高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区同位素水文学研究及设想

甘肃省北山地区是我国高放废物处置库场址重要预选区之一,花岗岩是处置库候选围岩。10余年来,在北山地区开展了水文地质和同位素水文学调查、研究工作,为场址评价提供了重要的水文地质依据。今后,在深入开展预选区水文地质研究工作中,应进一步开展同位素水文学研究,示踪地下水的补给来源,揭示水循环过程,测定地下水滞留时间和流速等,以获得高放废物处置场址特性评价所需的水文地质参数资料。     

高放废物处置库芨芨槽预选场址深部地下水同位素研究

深地质处置是目前国际上普遍接受的高放废物安全处置方案.对于这种方案而言,安全处置高放废物的前提是选择适宜的场址,而场址的适宜性在很大程度上取决于其水文地质条件.高放废物处置库场址需要低渗透岩体作为处置库围岩,对于低渗透岩体而言,经典和传统的水文地质研究方法受到了很大的限制,而同位素技术与其他水文地质方法结合时,却能发挥出良好的作用.本文以目前我国高放废物处置库预选场址之一的芨芨槽场址为例,重点讨论了同位素方法在花岗岩体场址水文地质研究中的应用.根据钻孔不同深度的地下水环境同位素(δD、δ18O、3H和14C)组成特征,结合场址水文地质条件,识别了区内地下水的来源,揭示了控制地下水运移交替速率的主要因素.结果表明,该区深部地下水14C年龄高达8000 a左右,说明其交替、运移十分缓慢,但同时也含有少量的氚,说明地下水以侧向补给的“老水”为主,接受当地大气降水入渗补给的“新水”所占比例很小.此外,通过地下水14C年龄与取样段岩芯采取率的对比,认识到对于区内的花岗岩体而言,决定地下水交替、运移速率的主要因素是裂隙的发育程度,而不是深度.     

长春市双阳区生活垃圾填埋场对 地下水环境影响的分析

本文阐述了长春市双阳区垃圾填埋场原填埋区(一区)、新填埋区(二区)的污染现状;自然地理状况;地层岩性、水文地质条件。通过实施补充勘察手段,查明了工作区地质、水文地质条件,污染物分布及地下水质量现状。采用建立地下水数值模型,分析预测生活垃圾填埋非正常状况下近20年来对地下水的污染情况、污染质运移最大的方法,及其对地下水环境的影响。     

废物地下填埋场选址的地质条件约束

当今采矿业仍然使用全陷法开采,致使矿区环境遭到十分强烈的破坏。为了环境保护的需要,德国等许多国家积极开展利用废物进行地下充填的新的采矿法,使矿区环境得到保护以及采矿业达到可持续发展。文中以德国鲁尔矿区为例,充分论述了矿区的地质和水文地质条件对地下填埋场或地下充填场选址的约束,以及如何对矿床的地质和水文地质条件进行充分调查和分析,优选出安全可靠的固体废物的地下填埋场或地下充填场地,使采矿业的发展和环境保护的需求之间达到最优化的联合。重点介绍了德国地下填埋场的充填技术,适合于地下充填废物的筛选;对地下填埋场选址的地质条件约束,主要通过地质、岩性、地质构造分析和水文地质条件约束来确定,最后优选出最安全的地下填埋场。     

高放废物处置库北山预选区地下水同位素组成特征及其意义

在高放废物处置库选址中,场地水文地质条件的认识极为重要,因为任何从处置库释放出来的放射性物质都将通过地下水搬运向人类生存环境或生物圈迁移.甘肃北山地区是我国高放废物处置库的重要预选区之一,位于我国西北甘肃省西北部.为了认识预选区的水文地质条件,从水文地质角度评价其作为高放废物处置库场地的适宜性,在过去的10 a,在该区开展了同位素水文地质调查工作.野外调查和氢、氧稳定同位素分析结果表明,研究区地下水主要源自大气降水补给.浅部地下水主要由现代区内降水补给形成,而深部地下水则可能由地质历史时期降水补给形成;浅部地下水系统具有相对开放性特征,水循环交替能力较强,而深部地下水系统具有相对封闭性特征,水循环交替能力较弱.     

