张家口宣化区农村民居抗震性能调查与分析

以张家口地区市抗震设防要求相对较高的宣化区为对象,对宣化区14个乡镇的住宅民居抗震现状进行有针对性的调查,重点调查农村民居的结构特点、抗震性能等。利用综合分析方法,建立研究区农村民居抗震性能模型,并对每一个评价单元进行定量分析,通过抗震性能参数值的计算,发现研究区农村民居抗震性能普遍较差,在此基础上本文提出防震减灾的措施和对策,为提升农村民居的抗震能力提供参考。     

玉溪市自建民居的抗震性能分析

由于施工、材料、改建等因素的影响,自建民居往往达不到抗震设防的目标.本文以玉溪市某社区房屋为例,利用砖混结构的震害预测计算方法,探讨了加层及底层改建的做法对自建民居抗震性能的影响.计算分析结果表明：加层会减低民居的抗震性能,层数越多,抗震性能越弱,而底层改建更明显地降低了民居的抗震性能.     

西北地区农村房屋抗震设防现状及对策

西北地区是中国地震活动多发区,由于经济落后农村多数房屋达不到抗震设防要求。本文分析了不同类型农村民房的抗震性能,总结了主要存在问题,提出了抗震设防的一些对策。     

北京地区农村砖木结构振动台试验研究

为了了解北京地区典型砖木结构(木柱支撑,木屋盖,外砖墙)农村住宅结构的抗震能力,根据北京地区这类农村住宅结构的调研结果,本文介绍了一座典型砖木结构单层三开间农村住宅2/3缩尺振动台试验结构模型的设计与动力试验结果。按照北京地区8度抗震设防的要求,分别完成了模型在设计小震(0.072g)、中震(0.2g)和大震(0.4g)条件下的振动台动力试验,量测了模型的动力响应,记录了不同激励水平下模型的开裂情况。基于试验结果,分析了这种结构的抗震能力以及该类型房屋的抗震薄弱点,为制定这类结构的抗震加固方案提供依据。     

海峡两岸公路桥梁抗震设计规范比较与研究

简要回顾了海峡两岸公路桥梁抗震设计规范的沿袭和发展,并以一典型桥梁为例,从抗震设防标准、抗震设防目标、水平向反应谱等方面对两岸现行的抗震规范进行了比较研究。研究结果表明,台湾地区抗震规范在抗震设防标准和抗震设防目标方面总体高于大陆地区的抗震规范;两岸抗震规范水平向反应谱形状相似,但台湾地区抗震规范在场地条件、结构周期、地震动强度、近断层效应等因素对水平向反应谱特征的影响考虑得更为全面和细致。因而可为大陆地区桥梁抗震规范的进一步修订、完善提供参考。     

广州市农居建筑物现状及抗震能力分析

根据2008年广州市的农居普查资料,从建筑物结构、建筑年代、建筑物的设防情况等几个方面,系统地分析了广州市农村民居的现状。并通过建立简单的群体农居抗震性能指数模型,对广州市各区的农村民居抗震性能进行了估算,并给出了农村民居防震减灾对策与建议。     

中外电气设备抗震设防标准对比分析

对比分析国内外电气设备的抗震设防标准,对提高我国电气设备的抗震能力和相关规范的修订具有十分重要的意义。在简要介绍目前美国、日本、IEC系列标准及我国电气设备相关规范的基本情况后,从抗震设防目标、设防水准、抗震设计反应谱等方面对比分析了电气设备抗震设防标准之间的差异,指出了我国相关规范的优缺点。通过借鉴国外电气设备抗震设防标准确定的经验,提出了改进我国电气设备抗震设防及规范修订的建议。     

农村民用建筑工程抗震设防初探

本文在统计分析大量资料的基础上，发现农村民用建筑物在抗震设防方面存在诸如：①缺乏震灾意识，防震观念淡薄；②房屋结构简单，抗震性能低；③有女儿墙、高门脸、高屋脊等不利抗震的建筑形式；④省投资，省材料，无技术，房屋工程质量差；⑤建筑材料质量差，影响工程抗震性能；⑥缺乏管理，施工质量低等薄弱环节。鉴此，提出下述一些对策及措施：①加强地震知识宣传，提高防震减灾意识；②加强对农村民用建筑的抗震研究，探索设计推出防震抗震示范建筑物；③加强农村建材市场和施工队伍的管理；④加强农村建筑施工队的业务技术培训，提高质量意识；⑤加强农村震害预测和防震减灾规划编制工作；⑥在抓好在建、新建工程抗震设防的同时，要重视原有建筑物的抗震鉴定；⑦研究制定农村民用建筑抗震设防法规；⑧建立健全各级防灾机构，强化各级政府减灾职能。     

