综合质量提供了一个新的思路。     

基于空间推理的巷道三维拓扑建立

基于空间关系和空间推理理论,结合MGIS领域的需求建立巷道三维拓扑网络模型,研究巷道三维空间关系推理的算法及业务逻辑实现;开发巷道三维拓扑自动生成系统,实现了巷道空间与属性数据管理、三维拓扑自动处理、多尺度成果输出及基于三维拓扑的路径查询,为基于巷道的通风、运输、避灾、多尺度变换等应用奠定了基础。     

多分辨率小波分析在线状要素简化中的应用

空间数据的多尺度表达问题已成为GIS研究的重点,也是地图自动综合的瓶颈。智能化的多尺度表达是亟须解决的问题。利用小波分析中的多分辨率分析原理,建立微分角度的线状要素简化模型,结合空间要素多尺度表达的特征,研究空间线状要素的简化方法,并对简化后的图形拓扑一致性做简单分析,实现线状要素的简化。     

地图与遥感

地图学的一般问题P2082006021893空间拓扑关系定量描述与抽象方法研究=Research on quan-titative representation and abstraction of spatial topological rela-tion between two regions/郭庆胜,杜晓初…∥测绘学报.—2005,34(2).—123~128具有复杂形状的空间区域之间拓扑关系的表示与抽象是空间信息多尺度表达和可视化中必须解决的问题.本文讨论区域之间拓扑关系边界交集成分的定性描述方法,并在此基础上提出度量化边界交集成分描述方法,运用这种详细的描述方法,探讨空间区域之间拓扑关系抽象的规律,可为地图自动综合中空间关系的维护…     

基于复杂网络的道路网拓扑结构信息度量

地图是空间信息传输的重要工具,地图拓扑结构信息的有效度量对地图更新、多尺度表达、制图综合等十分重要。信息熵已被用于描述地图信息,但对地图拓扑结构信息熵的研究多局限于单一层次或尺度,缺乏系统、多层次、多尺度刻画地图结构复杂性的方法。该文以道路网为例,基于复杂网络理论,从整体与局部两个层次,考虑网络的集聚性、连通性、可达性及邻域完整性特征,构建地图拓扑结构信息熵指标,将其用于不同模式道路网及其对应同等规模的随机网络的结构特征定量描述。结果表明该方法能揭示道路网内在的小世界与无标度网络结构特征,并可有效刻画不同模式道路网的结构差异,可用于制图综合、多尺度表达、地图更新设计等。     

地理空间关系确定性描述与集成推理

地理要素的空间关系在GIS空间数据建模、空间分析、地图自动综合等方面起着重要作用,研究如何快速判断要素间空间关系是否发生变化,从而有效维护空间关系具有重要的科学意义。对目前有关地理空间关系确定性描述及其集成推理的研究成果进行综合分析与分类,分析其适应性与特点,并就该研究方向存在和需要解决的问题进行分析。     

新时代中国乡村空间特征及其多尺度治理

解构新时代乡村空间特征是构建乡村空间治理体系的前提条件,多尺度乡村空间特征及其治理路径将有效支撑国家治理体系的现代化。基于地理学综合性、区域性和流动性思维范式,解构多尺度乡村空间特征,总结其治理困境,建构基于地理学分析范式的多尺度乡村空间治理框架,探索可行的治理路径,进而构建了“特征识别—困境解析—治理框架—治理路径”的多尺度乡村空间治理系统研究方案。研究发现：(1)基于地理学综合性、区域性和流动性分析范式解析多尺度乡村空间运转逻辑,需要破解尺度综合、尺度分异和尺度流动对多尺度乡村空间特征的作用机制,突出乡村空间综合性特征、强化乡村空间异质性特征、融合乡村空间流动性特征;(2)城乡空间综合统筹不足和空间流动网络不畅通,叠加乡村空间异质性价值不显化是乡村空间治理亟待破解的困境;(3)“空间综合治理—空间分区治理—空间流动治理”多尺度乡村空间治理框架,有效破解城乡空间难综合、区域空间难协调、空间网络不畅通等问题;(4)统筹城乡空间的综合性治理、创新用途管制的区域性治理、均衡发展权配置的流动性治理是多尺度乡村空间治理的可行路径。厘清新时代多尺度乡村空间特征并建构科学的治理体系为推进城乡融合发...     

GIS数据尺度变换中的信息熵变化

基于Shannon信息熵原理的GIS数据信息量表达属于语言学信息体系中的语法层次,描述了空间目标分布结构上的不确定性特征。该文将该信息量测度方法应用于空间数据的尺度变换中,考察尺度变换中空间数据语法结构在统计意义上的变化特点,进而通过信息熵的变化发掘尺度变化中空间数据信息量的变化规律。基于空间目标群的Voronoi图剖分建立信息熵度量,以空间尺度变换中的移位、合并两种典型操作为案例,研究了面状目标群尺度变换中信息量衰减的初步规律,并尝试将其结论用于地图综合方法质量评价。     

基于遗传多目标优化的居民地自动选取

基于遗传算法思想,针对地图综合中离散面群居民地的选取,考虑地图综合需要保持的统计、专题、拓扑和度量等4类关键信息,提出一种基于遗传多目标优化的离散面群居民地的自动选取模型。该模型考虑了面积、密度、属性意义等多种约束指标,通过遗传迭代,逐步优化得到理想结果。采用1∶10 000居民地数据进行了地图综合实验,结果表明,该算法能够有效保持地图所包含的关键信息。     