高放废物处置库新疆雅满苏和天湖预选地段地下水同位素特征

<正>高放废物的深地质处置方案在世界范围内已经得到公认。安全处置高放废物的前提是必须选择合适的处置库场址。由于高放废物地质处置的特殊要求,必须对高放废物处置库的场址进行多学科、全方位的详细调查。而场址的适宜性在很大程度上取决于其水文地质条件,因为地下水是高放废物有     

低渗透介质孔隙溶液的提取及其应用综述

弱透水层释水,污染物迁移转化及高危废物深埋选址等水文地质和工程地质活动中,孔隙溶液的地球化学行为越来越受到重视。但孔隙溶液提取技术研究发展相对缓慢。介绍了目前应用较多的孔隙溶液提取技术,及其应用局限性与适用条件。综述了孔隙溶液在地球化学、土壤学、环境地质及水文地质学中的应用现状,并提出在地下水越流计算,弱透水-含水系统相互作用,地下水年龄问题研究上,孔隙溶液的测试分析具有良好的应用前景。     

高放废物处置系统地下水同位素特征

在高放废物处置库场地特性评价中，对于深地质处置方案而言，最有可能使放射性核素进入生物圈的机制是地下水的迁移，因此，水文地质研究是场址预选和评价中的一个重要内容。本文以甘肃北山预选区旧井地段为例，根据地下水同位素数据，结合所获得的地质、水文数据和信息，分析研究了研究区基岩地下水的起源、形成、演化和循环特征。研究表明，北山预选区旧井地段，深部地下水和浅部地下水均源自大气降水的补给，弱含水、低渗透、低流速是该区的主要水文地质特征。     

填埋场渗滤液污染地下水问题实例分析

结合工程实例叙述了填埋场场址选择和防渗处理设施,建立针对填埋场地下水污染问题的预测模型,利用该预测模型对填埋场渗滤液污染地下水进行计算与分析,结果表明,选择合适的填埋场不仅工程措施简单,工程投资少,而且对地下水的污染甚微,能更好满足填埋要求。     

填埋场渗滤液污染地下水问题实例分析

结合工程实例叙述了填埋场场址选择和防渗处理设施，建立针对填埋场地下水污染问题的预测模型，利用该预测模型对填埋场渗滤液污染地下水进行计算与分析，结果表明，选择合适的填埋场不仅工程措施简单，工程投资少，而且对地下水的污染甚微，能更好满足填埋要求。     

Environmental impact and vulnerability of the surface and ground water system from municipal solid waste disposal site: Koshe, Addis Ababa

Geo-environmental assessment and geophysical investigations were carried out over the only functional municipal solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, known locally as Koshe. The accumulated wastes from Koshe have impact on the surrounding human and physical environment since the disposal site was not designed. The study deserves emphasis because the city of Addis Ababa currently obtains a considerable portion of its domestic water supply from a well field developed not much farther from and along a groundwater flow direction in relation to the waste disposal site. It was found out that the leachates from the site contain high concentration of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, chloride and sulphate besides high concentration of cobalt, nickel and zinc in the surrounding soils. The geophysical results have mapped weak zones and near-vertical discontinuities that could potentially be conduits for the leachate from the wastes into the deep groundwater system. Further, a zone of potential leachate migration from the landfill was identified from the electrical models; the location of this zone is consistent with the predicted direction of groundwater flow across the site. The results further suggested that the open dump site tends to cause increasing amount of pollution on the surrounding soil, surface and ground waters. Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe waste disposal site has grown beyond its capacity and the poor management of the open dump landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments. The need to change/relocate the existing waste disposal site to a more suitable and technologically appropriate site is emphasized.     

Geoenvironmental site investigation using different techniques in a municipal solid waste disposal site in Brazil

Different geoenvironmental site investigation techniques to assess contamination from a municipal solid waste disposal site in Brazil are presented here. Superficial geophysical investigation (geoelectrical survey), resistivity piezocone penetration tests (RCPTU), soil samples collected with direct-push samplers and water samples collected from monitoring wells were applied in this study. The application of the geoelectrical method was indispensable to identify the presence and flow direction of contamination plumes (leachate) as well as to indicate the most suitable locations for RCPTU tests and soil and water sampling. Chemical analyses of groundwater samples contributed to a better understanding of the flow of the contaminated plume. The piezocone presented some limitations for tropical soils, since the groundwater level is sometimes deeper than the layer which is impenetrable to the cone, and the soil genesis and unsaturated conditions affect soil behavior. The combined interpretation of geoelectrical measurements and soil and water samplings underpinned the interpretation of RCPTU tests. The interpretation of all the test results indicates that the contamination plume has already overreached the landfill’s west-northwest borders. Geoenvironmental laboratory test results suggest that contamination from the solid waste disposal site has been developing gradually, indicating the need for continuous monitoring of the groundwater.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination from a hazardous dump site in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India

