Beach awards and management

Beach awards are used as promotional tools for UK coastal tourism, but information regarding public knowledge of them is sparse. Studies were carried out at two important UK resorts (Barry and Weston-super-Mare) regarding the three major beach awards — the Blue Flag, Seaside Award and Good Beach Guide. Seventy-two percent of beach users asserted that award status was an important basis for beach selection, but findings suggested poor levels of knowledge of award status at particular beaches and criteria included in awards. Research at 23 beaches in Wales, UK showed that aspects included in the Blue Flag and Seaside Award accounted for just over one-third of user's total beach rating. There is a need for beach awards to take proper account of the desires of beach users. Awards should also be appropriate to undeveloped as well as commercialised beaches, thereby reducing the temptation to add possibly undesired facilities to pristine beaches for the purpose of award qualification.     

莱州三山岛黄金海岸沙滩形成过程及沙滩养护建议

利用2010 2012年两年4季莱州三山岛黄金海岸沙滩综合勘测结果,分析上述沙滩形成过程,并进行了沙滩近期变化特征探讨.结果表明,莱州三山岛黄金海岸沙滩年际及年内季节性变化规律均表现出带状冲刷特征,黄金海岸沙滩及其近海海域表现为普遍冲刷特征,冲刷厚度平均＜1.2 m/a.基于莱州三山岛黄金海岸沙滩近期变化特征,建议尽早开展以抛沙养滩为主,并适当辅以硬工程的沙滩养护方案,注重海滩养护工程前期调查,修复和人工再造三阶段的工作,特别应根据设计方案向沙滩开展大量抛沙、保沙和稳沙工作,使受蚀海滩逐步恢复.     

旅游海滩质量评价在海滩管理中的应用研究——以南澳岛青澳湾海滩为例

海滩是宝贵的旅游资源,健康的海滩系统在旅游、沿岸防护安全等多方面能提供很多有价值的服务,但当前旅游海滩在生态环境质量、旅游体验等方面尚存在诸多问题。旅游海滩质量评价是对旅游海滩自然属性和开发利用水平的综合评价,能较为客观地反映出旅游海滩环境质量水平,是较为有效的海滩管理工具之一。本研究在现场环境调查和游客问卷调查的基础上,建立旅游海滩质量评价指标体系,开展了广东青澳湾海滩质量评价,并对其影响因素进行分析。结果显示:当前青澳湾海滩开发程度、海滩环境质量尚未达到良好水平。根据评价结果,对青澳湾海滩的可持续发展提出了完善海滩旅游配套设施和配套服务,对海滩进行系统的规划,建立科学的旅游海滩质量评价体系和环境监测、调控体系等建议。     

海滩均衡剖面的概念及相关问题的讨论--以日照实测海滩剖面为例

海滩均衡剖面是海洋动力和海滩泥沙充分作用下的一个具有统计意义上的相对均衡的海滩形态。绝对意义上的、理想的均衡海滩剖面在自然界是难以找到的 ,而统计意义上的海滩均衡特征可以满足海岸变化和海滩过程研究需要。海滩均衡剖面的形态主要受控于国海滩泥沙的粒度特征 ,该剖面的形态指数是海滩泥沙沉降速率的函数 ,海滩粒度越粗 ,海滩坡度越陡。本文研究的日照海滩存在统计意义上的均衡剖面。由于海滩沉积物粒度具有明显的分带特征 ,海滩剖面不是一个理想的均一平面 ,而是由与海滩泥沙粒度相适应的两个均衡剖面组成。这两段海滩的表层粒径分别为 4.8Φ和 7.5Φ ,观测剖面的海滩形态指数分别为 0 .0 75和 0 .0 1 5,理论海滩形态指数分别为 0 .0 77和 0 .0 2 ,理论值和观测值有很好的一致性。     

护岸工程与沙滩流失

沙滩是沿海地区重要的旅游休闲资源,护岸工程是沿海地区重要的防灾设施,护岸在保护陆地资源的同时有可能对沙滩产生破坏。传统护岸设计形式为硬性护岸,硬性护岸建成后将在一定程度上影响沿岸水动力环境,若护岸设计不当,易引起周围沙滩流失,造成旅游经济损失。本文通过威海九龙湾沙滩流失实例说明了硬性护岸对沙滩稳定性的影响,并通过波浪泥沙物理模型试验对沙滩修复方案进行了研究,试验发现因受原护岸影响修复后的沙滩仍将处于持续侵蚀状态,并介绍了其他类似案例。文中重点强调了护岸设计不当极易造成沙滩流失,对护岸设计、岸线规划等具有一定参考价值。     

Shoreline Change Modeling on Emergency Beach Nourishment Project on West Beach of Beidaihe, China

