沉入式大圆筒结构码头工作机理离心模型试验研究

沉入式大圆筒结构码头，由于筒体下部有一定长度嵌入港地泥面以下的地基土层中，因此，其工作机理不仅不同于其它挡土岸壁式码头，而且也有别于基床式大圆铜结构码头。本文介绍了用土工物理离心试验对这一结构形式码头工作机理所作的研究，就沉入式大圆的深高比、径高比和筒壁摩擦作用对工作性状影响规律进行了初步研究，另外还尝试测定了大圆筒侧壁土压力分布规律，并探讨了码头面沉降发展趋势特征。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

板格形导管架桩基码头稳定性简化计算方法

板格形导管架桩基码头是适用于深水域软土地基的新型港口与海岸工程结构。该结构由预制的板格形导管架及桩基构成,承载特性和破坏模式复杂。假定码头结构发生倾覆失稳时,转动点位于前桩轴线上,且距导管架底面距离为L。除结构的自身重量外,综合考虑板格形导管架与周围土体间的摩擦力、桩侧摩阻力、桩侧水平土抗力等,对结构进行极限状态受力分析,建立基于假想支撑点的稳定性分析模型,并通过强度折减法进行计算,求取安全系数。以天津滨海沿岸水文地质条件为背景,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立板格形导管架桩基码头三维弹塑性有限元模型进行稳定性分析,并与简化方法进行比较。结果表明,通过简化计算方法得到的安全系数与有限元结果较为吻合。     

Spar平台吸力式基础极限承载特性数值分析

以国外某深海Spar平台工程为背景,针对其所采用的细长型吸力式基础的抗拔承载特性进行三维有限元数值分析.分析中充分考虑土体强度、加载位置和加载角度对吸力式基础极限抗拔承载力的影响,本构模型中钢筒基础采用弹塑性模型.分析结果表明,吸力式基础的极限抗拨承载力随着土体强度的增大而增大,倾斜加载时在基础插入土体部分中点左右加载可取得最大的极限承载力,极限抗拔承载力还随着加载角度的增大而增大.吸力式基础存在倾斜加载时桶基础与桶内外土体的共同塑性屈服破坏和垂直加载时桶外土体的局部剪切破坏等两种不同的破坏模式.     

循环荷载下半圆堤整体稳定性计算方法研究

针对圆弧滑动面法已无法准确判断土体强度发生弱化后半圆堤整体稳定性问题,建立基于循环强度结合D-P屈服准则的拟静力有限元模型来分析半圆堤整体稳定性。分析荷载破坏包络线的变化趋势,给出提高半圆堤整体稳定性的工程建议。并在有限元数值分析结果基础上,对变量进行无量纲化,通过优化分析进行非线性拟合归一得出描述半圆堤整体稳定性的极限状态方程。以长江口深水航道治理二期工程为例,结果表明简化计算方法是可靠的,可供工程设计借鉴和使用。     

离岸深水全直桩码头承载性能有限元分析

全直桩码头是适于软土地基上离岸深水海域的新型高桩码头结构型式,其承载机理与传统高桩码头存在较大差异,且软土地基循环软化效应显著。建立全直桩码头结构与地基相互作用三维弹塑性有限元模型,基于二次开发采用拟静力法对土体循环软化效应进行模拟。通过有限元模型研究全直桩码头的承载特性与破坏模式,并探讨水平极限承载力的影响因素。研究表明水平荷载作用下,基桩的塑性破坏是结构失稳的控制因素,地基土体的承载力对结构水平极限承载力不起决定性作用;竖向荷载作用下,结构竖向极限承载力由地基土体强度决定。研究范围内入土深度对结构水平极限承载力影响不大,但桩壁厚度减小或考虑土体软化后,结构水平极限承载力明显降低。设计中,增加入土深度可有效减小土体软化引起的水平极限承载力降低程度,且应考虑结构腐蚀和土体软化对水平极限承载力的双重降低效应,为钢管桩预留足够的腐蚀富裕量。     

高桩码头岸坡稳定有限元分析

采用有限元强度折减法分析岸坡稳定是目前比较前沿的研究成果,该方法在获得抗力分项系数的同时,可以得到岸坡土体的应力、位移场、塑性区以及桩基对岸坡稳定的影响。对国内某突堤码头建立了有限元模型,土体采用与Mohr-Column准则匹配的Drucker-Prager弹塑性准则,首次利用强度折减有限元法分析了在桩基影响下的成层土岸坡稳定问题,并给出了抗力分项系数、塑性区和位移场,从而为高桩码头岸坡的稳定性计算提供参考依据。     

复合加载条件下吸力式沉箱基础承载特性数值分析

吸力式沉箱基础的承载特性是海洋工程结构设施建造与设计中的一个关键问题。这种新型的深水海洋基础型式,通常承受竖向上拔荷载与水平荷载的共同作用,其工作性能与设计理论远远不能满足工程实践的需要。本文采用有限元分析方法对吸力式沉箱基础的极限承载特性进行数值计算。以大型通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS为平台,通过二次开发,数值实现了Swipe试验加载方法和固定位移比分析方法,针对不同的沉箱长径比、土的强度折减系数,探讨了沉箱基础在垂直上拔荷载和水平荷载单调联合作用下的极限承载力,通过对不同荷载组合的数值计算构造了复合加载条件下沉箱基础破坏包络面。     

考虑软土蠕变对强度影响的高桩码头岸坡时变可靠度分析

考虑软土蠕变导致的土体抗剪强度的衰减效应,建立了软土长期强度模型,用以量化由于土体蠕变导致的土体抗剪强度参数随时间的变化规律。将时变可靠度理论结合有限元强度折减法,提出了考虑软土蠕变对强度影响的高桩码头岸坡时变可靠度算法。采用拉丁超立方抽样方法来改进传统蒙特卡罗法的随机抽样过程,提高计算效率。针对某一岸坡实例,将采用本文算法计算得到的可靠度结果与其他算法评估的结果进行对比分析,验证本文算法的可靠性。最后以我国沿海某高桩码头岸坡为例,基于本文算法评估了该码头岸坡的时变可靠度,分析了岸坡稳定性的时变规律。文中提出的时变可靠度分析方法不仅可以为在役高桩码头岸坡的安全评估提供强有力的技术支撑,同时也能为一些新建工程项目提供一定的参考应用价值。     

大直径圆筒振动下沉动力分析方法研究

本文运用纵向强迫振动多自由度结构和土体等代流变模型 ,对大直径圆筒振动下沉过程进行模拟计算 ,确定在振动锤作用下大直径圆筒的动力响应、筒壁峰值应力和可沉入性 ,并通过工程试验结果验证模拟计算方法的适用性 ,为施工控制提供依据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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