Tanneries located in an industrial development area of Ranipet (India) manufactured chromate chemicals during 1976?C1996. A large quantity of associated hazardous solid wastes has been stacked about 5-m high above ground level, spread over 3.5?ha inside one of the factory premises. The study area receives an average annual rainfall of 1,100?mm. The granitic formation in the northern part of Palar River catchment has high infiltration rates and has resulted in fast migration of the contamination to the water table. Chromium levels in the groundwater were found up to 275?mg/l. The available hydrogeological, geophysical and groundwater quality data bases have been used to construct a groundwater flow and mass transport model for assessing the groundwater contamination and it has been calibrated for the next 30?years. The migration has been found to be very slow, with a groundwater velocity of 10?m/year. This is the first field-scale study of its kind in this industrial area. The findings are of relevance to addressing the groundwater pollution due to indiscriminate disposal practices of hazardous waste in areas located on the phreatic aquifer. Further, it has been reported that the untreated effluent discharge adjacent to the chromium dump site is most influential in the migration of contaminants.     

Experimental and analytical model studies on leachate volume computation from solid waste

An extensive use of solid-waste landfills for disposal of municipal and industrial wastes have prompted increased attention to groundwater pollution caused by leachate generated in such landfills. The potential for groundwater contamination by leachate has necessitated engineering designs for landfills. The quantity of leachate generated from the solid waste and the movement of water through the solid waste depends on water input and the solid-waste characteristics. This paper dealt with the experimental investigations using the laboratory solid-waste leaching column to estimate the total leachate volume/leachate flow for unsaturated and saturated conditions. The hydraulic properties of the solid waste like initial moisture content, field capacity, permanent wilting point, saturation moisture content, effective void ratio, saturation hydraulic conductivity and saturation suction pressure were determined from the small-scale laboratory experiments, which are the input for analytical model study of leachate flow/total leachate volume for both unsaturated and saturated conditions. The result of analytical model study was compared with the results of experimental investigations. Comparisons of measured and computed total leachate volume/leachate flow using Darcy’s law showed reasonable agreement.     

城市垃圾的地质处置

城市固体废物（城市垃圾）是国际上现代化城市环境污染的主要污染源之一,发达国家非常注重固体废物地质处置的研究,这一领域是环境工程与水资源工作者研究的热点问题。我国城市垃圾对环境的污染非常严重,目前有三分之二的城市已形成“垃圾包围城市”的严重局面。随着经济的发展,我国城市固体废物的数量增长很快。如何处理庞大的城市垃圾将是关系到经济发展、水资源和环境保护的重大问题。本文介绍了我国城市垃圾的现状和目前国际     

放射性废物处置研究进展

放射性废物的处置是制约核能可持续发展的关键因素,目前已成为国际社会关注的热点问题之一.针对处置场地核素运移污染的风险问题,对放射性废物的处置及其选址、核素运移试验和核素运移模型进行了回顾和论述.指出采用多重屏障系统进行放射性废物的处置,其安全性是可以得到保障的;处置场的选址应遵循就近原则,并应从环境水文地质的角度来构建...     

Pollution effects of wastewater sludge application to sandy soils with particular reference to the behaviour of mercury

Hammarsdale, an industrial centre about 40 km inland from the coastal city of Durban, South Africa experiences effluent treatment problems typical of highly industrialised centres. The majority of the factories in the area manufacture textiles, with the remainder comprising chemical manufacturers and a large chicken processing plant. Effluent produced by these industries constitutes approximately 97% of the flow to the local wastewater treatment works. This is operated by Umgeni Water, a regional water supply authority which has an interest in pollution control as part of its integrated catchment management strategy. The activated sludge treatment process employed at the works produces a sludge which, following dewatering, is transported to a nearby land disposal site which has been engineered to ensure environmentally acceptable use is made of the site. The heavy metal concentrations of the sludges produced by the Hammarsdale Wastewater Works have long been a matter of concern, in particular the elevated concentrations of Hg. Investigations of the land disposal site showed that the Hg is bound in the upper topsoil (0–10 cm), and only very low concentrations are found in the subsoil. As the soils at the disposal site possess low cation exchange capacities, the difference between Hg concentrations in the top and subsoils may be attributed to binding of the Hg by organic matter introduced by sludge addition. Current research on the disposal area is focused on the movement of Hg, N and other elements through the soil profile into plants, surface and groundwater resources, with the ultimate aim of identifying suitable crops for cultivation at the site following its use as a sludge disposal facility.     