By use of a shoreline-change numerical model (GENESIS) based on one-line theory, a preliminary modeling study on shoreline changes caused by a beach nourishment project in Beidaihe, China, is presented in this paper. Firstly, the GENESIS model is verified and model sensitivity to the major parameter changes is discussed by simulating a hydraulic model test. The beach nourishment project, after that the shoreline change is kept being monitored, is a small-scale emergency one carried out to use two bathing places on the west beach in the summer, 2008. In this paper the shoreline changes caused by the beach nourishment project are modeled by the GENESIS model, and the computed results fit well with the measured shorelines. With the same model and parameters, a long-term performance of the project is predicted, and the result shows that the bathing places only can be suitable for bathing in 2 to 3 years without subsequence nourishment project. Therefore, it is proposed to nourish the beaches in time to keep the service life of the beach in recent years and carry out the beach nourishment project for the whole west beach as soon as possible.     

日照万平口沙滩质量评价及“蓝旗沙滩”建设建议

沙滩质量评价是有效的沙滩管理工具。“蓝旗”标准是目前世界上认可度最高的沙滩评价标准。文章基于“蓝旗”标准,根据国内外已有沙滩质量评价体系,结合实地调研和问卷调查,构建适用于万平口沙滩的质量评价体系。评价结果表明：(1)万平口环境因素、安全与教育和环境管理准则层评价结果均为良好,社会因素准则层达到优质等级,说明万平口风景区作为旅游地,其气候条件适宜,服务水平和安全及教育水平都较为发达。(2）万平口沙滩的自然条件本底优良,是最能体现日照“蓝天、碧海、金沙滩”的特色景区。但由于自然及人为因素造成的沙滩侵蚀退化现象严重,影响了沙滩的可持续发展。根据评价结果及万平口与“蓝旗沙滩”的对比差异,认为万平口建设“蓝旗沙滩”,需要完善景区水质监测、加强景区内及周边环境管理、重视沙滩养护、完善基础设施的投放、进一步提高景区的服务水平、重视景区内安全保障及加强景区的宣传,提高公众对“蓝旗”的认知度。     

Longshore Current on an Equilibrium Beach

Natural beaches tend to be concave-up rather than planar and are reasonable to be modeled by an equilibrium beach profile. A governing equation for longshore current on an equilibrium beach is derived and its analytical solution is given in this paper. Through comparisons of the present solution and field data of longshore current for a step-type beach, the present solution is found to have fairly agreeable prediction to longshore current inside the surf zone. The effects of the shape of a concave-up beach and turbulent mixing stress on longshore current inside the surf zone are discussed in the present paper.     

海滩养护过程和工程技术

海滩养护是根据设计方案,向海滩大量抛沙,或者同时辅以硬工程,使受蚀海滩增宽和稳足的工程,是抵御海岸侵袭灾害的最佳措施。上世纪末发达国家已普遍开展,我国目前尚属起步,但近年发展迅速。该工程分调查,重建和修补3个阶段,三者相互补充和制约。重建前必须充分调查目标岸段,以为设计养护方案提供依据;重建阶段应注重抛沙位置、沙成分、抛沙量和沙源选择等工序;重建后应进行多年的剖面监测和再抛沙的修补。在那些浪大,沙少和岩礁裸露的侵蚀岸段,应辅以丁坝或岸外潜坝等硬工程加以抵浪,维持所填沙的稳定。     

Storm-Induced Deformations of a Barred Beach Slope

Oceanology - It is shown that behavior of a multiple-bar system during a storm can be described with a model assuming that bars move toward the sea at almost the same mean rate, while the depths...     

秦皇岛海水浴场环境质量评价

文章分析秦皇岛4个海水浴场6个监测站位2015—2018年采集水质样品中粪大肠菌群和溶解氧的变化趋势,并结合《海水水质标准》和《海滨浴场游泳适宜度分级规定》,对4个浴场的水质进行分析评价。结果表明:粪大肠菌群是海水浴场的主要污染物,粪大肠菌群浓度的变化主要受降雨、游客数量、温度和陆源污染物影响。尤其强降雨后,粪大肠菌群浓度升高较明显。浴场的溶解氧含量变化不大,年均值均满足二类水质标准,其主要受水温和浮游生物等因素影响,高峰值多出现在9月和10月。秦皇岛4个海水浴场的水质优良状况表现为南戴河浴场最好、东山浴场和北戴河浴场次之、西浴场最差。     

Beach and nearshore facies: Southeast Australia

The morphology, texture and facies sequence on seven sand beaches, located in low, moderate and high wave energy, microtidal environments in southern Australia were investigated using box coring and Scuba observations. Systematic variation in facies occur both within and between the beaches. Low-energy reflective beaches are limited in lateral and vertical extent and in facies to beach laminations separated by coarse step deposits from finer nearshore cross-lamination facies. Moderate-energy intermediate beaches characterised by rip circulation possess increasingly wider surfzones with ridge and runnel and bar-trough facies separating the beach and step facies from the more extensive nearshore sequence. High-energy dissipative beaches may have 500 m wide surfzones containing multiple bar-trough topography. Fine beach laminations with backwash structures grade into 4–5 m thick bar-trough sequences then the extensive nearshore facies. As wave energy increases from low (H_b < 1 m) to high (H_b > 2.5 m) the vertical extent of the beach to nearshore sequence increases from <10 m to approximately 30 m, and the width from 100 m to several kilometres. Consequently one would expect higher-energy paleo-beach sequences to be represented more by diagonal than vertical facies sequences.     