Modeling the scale dependences of topological relations between lines and regions induced by reduction of attributes

The scale dependences of topological relations are caused by the changes of spatial objects at different scales, which are induced by the reduction of attributes. Generally, the detailed partitions and multi-scale attributes are stored in spatial databases, while the coarse partitions are not. Consequently, the detailed topological relations can be computed and regarded as known information, while the coarse relations stay unknown. However, many applications (e.g., multi-scale spatial data query) need to deal with the topological relations at multiple scales. In this study new methods are proposed to model and derive the scale dependences of topological relations between lines and multi-scale region partitions. The scale dependences of topological relations are modeled and used to derive the relations between lines and coarse partitions from the relations about the detailed partitions. The derivation can be performed in two steps. At the first step, the topological dependences between a line and two meeting, covered and contained regions are computed and stored into composition tables, respectively. At the second step, a graph is used to represent the neighboring relations among the regions in a detailed partition. The scale dependences and detailed relations are then used to derive topological relations at the coarse level. Our methods can also be extended to handle the scale dependences of relations about disconnected regions, or the combinations of connected and disconnected regions. Because our methods use the scale dependences to derive relations at the coarse level, rather than generating coarse partition and computing the relations with geometric information, they are more efficient to support scale-dependent applications.     

A scale-explicit model for checking directional consistency in multi-resolution spatial data

Multi-resolution spatial data always contain the inconsistencies of topological, directional, and metric relations due to measurement methods, data acquisition approaches, and map generalization algorithms. Therefore, checking these inconsistencies is critical for maintaining the integrity of multi-resolution or multi-source spatial data. To date, research has focused on the topological consistency, while the directional consistency at different resolutions has been largely overlooked. In this study we developed computation methods to derive the direction relations between coarse spatial objects from the relations between detailed objects. Then, the consistency of direction relations at different resolutions can be evaluated by checking whether the derived relations are compatible with the relations computed from the coarse objects in multi-resolution spatial data. The methods in this study modeled explicitly the scale effects of direction relations induced by the map generalization operator – merging, thus they are efficient for evaluating consistency. The directional consistency is an essential complement to topological and object-based consistencies.     

Simulating and mapping spatial complexity using multi-scale techniques

Abstract

A central problem in spatial analysis is the mapping of data for complex spatial fields using relatively simple data structures, such as those of a conventional GIS. This complexity can be measured using such indices as multi-scale variance, which reflects spatial autocorrelation, and multi-fractal dimension, which characterizes the values of fields. These indices are computed for three spatial processes: Gaussian noise, a simple mathematical function, and data for a random walk. Fractal analysis is then used to produce a vegetation map of the central region of California based on a satellite image. This analysis suggests that real world data lie on a continuum between the simple and the random, and that a major GIS challenge is the scientific representation and understanding of rapidly changing multi-scale fields.     

社会地图研究综述与展望

用地图方法研究社会空间已有较长历史,在不同的研究背景下形成了多种研究模式。近年来,大数据的出现和空间信息可视化技术的发展,不仅为社会地图的广泛应用提供了更多数据和方法支撑,也为社会空间的再认识提供了新的契机和可能。本文在对面向社会空间研究的国内外社会地图运用成果进行系统梳理的基础上, 将社会地图的研究应用归纳为要素呈现、问题解释和理论验证3个阶段,并对其具体应用内容、方法和数据形式进行了综述,总结为统计图、点值图、网格图、密度图等四种类型,并就社会地图在中国社会空间研究中的应用可能性及其方向进行了讨论和展望。     

Ontologies and representation spaces for sketch map interpretation

In this paper, we present a systematic approach to sketch map interpretation. The method decomposes the elements of a sketch map into a hierarchy of categories, from the material sketch map level to the non-material representational sketch map level, and then interprets the sketch map using the five formal representation spaces that we develop. These spaces (set, graph, metric and Euclidean) provide a tiered formal representation based on standard mathematical structures. We take the view that a sketch map bears information about the physical world and systematises this using extensions of existing formal ontologies. The motivation for this work is the partially automatic extraction and integration of information from sketch maps. We propose a set of ontologies and methods as a first step in the direction of a formalisation of partially automatic extraction and integration of sketch map content. We also see this work as a contribution to spatial cognition, where researchers externalise spatial knowledge using sketch mapping. The paper concludes by working through an example that demonstrates the sketch map interpretation at different levels using the underlying method.     

Quantitative measures for spatial information of maps

The map is a medium for recording geographical information. The information contents of a map are of interest to spatial information scientists. In this paper, existing quantitative measures for map information are evaluated. It is pointed out that these are only measures for statistical information and some sort of topological information. However, these measures have not taken into consideration the spaces occupied by map symbols and the spatial distribution of these symbols. As a result, a set of new quantitative measures is proposed, for metric information, topological information and thematic information. An experimental evaluation is also conducted. Results show that the metric information is more meaningful than statistical information, and the new index for topological information is more meaningful than the existing one. It is also found that the new measure for thematic information is useful in practice.