Impact of liquid waste disposal on potable groundwater resources near Perth,Western Australia

 Drilling of 15 boreholes at a disused liquid waste disposal site near Perth, Western Australia, has indicated that a contamination plume extends about 1000 m in a southerly direction from the site in the direction of groundwater flow. The plume is up to 600 m wide and 5–40 m thick. Chemical and microbiological analyses have indicated that contaminated groundwater contains high concentrations of ammonia, iron, and bacteria at levels that commonly exceed national drinking water guidelines. It is likely that a proposed water supply production well in the path of the contamination plume will have to be abandoned, and additional wells may have to be abandoned if the plume continues to extend in the direction of groundwater flow. There is currently insufficient information to indicate whether the plume is continuing to expand, but studies on similar plumes in the Perth metropolitan area have indicated that contaminated groundwater can move at rates up to 100 m yr^–1. Several other liquid waste disposal sites are now located in residential areas of Perth where wells are used for garden irrigation. Further work is required to ensure that there is no potential impact of groundwater contamination on public health in these areas. Received: 31 July 1995 · Accepted: 18 September 1995     

An innovative hydrogeologic setting for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes

A natural unique hydrogeological setting favorable for safe and economical disposal of low-level radioactive wastes occurs in the flat hinterland of southeastern North Carolina. The uniqueness results partly from the absence of vertical and horizontal groundwater gradients, representing a nonflow, or null, zone. The null setting is localized to key horizons 30 to 75 feet below land surface and to areas where glauconitic sandy clays of the Peedee Formation lie under less than 25 feet of surficial sandy clays; the Peedee contains nearly stagnant brackish groundwater slightly below the proposed disposal zone.Issues to overcome include: (1) demonstrating better combined safety and economical features over conventional and prescribed settings, (2) dewatering the low-permeability disposal zone for the 20-year operational period, and (3) changing rules to allow disposal slightly below the zone in which the normal water table occurs.Favorable site characteristics of the key setting are: (1) no major aquifer to contaminate, (2) no surface streams or lakes to contaminate, (3) optimal ion exchange and sorptive capacity (clay and glauconite pellets), (4) no appreciable or distinctive vertical and horizontal gradients, (5) no elongated contaminated plume to develop, (6) no surface erosion, (7) a capable setting for injection of potential contaminated water into deep brackish water wells, if needed and allowed, (8) minimum problems of the overfilled bathtub effect, (9) no apparent long-term harmful environmental impact (normal water table would be restored after the 20-year period), (10) relatively inexpensive disposal (engineered barriers not needed and desired), (11) simple and relatively inexpensive monitoring, (12) large tracts of land likely available, and (13) sparse population.In spite of legal and political obstacles to shallow land burial, the null setting described is a capable hydrogeological host to contain low-level radioactive wastes. The setting may have safety and economic advantages over selected sites in eastern North America and over innovative technological experiences in Europe.     

Geochemical modeling and low-frequency geoelectrical methods to evaluate the impact of an open dump in arid and deltaic environments

In Mexico, open dumps that are maintained by the municipality but provide no covering of waste are not uncommon. Further, disposal at these sites is often performed by burning. The aim of this study was to determine the leachate plume from an open dump located in a depositional deltaic environment, with arid climate, low rainfall and where the water table is about 2 m below the surface. The methodology comprised analysis of groundwater monitoring wells and geophysical and geochemical prospecting techniques. The 3D geoelectric interpretation shows a typical area of these depositional environments with low resistive values (10–20 Ω-m) associated with the presence of sands and clays interbedded. However, there is a very low resistivity zone associated with the dump’s impact which reaches values below 5 Ω-m, and it is located where the disposal and burning of wastes occurred. Another zone with values above 16 Ω-m appears as a limit for the advance of the saline. This is interpreted as a sandy lenses area. These sandy lenses with higher porosity transport aquifer’s water. Thus the dump is in direct contact by this conduct with clean groundwater. Piper diagrams constructed with the chemical data analysis reveal that the groundwater in the area corresponds to the chlorinated and/or sulfated sodium type, showing the impact caused by the dump. The monitoring well (NP8, on-site) with the highest dissolved solids content behaves anomalously and belongs to the more conductive zone according to the geoelectric profiles. The subsoil geochemical behavior is influenced by the seasonal water table variations provoking the dissolution of burned and unburned wastes, but the effects of slow flows in the direction of the regional flow are not discarded. Although the most impacted area within the dump is characterized to a depth of 10 m, there is a slow flow in the direction of the regional flow that has been moving pollutants out of the dumpsite during its almost 20 years of operation. The results of this study provide valuable information for the authorities to carry out an appropriate restoration project.