Beach morphology and nearshore processes on a sheltered beach — The case of Napatree Beach,Rhode Island

On the north side of Napatree Beach, short-term changes of the beach-face within the intertidal zone were studied to determine those processes most influential in causing change where nearshore processes are low in magnitude and beach changes are subtle. The data were subjected to multiple linear correlation and stepwise multiple-regression analyses.Tide level accounts for 41% of the explained variation for the relationship between the processes and beach height. Tide level is the only significant element effecting change in the beach profile. Wave height has no influence on changes in beach morphology. Significant results of beach energy associations have been obtained where low-amplitude nearshore processes are present even when beach changes are subtle.     

Beach and dune erosion during storm surges

This paper presents the set-up and results of an extensive research programme concerning the erosion of coastal dunes during storm surges. A large number of two-dimensional and three-dimensional mobile-bed model tests has been carried out to investigate the process of dune erosion. The state of art after a series of small-scale tests is summarized. Attention is focussed on large-scale tests carried out in the Delta Flume with random waves up to 2 m significant height. Sediment concentration and orbital velocity measurements are discussed. The large-scale tests have confirmed the validity of a modelling technique based on the dimensionless fall velocity parameter H/Tw. The model results are being applied to check the safety of existing coastal dunes as a water-retaining structure that has to protect the major part of the Netherlands from inundation during storm surges.     

Beach nourishment effects on sand porosity variability

A standard assumption in coastal engineering is that the porosity of natural beach sand (non-cohesive) is 40%. However, is this assumption correct for all beach sand? This paper proposes an accurate and simplified method to assess changes in sand porosity after beach nourishment by means of in-situ density surveys through a nuclear densimeter. This novel application has been applied to different beaches in the southwest of Spain according to the tidal range, grain size and beach morphology in several terms. General results show that sand porosities range from 25.6% to 43.4% after beach nourishment works. This research can be considered a support tool in coastal engineering to find shifting sand volumes as a result of sand porosity variability after beach nourishment and later marine influence.     

蓬莱西庄海滩示踪砂试验研究

为了研究蓬莱西庄海岸侵蚀原因、揭示泥沙运移规律，利用萤光示踪砂和染色砾石进行侵蚀岸段的泥沙示踪研究．其主要结果如下：１．海滩泥沙运动完全由波浪控制，泥沙运移的速度和方向取决于破波的大小和方向．２．海滩泥沙以群体形式沿岸输移．３．在平直海岸上，泥沙可超越粘土质海蚀平台进入另一砂质海滩。     

海滩平衡剖面形态研究进展

海滩剖面形态是近岸过程与海岸工程环境的一个重要研究内容，对其研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。在Brunn-Dean剖面模式的基础上，研究人员提出了许多新的海滩剖面形态模式。作者对近年来提出的各种平衡剖面模式进行了总结，认为加强泥沙动力学研究是解决模式与实际剖面形态偏离的关键。最后作者指出了研究我国岬湾间海滩剖面具有的重要意义。     

Beach recreation planning using video-derived coastal state indicators

This contribution proposes Coastal State Indicators (CSIs) for application to different aspects of recreational beach management. The beaches considered in this study are important leisure and tourism resources and of primary concern to the managers responsible is the recreational carrying capacity of the beach. Given the range of factors which potentially affect the carrying capacity this contribution is restricted to just two variables: the level of beach-use and safety. For each variable a detailed management framework is proposed together with a specific methodology to monitor appropriate CSIs. In all the cases, the proposed indicators make use of the capabilities of Argus video-cameras to record multi-purpose information in a single image. Specific algorithms are developed to deliver video-derived variables which are combined with supplementary data (e.g. wave and tide information) to yield beach management CSIs. The application of these CSIs is illustrated via two case studies.     

欧洲各国海滩养护概观和启示

20世纪70年代以来,欧洲沿海各国普遍采取了以抛沙养滩为中心辅以硬工程的护岸措施,淤宽了海滩,抵御了海岸侵蚀灾害.我国海岸侵蚀十分严重,海滩均以退化、变窄、蚀低,且岩礁裸露,实施抛沙养滩扩岸工程是大趋势.养滩工程分调查、重建和修补3个阶段,正确对待了阶段施工,常能得到较好的效果,采取政府为主,多方筹资,法制管理等方法是欧洲各国海滩管理的经验.