中美欧电气设备抗震设计规范研究

重点介绍美国IEEE Std 693-2005、IEC系列标准和我国电气设备抗震规范的基本情况后,从抗震设防目标、设防水准、场地类别、抗震设计反应谱、安装方式、抗震措施和抗震能力要求等方面对比分析了电气设备抗震设计技术的差异,指出我国规范中设计的不足。通过对比研究美欧先进的电气设备抗震设防标准,提出了改进我国电气设备抗震设计规范修订的建议。建议我国应适度提高电气设备抗震设防目标和设防水准、重新考虑阶梯跳跃变化的场地分类方案,修正设计反应谱的特征周期和反应谱值,以及提高我国电气设施抗震设计的措施等,提高我国电气设备的抗震能力。     

大型桥梁工程的抗震设防标准探讨

在桥梁工程的抗震设计中,抗震设防标准是必须首先解决的问题。本文探讨了桥梁工程的抗震设防标准决策问题,澄清了最低抗震设防标准和大型桥梁工程抗震设防标准的关系,并基于多级设防的抗震设计思想,探讨了强调设防水准与结构性能要求、验算指标相对应的大型桥梁工程的抗震设防标准。     

皖南石台大山富硒区人居放射性环境评价

安徽石台大山地区分布着较为广泛的下寒武统荷塘组石煤层,而石煤出露地区即是富硒区也是放射性水平含量较高区。根据本次调查在下寒武统荷塘组含煤岩系分布区的地方,其天然γ射线水平较高,不适宜人类在此居住。而调查区内的居民村庄大多远离含煤岩系分布区的地方,对当地的居民接收天然γ辐射照射人均年有效剂量估算,该地区居民居住的村庄和学校的人年均天然贯穿辐射有效剂量当量为0.32~0.43 m Sv。因此,可以确定认为该地区居民居住γ射线辐射水平对人居环境影响不大,天然γ射线辐射环境对当地居民健康是安全的。     

农村人口流动对地震灾害人员伤亡评估的影响研究?以张家口为例

通过对农村人口流动的数据统计,利用Pearson相关分析法,分析不同因素下张家口地区村镇人口流动情况,发现流动人口率与人均水浇地面积和地理位置存在显著的相关性,并建立该区域村镇人口流动关系模型。通过实地调研张家口地区村镇人口数据,验证了村镇人口流动关系模型的适用性。基于公里格网人口、建筑物等基础数据,进行张家口地区设定地震灾害人员伤亡评估,结果表明,基于村镇人口流动关系模型修正后的人员伤亡评估结果与专家修正后的结果更接近。村镇人口流动关系模型可给出合理修正后的地震灾害人员伤亡评估结果,且更适用于6.0级以上有人员伤亡的地震评估。     

从云南省大姚县6.2级地震看我国小城镇和村镇房屋存在的抗震问题

在2003年云南省大姚县7月21日6．2级地震调查的基础上，结合以往所收集的地震震害资料，阐述了小城镇和村镇建筑在地震作用下的破坏形式并分析了原因，提出了相应的防御技术措施，最后对现阶段我国小城镇和村镇建筑在抗御地震方面存在的紧迫问题提出建议。     

昆明市"城中村"民房抗震能力调查

对昆明市"城中村"民房的数量、空间分布、结构特点、抗震设防、使用功能等方面的情况进行了抽样调查,并给出了相关调查结果.引入云南以往地震中破坏比的统计值,对"城中村"民房遭遇Ⅷ度地震时可能出现的各个破坏等级所占的建筑面积和人员伤亡情况进行计算,以此来评价"城中村"民房的抗震能力.     

Residence time of pollutants discharged in the Gulf of Kachchh, northwestern Arabian Sea

A 2D Hydrodynamic-Particle Analysis model was applied to the Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) to estimate the residence time of pollutants. The tidal currents in the Gulf have a strong E-W component, which prevents the material in the north being transported towards south. In the regions situated very close to the open boundary, where the GoK waters exchange freely with the northern Arabian Sea, dilution takes place rapidly with the incoming waters and hence, the residence time is on the order of 1 day. Influence of eddies and a dynamic barrier across the Sikka-Mundra section on the residence time is apparent. Eastern GoK shows a relatively large residence time, on the order of 2-4 days, warranting caution while releasing industrial wastes in the northeastern Gulf. The region around location-5 behaves like a bay; the dissolved matter gets trapped in this bay and the residence time increases by 3-4 days.     

Exchange and transport time scales in the Seto Inland Sea

Five typical water volumes in the Seto Inland Sea are defined, and their average residence times, remnant functions, and residence time distribution functions are obtained, mainly from results of hydraulic model experiments; the average residence times and the functions well describe characteristics of exchange and transport of materials in the sea. A representative residence time, which is the average residence time of the total water in the inland sea, is about 15 months.     

Investigation of hydraulics transport time scales within the Arvand River estuary,Iran

Transport time scales are key parameters for understanding the hydrodynamic and biochemical processes within estuaries. In this study, the flushing and residence times within the Arvand River estuary have been estimated using a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model called CE‐QUAL‐W2. The model has been calibrated and verified by two different sets of field data and using the k‐ε vertical eddy diffusivity scheme. Flushing time has been estimated using different methods such as the tidal prism and fraction of freshwater methods. Moreover, residence times have been investigated using pulse residence time, estuarine residence time and remnant function approaches. The results have shown that different methods yield different time scales, and freshwater inflow has the greatest impact upon estimation of residence time, whereas tidal circulation hardly contributes to residence time at all. It has also been shown that the neap‐spring circulation and start phase of simulations have negligible effects on the Arvand's time scales. The investigation of bathymetry showed that two sills of the estuary tend to significantly increase residence time. Understanding the applicability of these time scales and their estimation approaches helps us to evaluate the water quality management of estuaries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Damage to coastal villages due to the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami

A field survey of the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami was conducted during December 29, 1992 to January 5, 1993 along the north coast of the eastern part of Flores Island. We visited over 40 villages, measured tsunami heights, and interviewed the inhabitants. It was clarified that the first wave attacked the coast within five minutes at most of the surveyed villages. The crust was uplifted west of the Cape of Batumanuk, and subsided east of it. In the residential area of Wuring, which is located on a sand spit with ground height of 2 meters, most wooden houses built on stilts collapsed and 87 people were killed even though the tsunami height reached only 3.2 meters. In the two villages on Babi Island, the tsunami swept away all wooden houses and killed 263 of 1,093 inhabitants. Tsunami height at Riang-Kroko village on the northeastern end of Flores Island reached 26.2 meters and 137 of the 406 inhabitants were killed by the tsumani. Evidence of landslides was detected at a few points on the coast of Hading Bay, and the huge tsunami was probably formed by earthquake-induced landslides. The relationship between tsunami height and mortality was checked for seven villages. The efficiencies of trees arranged in front of coastal villages, and coral reefs in dissipating the tsunami energy are discussed.     

Estimation of baseflow residence times in watersheds from the runoff hydrograph recession: method and application in the Neversink watershed,Catskill Mountains,New York

A method for estimation of mean baseflow residence time in watersheds from hydrograph runoff recession characteristics was developed. Runoff recession characteristics were computed for the period 1993–96 in the 2 km² Winnisook watershed, Catskill Mountains, southeastern New York, and were used to derive mean values of subsurface hydraulic conductivity and the storage coefficient. These values were then used to estimate the mean baseflow residence time from an expression of the soil contact time, based on watershed soil and topographic characteristics. For comparison, mean baseflow residence times were calculated for the same period of time through the traditional convolution integral approach, which relates rainfall δ¹⁸O to δ¹⁸O values in streamflow. Our computed mean baseflow residence time was 9 months by both methods. These results indicate that baseflow residence time can be calculated accurately using recession analysis, and the method is less expensive than using environmental and/or artificial tracers. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.